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SnapShot: Mammalian TRP Channels David E. Clapham HHMI, Children’s Hospital, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA TRP Activators Inhibitors Putative Interacting Proteins Proposed Functions Activation potentiated by PLC pathways Gd, La TRPC4, TRPC5, calmodulin, TRPC3, Homodimer is a purported stretch-sensitive ion channel; form C1 TRPP1, IP3Rs, caveolin-1, PMCA heteromeric ion channels with TRPC4 or TRPC5 in neurons -/- Pheromone receptor mechanism? Calmodulin, IP3R3, Enkurin, TRPC6 TRPC2 mice respond abnormally to urine-based olfactory C2 cues; pheromone sensing 2+ Diacylglycerol, [Ca ]I, activation potentiated BTP2, flufenamate, Gd, La TRPC1, calmodulin, PLCβ, PLCγ, IP3R, Potential role in vasoregulation and airway regulation C3 by PLC pathways RyR, SERCA, caveolin-1, αSNAP, NCX1 La (100 µM), calmidazolium, activation [Ca2+] , 2-APB, niflumic acid, TRPC1, TRPC5, calmodulin, PLCβ, TRPC4-/- mice have abnormalities in endothelial-based vessel C4 i potentiated by PLC pathways DIDS, La (mM) NHERF1, IP3R permeability La (100 µM), activation potentiated by PLC 2-APB, flufenamate, La (mM) TRPC1, TRPC4, calmodulin, PLCβ, No phenotype yet reported in TRPC5-/- mice; potentially C5 pathways, nitric oxide NHERF1/2, ZO-1, IP3R regulates growth cones and neurite extension 2+ Diacylglycerol, [Ca ]I, 20-HETE, activation 2-APB, amiloride, Cd, La, Gd Calmodulin, TRPC3, TRPC7, FKBP12 Missense mutation in human focal segmental glomerulo- C6 potentiated by PLC pathways sclerosis (FSGS); abnormal vasoregulation in TRPC6-/- mice, proposed role in ATII-induced cardiac hypertrophy 2+ -/- Diacylglycerol, activation potentiated by [Ca ]I, flufenamate, La Calmodulin, TRPC3, TRPC6, FKBP12, No phenotype yet reported in TRPC7 mice; potential role in C7 PLC pathways MxA, TRPC1 myocardial apoptosis T>~43oC, V-dep, H+, activation potentiated capsazepine, RuR, Calmodulin, TRPV3, TRPV2, PI3K, In TRPV1-/- mice decreased response to heat, acid pH; by PLC pathways, anandamide, 2-AG, HETE, acylpolyamines, camphor snapin, synaptotagmin IX, β-tubulin diminished stretch-evoked responses in bladder; upregulated V1 HPETE, capsaicin, olvanil, resiniferatoxin, ar- desensitizes in inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis vanil, piperine, OEA, 2-APB, DPBA, camphor T>~53oC?, Neuropeptide head activator, RuR, La, SKF96365 TRPV1, RGA No phenotype yet reported in TRPV2-/- mice; role in thermal V2 DPBA, 2-APB pain, osmosensing in myocytes? T>~30oC, 2-APB, DPBA, carvacrol, thymol, RuR, La TRPV1 TRPV3-/- mice have decreased response to heat; potential V3 eugenol, camphor, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, role in warmth sensing in skin menthol, cinnemaldehyde Anandamide, arachidonic acid, 5’6’-ep- RuR, Gd, La Calmodulin, Src family kinases, aqua- TRPV4-/- mice have impaired pressure and acid sensation, V4 oxyeicosatrienoic acids, 4α-phorbol 12,13 porin 5, pacsin 3 dysregulated ADH; potential role in CNS osmosensing and didecanoate, PMA, bisandrographalide temperature sensing in skin 2+ -/- 2+ Constitutively active, PIP2 [Ca ]i, RuR, econazole, TRPV6, S100A10/annexin 2, 80K-H, TRPV5 mice have bone abnormalities; possible role in Ca V5 Cd>>Gd>La, Mg, Cu, Pb NHERF4, BSPRY, Rab11a uptake in kidney, gut 2+ -/- Constitutively active [Ca ]i, RuR, Cd>>Gd>La, Mg TRPV5, S100A10/annexin 2 TRPV6 mice have alopecia, dermatitis, and decreased V6 intestinal Ca2+ reabsorption M1 N.D. N.D. Potential role in melanoma progression Constitutively active, ADP Ribose, cADP ADP, N-ACA, econazole, Calmodulin, cADP-ribose hydrolase, Senses oxidant stress in immune cells and glia M2 ribose, βNAD, H2O2, hypo-osmolarity miconazole, clotrimazole, Sir2 enhances flufenamate 2+ 2+ Constitutively active, hypo-osmolarity [Mg ]i for M3a1, 3a2 (9 mM); N.D. Potential role in kidney Ca absorption M3 enhances, sphingolipids, steroids Gd, La 2+ -/- [Ca ]i, decavanadate, BTP2, PKC AMP, ATP, flufenamate, poly- Calmodulin, SUR1 TRPM4 mice have enhanced anaphylactic responses; M4 phosphorylation amines; M4a: La, Gd; M4b: potential role in smooth muscle 4- free [ATP ]i 2+ -/- T1R, T2R-Ggus-PLCβ2, [Ca ]i, PIP2, V-dep <pH 7.0, spermine N.D. TRPM5 mice do not detect sweet, bitter, or umami flavors M5 heat sensitive 2+ Acid pH, 2-APB [Mg ]i, RuR Integral kinase domain, TRPM7 Human TRPM6 mutation causes hypomagnesemia and M6 secondary hypocalcemia 2+ Acid pH, PIP2, activation potentiated by [Mg ]i, La, PIP2 hydrolysis Integral kinase domain, PLCβ1, 2, 3, Human TRPM7 variant associated with Guamanian amyo- M7 PLC pathways PLCγ1, snapin, TRPM6, myosin IIA trophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson dementia; possible heavy chain mediator of trace metal entry; role in excitotoxic neuron death o T<~25 C; V-dep, PIP2, menthol, icilin, BCTC, capsazepine, 2-APB N.D. Responds to cold and pain; proposed roles in prostate M8 eucalyptol cancer, activation-induced analgesia T<~18oC?, modification of intracellular RuR, amiloride, camphor, N.D. TRPA1-/- mice have normal hearing; pain defects disputed; cysteines by allyl isothiocyanate, allicin, menthol, gentamicin, Gd; responds to pungent natural compounds, environmental A1 acrolein, ∆9-THC, carvacrol, icilin, cinnam- carvacrol desensitizes irritants, inflammatory peptides aldehyde, eugenol, gingerol Also called PC2 or PKD2; Mechanical [Gd, La, Cd, SKF96365, PKD1/PC1, Hax-1, cortactin, Id2, mDia, Mutations in human TRPP1 cause Autosomal Dominant 2+ P1 stress, [Ca ]i? 2-APB]? troponin, tropomyosin, actinin; cadherin Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD); proposed to localize to via PKD1/PC1 cilia and be activated by ciliary movement 2+ Also called PKD2L1; acid, [Ca ]i? [flufenamate, Cd, La]? PKD1L3 TRPP2 is deleted (among other genes) in krd mice that have P2 kidney and retinal abnormalities; mice with targeted deletion in taste cells do not respond to sour (acid) stimuli 2+ P3 Also called PKD2L2; [Ca ]i? [Amiloride, Gd, La, Ni]? N.D. Probable function in testis 2+ Also called MCOLN1; [Ca ]i? [Amiloride, Gd, La, Ni]? N.D. Mutations in TRPML1 cause mucolipidosis type IV, a reces- ML1 sive neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder ML2 Also called MCOLN2; N.D. TRPML3 N.D. ML3 MCOLN3; N.D. TRPML1, TRPML2 +/- Varitint-waddler mice are deaf with vestibular defects 220 Cell 129, April 6, 2007 ©2007 Elsevier Inc. DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.034 See online version for a list of abbreviations. SnapShot: Mammalian TRP Channels David E. Clapham Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA Abbreviations N.D., not described; TM, transmembrane; V-dep, voltage-dependent. Proteins αSNAP, soluble NSF attachment protein; ATII, Angiotensin II; BSPRY, B box- and SPRY-domain-containing protein; Ca2+/CaM, Calcium-bound calmodulin; FKBP12, FK506-Binding Protein; Gαq/11, G protein α subunit, type q or 11; Gd, gadolinium; Ggus, G protein gusducin subunit; GPCR, GTP-binding protein-coupled receptor; + 2+ IP3R, Inositol trisphosphate receptor; La, lanthanum; MxA, interferon-induced 76 kDa GTPase; N-ACA, N-acylase; NCX, Na /Ca exchanger; NHERF/EPB50, Ezrin/ moesin/radixin-binding phosphoprotein 50; PDZ, Postsynaptic density/Disc-large/ZO-1 protein domain; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PKD, polycystic kidney disease; PLC, Phospholipase C; PMCA, plasma membrane Ca-ATPase transporter; RGA, recombinase gene activator protein; RyR, ryanodine receptor intracellular Ca2+ release channel; SERCA, smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporter; SUR1, sulfanylurea receptor 1; ZO-1, Zonal Occludens protein 1. Chemicals 2-AG, 2-arachidonylglycerol; BCTC, (N-(4-tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl) tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carbox-amide); BTP2, 1,3-Bistrifluoromethyl-pyrazole derivative; D9-THC, D9-Tetrahydrocannabinol; DIDS, 4,4’-DiIsothiocyano-2,2’-Stilbene Disulphonic acid; DPBA, Diphenylboronic anhydride; HETE, Hydroxy-Eicosa Tetraenoic Acid; OEA, oleoylethanolamide; PMA, Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate; RuR, Ruthenium Red. REFERENCES Caterina, M.J. (2007). Transient receptor potential ion channels as participants in thermosensation and thermoregulation. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 292, R64–R76. Clapham, D.E. (2003). TRP channels as cellular sensors. Nature 426, 517–524. Clapham, D.E., Owsianik, G., and Nilius, B. (2007). TRP Ion Channels. IUPHAR Ion Channel Database. http://clapham.tch.harvard.edu. Desai, C. (2005). TRP channels and mice deficient in TRP channels. Pflugers Arch.451 , 11–18. Dhaka, A., Viswanath, V., and Patapoutian, A. (2006). TRP ion channels and temperature sensation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 29, 135–161. Montell, C., Birnbaumer, L., Flockerzi, V., Bindels, R.J., Bruford, E.A., Caterina, M.J., Clapham, D.E., Harteneck, C., Heller, S., Julius, D., et al. (2002). A unified nomen- clature for the superfamily of TRP cation channels. Mol. Cell 9, 229–231. Nilius, B., Owsianik, G., Voets, T., and Peters, J.A. (2007). Transient receptor potential cation channels in disease. Physiol. Rev. 87, 165–217. Owsianik, G., D’Hoedt, D., Voets, T., and Nilius, B. (2006). Structure-function relationship of the TRP channel superfamily. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 156, 61–90. Owsianik, G., Talavera, K., Voets, T., and Nilius, B. (2006). Permeation and selectivity of TRP channels. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 68, 685–717. Ramsey, I.S., Delling, M., and Clapham, D.E. (2006). An introduction to TRP channels. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 68, 619–647. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author is a scientific advisor for Hydra Biosciences in Cambridge, MA. 220.e1 Cell 129, April 6, 2007 ©2007 Elsevier Inc. DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.034.
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    234 Journal of Food Protection, Vol. 73, No. 2, 2010, Pages 234–240 Carvacrol and Cinnamaldehyde Inactivate Antibiotic-Resistant Salmonella enterica in Buffer and on Celery and Oysters SADHANA RAVISHANKAR,1* LIBIN ZHU,1 JAVIER REYNA-GRANADOS,1 BIBIANA LAW,1 LYNN JOENS,1 AND MENDEL FRIEDMAN2 1Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, 1117 East Lowell Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721; and 2U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Produce Safety and Microbiology Research, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, California 94710, USA Downloaded from http://meridian.allenpress.com/jfp/article-pdf/73/2/234/1679919/0362-028x-73_2_234.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 MS 09-228: Received 20 May 2009/Accepted 25 September 2009 ABSTRACT The emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella is of concern to food processors. The objective of this research was to identify antimicrobial activities of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol against antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica in phosphate- buffered saline (PBS) and on celery and oysters. Twenty-three isolates were screened for resistance to seven antibiotics. Two resistant and two susceptible strains were chosen for the study. S. enterica cultures (105 CFU/ml) were added to different concentrations of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4% [vol/vol]) in PBS, mixed, and incubated at 37uC. Samples were taken at 0, 1, 5, and 24 h for enumeration. Celery and oysters were inoculated with S. enterica (106–7 CFU/ml), treated with 1% cinnamaldehyde or 1% carvacrol, incubated at 4uC, and then sampled for enumeration on days 0 and 3.
  • Submicroscopic Distribution of Ruthenium Red in Human Glioblastoma Multiforme*

    Submicroscopic Distribution of Ruthenium Red in Human Glioblastoma Multiforme*

    I. Neurosurg. / Volume 32 / February, 1970 Submicroscopic Distribution of Ruthenium Red in Human Glioblastoma Multiforme* WILLIAM BONDAREFF, M.D., PH.D. Department of Biostructure,. Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois LECTRON microscope studies have forme is well documented,24 and more recent suggested the presence of a poly- electron microscope studies further demon- anionic intercellular substance in strate this complexity.8,11,13,18,19 The ultra- mammalian central nervous tissue. 3-6,~ The structure of the intercellular matrix of glio- composition of this material, which appears blastoma multiforme has not been described to occupy the extracellular space of the previously, but light microscope studies sug- brain, is not known, but chemical studies in- gest an intercellular matrix with staining dicate the presence of an acid mucopolysac- properties similar to those of connective charide. 2~ Its intercellular distribution has tissue. 11 been demonstrated by visualization in the electron microscope of electron-opaque Materials and Methods metal complexes (for example, of phospho- Specimens of nine suspected gliomas were tungstic acid '-'~ and ruthenium redO, but the obtained during operation at the Neurosurgi- relation of these complexes to plasma mem- cal Clinic, Sahlgrenska Hospital, Gothen- branes is obscured in central nervous tissue burg, Sweden. After surgical exposure of the by the sparsity of intercellular space. The di- neoplasm, a specimen was taken by sharp mensions of the extracellular space in brain dissection from an area thought not to be are not known with certainty, and the stain- necrotic. Electrocautery was avoided and able material localized within the intercellu- special care was exercised in the use of lar spaces may be either a plasma mem- clamps and hemostats.