Advances in Direct Mass Spectrometry Techniques Coupled with Chemometric Modelling for the Rapid Detection of Food Fraud

Home , Vanillin

Ken Rosnack Principal Market Development Manager [email protected]

 Food Fraud / Adulteration Introduction  Vanilla Authenticity  Belgian Butter (PDO)  Olive Oil

 A food safety incident is typically an unintentional act with unintentional harm – e.g. German E. coli O104:H4 outbreak in 2011  A food defence incident is an intentional act with intentional harm – e.g. Punjab sweet poisoning with chlorfenapyr in 2016  Food fraud is most commonly referred to as the intentional defrauding of food and food ingredients for economic gain  Food fraud encompasses the terms: – Food authenticity; ensuring that food offered for sale or sold is of the nature, substance and quality expected by the purchaser – Economically motivated adulteration (EMA); intentional substitution or addition of a substance in a product for the purpose of increasing the apparent value of the product or reducing the cost of its production

 Meat  Milk  Olive oil  Fish / Seafood  Organic foods  Cereals, grains and rice  Honey and maple syrup  Coffee and tea  Select herbs and spices  Wine  Fruit juices

Traditional • Simple, sample preparation • GC-MS • LC-MS, LC-MS/MS • Few thousand components in 5-30 min

Direct + • No sample prepared + • Formation of sample originated + gaseous ions Gas-phase ions Sample • Spatially well defined • Few hundred components in 1-5 sec

Sample preparation Determination No requirement for No chromatographic step sample extraction Ambient ionisation

Results in Data analysis near-real (2s) time

 Point-of-control analysis

Heated N2 desolvation gas

Vaporisation step + [H(H2O)n] N* [M+H]+ + + * [M+H] [H(H2O)n] N N +• 4 N*

Corona discharge induced ionisation

Vanilla Bean Vanilla Orchid

ABC

< 5 seconds

Major components of pure vanilla extracts Synthetic flavor marker

Vanillin Ethyl vanillin MS AP+ 1a, Imitation vanilla A 167 100 153 Compound m/z Vanillic acid 169 %%%% Caffeine 195 0 Vanillin 1b, Imitation vanilla B 153 Ethyl vanillin 167 100

Ethyl vanillin Vanillin 153 %%%% Vanillic acid 167 169 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 123 0 Vanillin 1c, Pure vanilla extract C 153 Vanillin 100 MS AP+ 3a, Cookie A 153 100 Ethyl vanillin

%%%% 4-hydroxybenzaldhyde Vanillic acid 167 127 145 169 123 137 139 163

0 %%%% m/z 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175

139

0 Vanillin 3b, Cookie B 153 100 169 167 195 153…. 123 %%%%

145 177 149

Compound m/z Caffeine 2a, French vanilla coffee MS AP+ Vanillic acid 169 100 195

Caffeine 195

Ethyl vanillin 167 Vanillin

Vanillin 153 %%%% 153 Ethyl vanillin 167

175

0 Caffeine 2b, Irish cream coffee 100 195 %%%% Ethyl vanillin

167 175

0 m/z 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200

Gives Imitation Vanilla a better taste

Coumarin m/z = 147

Coumarin standard (2 mg/Kg) Fragments of 147 AP+ 100 91 3.39e5

% 103

65 77 147 0 Wafer cookie (blank, un-spiked) 100 3.39e5

% X10 magnified

Model training & validation

Different production

Different species

Quality & product consistency

Real time recognition

To the atmospheric inlet of a mass spectrometer

REIMS (& LA-REIMS) • No Voltage required, aerosol droplets formed from tissue disintegration.

• Small droplets with unequal distribution of anions and cations

• Accelerated onto Hot (900oC) coil (abrupt heat)

• Rapid desolvation forms gaseous ions in the first stage pumping region

©2019 Waters Corporation 18 Ionisation Method  An atmospheric sampling technique – Uses rapid heating to evaporate the sample o Joule heating ‐ o Contact heating o Radiative heating - - - o IR LASER +Gas+ phase ions-- + + - ‐

 Sample the aerosol produced

C14H28O2

HMDB 00806: Myristic acid is a saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils ©2019 Waters Corporation 22 OPLS-DA Scores Plot

1.0 S‐Plot (Belgian butter = ‐1, Industrial butter = 1)

0.8 Belgian butter 0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.0

-0.2 p(corr)[1] (Correlation) Commercial butter -0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0

-0.58 -0.56 -0.54 -0.52 -0.50 -0.48 -0.46 -0.44 -0.42 -0.40 -0.38 -0.36 -0.34 -0.32 -0.30 -0.28 -0.26 -0.24 -0.22 -0.20 -0.18 -0.16 -0.14 -0.12 -0.10 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 p[1] (Loadings) EZInfo controlled by Progenesis QI 3 - Belgian butter.usp (M14: OPLS-DA) - 2015-10-12 16:06:29 (UTC+0)

1.0 S‐Plot (Margarine (Flora) = ‐1, Spanish olive oil = 1)

0.8 Spanish Olive Oil

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.0

-0.2

p(corr)[1] (Correlation) Margarine (Flora)

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1.0

-0.30 -0.28 -0.26 -0.24 -0.22 -0.20 -0.18 -0.16 -0.14 -0.12 -0.10 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 p[1] (Loadings) EZInfo controlled by Progenesis QI 3 - Oil and butter.usp (M6: OPLS-DA) - 2015-10-13 17:23:22 (UTC+0)

LDA Model

 IR Laser used to vaporise Sample – Similar spectral response as D-REIMS – Currently

o CO2 ( = 10.6 m) o OPO ( = 2 - 3 m) • Higher Performance – Advantages o Non conductive samples o Minimal Damage o Non Contact • Reduced Contamination

Three regional IGP/DOP EVOO samples

8 x 5 uL spots on microscope slides

Analysed using LA-REIMS platform (5 s per spot)

Data processing using LiveID and analysis with PLS-DA and Random Forest

Sesame oil

Olive oil - Valdi

Olive oil - Terradi

S‐Plot (Olive oil ‐ Terradi = ‐1, Olive oil ‐ Toscano = 1)

215.0297 199.0647 396.3811423.4068 335.1078 904.7374 353.1959219.0491877.7206341.1972327.1903 1210.8750 566.4963417.0978 298.15301075.7260 1209.87201195.8554 876.7145497.0795 1196.8607 253.1391 313.17021100.7305 381.3627 917.6931 217.0451 368.3528170.0701 551.1791317.0982197.0319 805.4300765.4355384.3458 181.0560916.7065 218.0485 369.32791143.90701155.8319 409.1636216.0342 1222.8716930.72381185.8665395.3780 639.52201058.8665677.26251186.9400309.16691142.9441328.19491226.90091199.87781171.85371212.8846929.7211 354.1124 1237.8838237.0724 565.49251221.8652 1102.74571101.7406 327.28481081.8495536.45562082.5407247.0435645.2832519.21951113.90841167.8291 310.2791143.0403186.0428671.2327361.0664 326.1824 339.1948 598.4147200.0679737.3364685.2525364.10911111.8931617.25991186.8748367.34941165.9397 875.7089393.1080 340.1987257.0664 325.1794 158.0679300.2567337.1865865.66911091.5668643.2747553.1417659.3014 903.7303 311.1646 353.3342201.0437865.5694271.05771151.79192094.5528839.5387 838.5306 312.1681 297.1499 149.07001055.8272690.2583261.0741318.1018687.3138873.6960533.19791073.7087899.7082 1103.7507837.52551099.7273 Olive oil - Toscano 960.7970690.1780240.1337225.1140342.19442080.5227338.18801114.9162182.06082068.5719500.1971893.6732337.0946647.2435 220.1493439.2925597.1976351.1360395.11921179.9080892.6779605.2186439.0911 537.1455901.7214 275.0007243.1962161.03791097.52421021.3824221.0382759.2906821.3497737.2103370.3314324.2076652.4916262.0557811.5071495.2108355.3139902.7266 1183.85751197.8691 340.3237195.1428453.1032601.2260849.5100157.0033789.3434743.5030354.2028538.1518985.7414515.1332537.4646962.7249944.69171067.7125323.16371179.8278383.3427 1223.8835 985.8034381.9674851.5124767.3471805.3059575.13842054.5139236.11452083.5554719.2780385.1242905.7491675.26811076.73161213.8915 1139.9253 460.10701181.9290709.5151639.3808153.0628600.4993393.1755226.12431180.9170339.3204900.7125549.14941104.7611661.2837336.1126 183.0170 638.5129295.2634958.7834990.6585198.0354559.12732095.5441284.1346991.5595857.3418311.2911509.1792701.2272227.0789521.2556631.2639267.1052563.4789239.0752 1194.84161170.8491 357.0106215.1677170.1287525.12041151.64751111.7805615.1410779.3955851.3234793.2769397.0932761.2595411.15481100.8665144.0530879.37701115.7201633.2514564.4824499.2804921.6925889.67501097.7221915.6927959.70661180.8311 1207.85371182.84991225.8934 835.3555448.0068432.1496582.2329269.0719935.3788532.16541156.9315543.2830735.2361699.2898777.3007588.4738602.4780975.7391306.2459595.1416567.2063562.4647343.1070 253.09051140.9313 277.1055543.3246655.5480623.1597629.5244667.2342765.2845538.46611085.7420593.1342693.2482427.1635591.1897523.2411835.52131156.8353 1208.86001193.8409 509.3467319.2598167.0423617.4411520.2426611.2552735.3132749.4238463.0489713.3015323.1026833.3101958.6689403.0992511.2867303.0920874.6990707.2102761.4075589.2268743.3480948.71421239.9118255.1042573.2962561.46091172.8564285.04171153.8136211.0467 918.6850 587.4708896.6793685.4358365.1681773.31381071.7124469.2619468.9423352.2751401.1850397.1418475.1011591.2388571.4666701.32711129.7251155.0824960.6836578.3458387.1325565.1911457.0593517.1501357.0875 371.2704378.2013381.1478617.14191003.8187460.3324777.39261109.7561267.0546598.35381065.6958416.09881057.8385226.0644670.4200739.26991153.8983795.3069793.5283665.5341689.2637933.6781363.10561138.91451157.84061167.9485961.7345 187.1013723.6049180.04311043.8337707.4197704.2742951.3713922.6947172.1108637.5058628.5287811.5796897.6922823.4054491.1392861.36881044.8557741.29751057.7185269.1157314.1695931.7516 366.2193185.9991803.5438627.4392319.1136487.28861039.68441151.8842433.1734467.1383629.2634767.5589691.2920673.1943169.0576587.2245307.2598458.06181144.8389277.0708579.2012927.7295 956.8682785.30281095.74201422.1479543.1363980.70121113.7488172.14641085.8716301.0974315.0954751.4490577.0601409.0978356.3172525.2907171.01821227.9121184.0212207.01511141.9361987.7532 1198.87341169.84541181.84381224.88821211.8795 361.1965151.0945641.2361237.1161513.2839951.5086685.1495478.0990465.2883651.3185711.2914407.1200727.2499165.1058169.08961117.7298242.0295705.2862273.0701703.2710397.35631168.9547655.4694 1184.8636 368.2395385.0834226.18921057.5961771.2706789.57302025.6124873.5480654.44221056.8361437.1113723.4817426.2398268.1649518.1475839.27381115.9137208.1033268.1084615.2539559.18691083.74401166.9438299.1460225.0601283.2617 560.4480189.0634341.3225592.26051808.3867803.4557596.3436471.1745459.9377857.2752477.1172665.2307446.3224320.0570267.1503296.1360290.0884775.2732186.1123359.1370424.4098791.5606959.7918302.01681163.9244258.0699295.1332 229.1466155.0478589.3304640.35911203.0443581.2497266.0800693.4849775.3642612.2452312.2944964.7040961.8055527.1489942.6695683.3632667.5493873.7765159.0562803.2907769.3033817.3287717.2857329.2289733.32951803.3564439.2152240.08431186.1136895.67661141.7649227.1271613.3482251.0837447.1743990.76081168.8372989.7567 919.6861891.6768 709.2686353.2596747.29621010.6784449.1271763.2756359.1809751.26292426.8287298.04771041.8272458.2679457.14762024.60132081.5356427.0838547.1975575.05451081.7237626.5164 281.2476 365.1140423.0850315.2482407.0829203.9585807.5714309.2757616.2454669.2541753.3293449.1966607.2504491.2386479.1002310.1564680.4673 920.6903 312.2208291.1938275.1427877.54071829.3676473.27121059.8438302.0832398.3590519.0830415.0884539.2964279.0472561.2751293.2088755.3584725.2891849.69751082.73351205.8366511.2215213.0808282.2501185.0311 307.0322725.3956665.2893584.3201629.4543681.4572268.03621033.6907935.7841581.4927750.4511432.9349722.5919978.6893158.0063495.3111874.7810557.2462420.08641083.8593483.2839593.2367660.3064679.2743173.0090847.6856663.2956304.2310411.3703383.1152321.2741932.7666455.15541137.9114945.6949890.6967 333.1296359.0657610.48841137.7936769.4361677.4009733.4324532.2378206.0927599.4261255.0617284.2652398.1400477.2164507.2332553.22621041.7004308.2612 914.6905 353.0899833.3729811.2869994.7666173.1232338.3071709.5911321.0950421.0927710.5105233.1565537.06191056.7151254.0932654.5467448.18431112.8959398.0978342.0409673.3189657.46871068.7166287.0706894.6769 947.7079 581.4280306.0828624.4128479.23461109.8785623.3287727.4065483.9846935.49741021.5774229.0709294.2112749.5275504.2276196.0273576.1266884.8560674.3251757.34571244.8232296.9939601.3480836.5079329.0517845.70041022.96631267.7232437.1858753.51811069.7236809.5728289.0877928.7366 988.7578946.7030 586.4592461.2958459.2786341.0987425.0587153.0014342.1035243.0845331.0917440.2969756.3582719.41151568.1678313.2335309.0967271.22621004.7859541.1348807.4461509.2645173.0784343.0643809.4713381.10351055.7172943.7244211.0776 425.3493441.9939714.4779347.1054342.9753769.5025252.13891125.8673783.4311968.9378191.1489795.5393813.2980625.1982638.40231127.7671217.1148469.1646209.1231459.1039373.1621995.6311589.48821830.3729493.2085357.1252 591.5130 158.1328412.3736296.2281155.15011059.7315636.1621295.2248997.6927859.3643351.1006684.4932610.5267423.1723456.1587963.7013503.1103382.1080577.1483 222.1393235.0401430.24451245.0794667.4642783.3145396.2685399.07701083.6110750.5369695.5554679.60941119.6340628.4466745.2637356.2722603.3058184.9980208.0199499.1815545.1739973.7359 229.20971030.8577671.4328369.0900149.0302465.1840867.5322170.0120522.1143569.2181779.5539609.2193646.2861833.52061043.7073623.4021722.5062451.1998629.3670578.1437167.0669371.1017424.16631164.9289 584.4441753.4383261.2176993.7550196.0767371.0092586.3406565.2770756.30201082.84881177.6913459.3271285.2678211.0112735.4475250.1461443.1814653.4945363.2056214.0850711.4254373.1210485.1232349.1218531.1634355.1915 454.3817 469.3332286.0491215.0671596.4564859.6296500.3484562.3311506.3193167.1140503.3569587.3159366.1070817.5131161.0125523.3044585.2999501.2706596.26511423.1532251.2381501.1140394.1118 175.06071058.9811643.4027985.5396683.5793635.0991609.2913488.19731053.6816257.17411065.0094187.0290522.2637710.3981198.1282617.3930493.3220401.0747460.2839994.6855497.1574699.4473204.0706926.8979974.7394 605.3213859.5299706.22141039.55581127.8883424.2549467.2084586.2454419.1540966.65411123.7792725.4659201.1541880.8846571.3168651.4690935.6756425.24441161.90591804.3611 241.1424845.5476214.19451185.9608201.1170181.0009146.9745207.0674307.1293272.2279341.2988996.6946159.0002235.0839860.8223195.0700417.89551135.8936679.4481233.0310 1.0 293.1761390.2239711.5387403.2344413.2127241.1785314.2366311.2177299.2546277.2155357.1659546.1758261.14901008.6794380.0947185.0798721.2773603.2178398.3245243.0540416.2235209.0462625.4183657.31011042.7038950.72471805.3690683.4893305.0823 700.4504242.1596211.1383176.04601779.3544243.1591536.4966375.1757980.8742453.25291344.8050425.1689656.4721 307.1873416.2886659.4072376.06722452.8484584.2585424.32611019.5914503.2971278.2187745.3966889.5314721.4401571.2346652.3231741.5012265.18651084.7333338.0974354.2905426.1025166.0637155.1151187.1385179.0627435.2285179.0396585.2488308.1938934.6699582.4298535.4535151.04731806.3773976.7401 610.3645619.1820521.1080390.16172425.8410847.5267488.24321043.5825737.6138441.9501439.9158239.11571003.6624412.1192627.5247252.2167502.1183425.08991107.0516267.1946976.67671832.3879223.0312 410.1514 736.4824419.0858423.3334573.4223959.5463175.0980150.0362193.1367270.21461091.7050205.05751834.4060362.1990387.1926515.2787763.5608477.3178504.1154380.2359527.3196320.1171483.13281831.3817204.0205 499.3402467.3186994.8564691.4808260.9954763.4420588.3225739.5349418.2329721.49161047.00081567.1734625.3411666.2526418.1558341.0608599.4944277.1787258.9350499.0978707.5015557.29891004.9591993.66731807.3773992.6746 0.9 279.2327562.1775484.1168410.2731963.5589309.2026771.3882299.1889301.2126275.1998225.2245481.08691169.9596615.3625639.2137379.0909 365.2216413.0854863.5414507.1176596.1499625.5182623.5592153.0990324.1154951.6703381.3275375.2384236.9549438.9164404.0835635.1714977.6908180.0723331.2554682.4882396.1341 307.0780395.2656698.21731138.7930680.34391126.87721019.6947452.2048478.2163821.5526739.4431669.1560267.9884474.38261294.8114805.5663369.2389923.6990694.4871 681.5743200.1774453.3775455.3291830.89241229.1322756.2109197.0712653.33231181.6998469.0092376.1260355.1109675.4267670.4946665.36141144.0690462.0850491.3383600.4251245.05961394.79291833.3955 280.2348440.1054441.0661197.1947343.1902294.1052199.1372310.2057523.1100621.2209505.2340174.9885169.1657541.31481125.7785979.6835 949.7192 241.0731 234.04991123.8501952.6701257.2130867.6563489.1179819.5472350.1257463.1155364.2816306.2042 0.8 179.0914199.1744681.3660937.5134342.2700696.5644465.1282165.0257507.3256765.5659506.2402375.1052696.4447330.2321601.4741 291.0857 321.0240375.0619171.1087456.0996420.2475268.23501211.65851780.3569535.4950649.3029206.1666 377.1144 265.1468421.3145341.25871444.7882610.2539532.4222299.0739493.1067245.0261249.0575626.4202406.2330558.4327 223.0939452.3441863.6474962.8122323.25561028.9929697.4466334.1333547.2954447.9223187.9956 561.1730537.2447298.2435361.2636337.3046777.5308463.31001021.7056411.26081184.9537553.3219175.0263201.1799157.0930474.9758 242.0740305.1219637.5538585.3486330.0552463.1868638.5569353.2998325.2690 0.7 473.3797207.1023 336.2197305.1683215.1294946.9059624.3360488.2939485.35691145.0591476.3257328.2874 233.0989462.1823 582.3088210.1153325.3050309.2408329.0934503.2418239.0167621.3157737.5305194.0757 181.0852297.2402338.23421207.6746583.1467210.0570609.4841382.2206153.0255449.3025335.1854397.3222592.5131335.2498 563.5245591.5532 366.3034737.4281904.8587507.3790 557.4284392.2388 962.9115755.2140195.1136391.0903239.1635240.2056551.3464251.1991475.3215 394.2541 292.09031227.1526569.3044317.0645276.0969915.5353328.1176570.3050453.9564431.1174533.3385216.1681327.1183 0.6 308.0847651.58721126.7780497.2777473.1187427.24431187.0992293.1009 349.2287 559.4448979.5786861.5515697.2133326.0448381.2262 200.9986593.34911221.6835242.2211599.3134429.0037780.9012335.2170233.0594551.2906159.1093 447.2979424.11511060.9762441.1043197.1226861.6321713.47331103.0208624.5577333.1994930.8733694.56491182.9370 213.1213171.1449184.0810231.1779249.1365319.2220 264.1836213.1522609.5220379.2371620.1735383.2187293.0684276.1689 0.5 323.2152157.1300337.2661 346.0974213.1877580.9356205.1045147.0519355.0737330.9737 594.2634 585.4568269.2113505.1108405.1681327.0806223.0616258.2391505.3112345.0939 p(corr)[1] (Correlation) p(corr)[1] 568.2139 361.1205 630.9273506.1173315.1814219.1132611.3670 225.1878 228.2070595.2650680.9182364.2023730.9102 203.0176 455.2728419.2975329.1259564.5272 212.0781205.1632 986.9495378.1191432.2587441.2328169.1284 0.4 480.9520545.2832321.1992189.0045 223.1322 285.2003407.0233 583.4417409.2426389.2179 221.1361269.2469257.23901265.7072405.2499338.2682 256.2364227.2036 362.1244 255.2333 695.4477417.1648275.0891185.1599289.1781 263.18020.3 254.2206209.0833 241.2183 380.9668191.0558429.2586 253.2174 247.1492 555.2392391.2356530.4427367.2373 1176.6873 0.2 944.9055531.4387566.1982530.9432 529.4392 1143.0674239.2020 554.2363 430.9587 197.1577 556.2416365.2988377.2220183.1442 0.1 393.2511 1175.6841 431.2478 337.2290407.2355

0.0 1101.0250902.8639576.2155

-0.1 600-1000 m/z 1185.1113 -0.2

-0.3

-0.4

-0.5

-0.6

-0.7

-0.8

-0.9

-1.0 -0.13 -0.12 -0.11 -0.10 -0.09 -0.08 -0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33

Androstenone Urinary-Sweaty odour

Skatole Indole Fecal odour

Sensory approaches Analytical approaches

Soldering iron method Sensor technology Fast GC-MS MS based electronic nose RAMAN spectroscopy

Accurate Sensitivity & specificity? Applicable at slaughter line Lack testing & validation Holistic detection of boar Speed taint Inter-individual variation Applicability at slaughter line? Habituation & fatigue

Boar 6 positive

Sow1

Negative ionization mode m/z 75 - 1200

2D Scores plot

Stratified 5 fold in silico validation

PCA 250 dimensions/ LDA 2 dimensions

©2019 Waters Corporation 36 Independent validation with characterised samples from an alternative source 41/308596 36/104402 42/308834 Positive sensory >odour threshold via GC-MS Positive sensory >odour threshold via GC-MS 31/200230

Positive sensory analysis

GC-MS & sensory negative

High throughput (600 carcasses/hour) Highy accuracy  no false negatives! Cost efficiency Simplicity Possibility for automation

 Speciality products  Speciation  Ensuring the authenticity of protected  Verification of fish and meat species status products (PDO, PGI, TSG) identity  e.g. Buerre d’Ardenne; Mortadella di Bologna;  e.g. raw product to highly processed foods, Bronte pistachio nuts; Parmigiano-Reggiano; canned meat/fish, gelatine, stocks botanic origin of honey…

 Quality, composition & safety  Production methods  Carcass consistency & quality  Organic vs. conventional production?  Grading of raw product prior to processing  Capture method (line vs. trawl caught fish)  Product extension, offal in processed products  Dietary regime and husbandry (grass fed vs.  Product spoilage indicators industrial feed) – Food pathogens

– MS allows holistic profiling for quality & manufacturing process control

– Detection of the “unexpected” for authenticity

– Potential to identify & verify unique product markers

– Direct analysis techniques can generate results in seconds

– Simplicity of operation & potential for automation

– Point-of-control analysis… bringing the analysis to the sample

©2019 Waters Corporation 41 Acknowledgemnts  Prof Zoltan Takats (Imperial College, London)  Prof Chris Elliott, Dr Olivier Chevallier, Connor Black (Queens University, Belfast, UK)  Dr Giorgio Fedrizzi (Istituto Zooprofilattico della Lombardia e Emilia Romagna, Bologna, Italy)  Prof Lynn Van Haecke, Kaat Verplanken (University of Ghent, Belgium)  Prof Luigi Modello, Dr Francesca Rigano, (University of Messina, Sicily, Italy)  Matthew Sharman, (FERA Science Ltd., York, UK)  Waters Corporation — Kari Organtini, Sara Stead, Lauren Mullen, Renata Jandova , Steve Lai, Gareth Cleland