Geotechnical Predictions and Practice in Dealing with Geohazards GEOTECHNICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING Volume 25

Series Editor Atilla Ansal, School of Engineering, O¨zyegin University, Istanbul, Turkey

Editorial Advisory Board

Julian Bommer, Imperial College London, U.K. Jonathan D. Bray, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A. Kyriazis Pitilakis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Susumu Yasuda, Denki University, Japan

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6011 Jian Chu • Sri P.R. Wardani • Atsushi Iizuka Editors

Geotechnical Predictions and Practice in Dealing with Geohazards Editors Jian Chu Sri P.R. Wardani Department of Civil, Construction Department of Civil Engineering & Environmental Engineering Diponegoro University Iowa State University Semarang, Indonesia Ames, IA USA

Atsushi Iizuka Research Center for Urban Safety and Security Kobe University Kobe, Hyogo Japan

ISSN 1573-6059 ISBN 978-94-007-5674-8 ISBN 978-94-007-5675-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5675-5 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013940209

Chapter 23: © Springer (outside the USA) 2013 © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface

The 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering for Disaster Mitigation and Rehabilitation was held in Semarang, Indonesia, May 18–20, 2001. A One-Day International Symposium on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Engineering was also organized by the Conference Organizing Committee led by Prof. S.P.R. Wardani and the Technical Committee TC303 under the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). This Sym- posium also marked the 40-year contributions of Professor Hideki Ohta in research and development in the area of soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering. Professor Ohta is a Professor of Research and Development Initiative at Chuo University, Japan. Before his retirement in 2009, he was a Professor at the Tokyo Institute of Technology (TIT). Prof. Ohta started his professional career in geotech- nical engineering in 1971 at University. He also worked at the University of Cambridge, Asian Institute of Technology, and Kanazawa University. He was the vice president (1999–2001) and later the president (2004–2006) of the Japanese Geotechnical Society. He has received many awards, including awards from the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (1971, 2002, and 2004), and awards from the Japanese Geotechnical Society (1986, 1991, 1999, and 2008). His major research interests include constitutive model of soils, deformation of soft clays, dam engine- ering, and rock slope stability. Professor Ohta is one of the key founders of TC303 (the TC39 then) and has been a sought-after keynote and invited speaker at international conferences. The theme of the symposium was the recent advances in geotechnical predictions and practices dealing with geohazards. Fourteen invited speakers, including Prof. Ohta and a number of other leading world researchers, presented their latest research works at the symposium. This volume comprises the written version of the lectures presented at the symposium and several other invited contributions. The book contains 23 chapters and is divided into three sections: Geotechnical Aspects of Some Recent Disasters; Geotechnical Predictions; and Geotechnical Practices in Dealing with Geohazards. A prologue is also provided to share a glimpse of Prof. Hideki Ohta’s life and achievements in the past 40 years. The recent earthquake disasters in Japan and a series of other disasters in the world

v vi Preface have again highlighted the need for more reliable geotechnical prediction, better methods for geotechnical design, particularly dealing with geohazards. It is hoped that this book will provide a timely review and summary of the recent advances in theories, analyses, and methods for geotechnical predictions and the most up-to- date practices in geotechnical engineering and particularly in dealing with geohazards. We would like to take this opportunity to thank all the contributors for their valuable contributions as well as their time and patience. We want to thank Professor Ohta in particular for his considerable effort in reading through many of the chapters in this book. We also thank Hermine Vloemans of Springer for her professional handling of the publication process and her patience in waiting for the manuscripts to be fully completed.

Ames Jian Chu Semarang Sri P.R. Wardani Kobe, Hyogo Atsushi Iizuka

A group photo of Prof. Hideki Ohta (in traditional Kazakhstan costume) with invited speakers and participants to the One-Day International Symposium Contents

Part I Geotechnical Aspects of Some Recent Disasters

1 Tsunami Induced by 2011 Tohoku-Pacific Ocean Earthquake and a Possible Renewal Plan ...... 3 Hideki Ohta, Susumu Iai, Yukihiro Nishida, Shu Morioka, and Atsushi Iizuka 2 Tsunami Damage: What Is Unexpected? ...... 19 Koji Ichii 3 Past Earthquakes in Indonesia and New Seismic Hazard Maps for Earthquake Design of Buildings and Infrastructures ...... 33 Masyhur Irsyam, Hendriyawan, M. Asrurifak, M. Ridwan, Fahmi Aldiamar, I. Wayan Sengara, Sri Widiyantoro, Wahyu Triyoso, Danny Hilman, Engkon Kertapati, Irwan Meilano, Suhardjono, and Anita Firmanti 4 Lessons Learned from the Recent Natural Disasters in Indonesia ...... 47 Sri Prabandiyani Retno Wardani and Agus Setyo Muntohar 5 Behavior of Slope Protection and Retaining Structures During the Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12, 2008 ...... 61 Jianhui H. Deng, Fei Chen, Jinbing B. Wei, and Jiajia J. Tai

Part II Geotechnical Predictions

6 Consolidation and Creep Settlement of Embankment on Soft Clay: Prediction Versus Observation ...... 77 S. Robert Lo, M.R. Karim, and C.T. Gnanendran

vii viii Contents

7 Numerical Simulation of Soil Structures Reinforced by Geosynthetics ...... 95 Masafumi Hirata, Atsushi Iizuka, Hideki Ohta, Takayuki Yamakami, Yoshihiro Yokota, and Koji Ohmori 8 Deformation Prediction of a Structure Placed on Soft Clay in Tokyo Bay Affected by Heavy Deep Well Pumping ...... 115 Koki Matsumoto, Akira Kobayashi, and Hideki Ohta 9 Elasto-Plastic FEM Analysis and Safety Evaluation of Large Rockfill Dams During Reservoir Filling ...... 131 Tetsuo Fujiyama, Takeshi Ishiguro, Yoshihisa Uchita, and Hideki Ohta 10 Three Dimensional Soil/Water Coupled Analysis of Reverse Concreting Excavation Work ...... 149 Shigehiko Sugie, Hideki Ohta, and Atsushi Iizuka 11 Spatial Discretization of a Water Head in Soil–Water Coupled Finite Element Method Analysis Using the Hybrid-Type Penalty Method ...... 163 Masafumi Hirata, Atsushi Iizuka, Hideki Ohta, Tetsuo Fujiyama, and Tomohide Takeyama 12 Theoretical Analysis for Noncoaxiality of Toyoura Sand ...... 181 Shinya Tachibana and Jiro Kuwano 13 Threshold of Friction Stabilizes Self-Weight Transmission in Gravitating Loose Sand Heaps ...... 199 Thirapong Pipatpongsa and Hideki Ohta 14 Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Model for Unsaturated Soils with Subloading Surface Concept ...... 215 Shintaro Ohno, Katsuyuki Kawai, Atsushi Iizuka, Shinya Tachibana, Shin-ichi Kanazawa, and Hideki Ohta 15 Stress–Strain Relationship for the Singular Point on the Yield Surface of the Elasto-Plastic Constitutive Model and Quantification of Metastability ...... 229 Tomohide Takeyama, Thirapong Pipatpongsa, Atsushi Iizuka, and Hideki Ohta 16 Analysis of Earth Pressure Problems by Upper and Lower Equilibrium Methods ...... 241 Akira Nishihara, Shinji Shimamoto, and Hideki Ohta Contents ix

Part III Geotechnical Practices in Dealing with Geo-hazards

17 Rehabilitation of the Old Rossio Railway Station Building: Enlargement and Underpinning ...... 253 Pedro Sima˜oSeˆco e Pinto, Joa˜o Barradas, and Arlindo Sousa 18 Analysis of Slope Stability and Landslide in Seismic Active Regions ...... 281 Askar Zhussupbekov, Rauan Ermagambetovich Lukpanov, Serik Beisengalievich Yenkebayev, and Vitaliy Analolievich Khomyakov 19 Recent Developments of PVD Soft Ground Improvement: Laboratory Test Results and Simulations ...... 297 Dennes T. Bergado, Suthasinee Artidteang, Jaturonk Saowapakpiboon, and Yip Poon Lai 20 Study on Regional Ground Upheaval Phenomenon Caused by the Rising of Groundwater Level and Its Effect on Underground Infrastructure ...... 321 Sokkheang Sreng, Hiroshi Tanaka, Teijiro Saito, Takuya Kusaka, Tamio Ito, and Atsushi Koizumi 21 A Robust Control Approach for Decision Making and Reliability Design of Soil Structures ...... 337 Takeshi Sato, Takeshi Nagae, and Hirofumi Nishida 22 Development of a Portable Triaxial Testing Apparatus—Smart Triaxial ...... 353 Eiki Nakayama, Ichizo Kobayashi, Atsushi Iizuka, Moriyuki Taya, and Hideki Ohta 23 Innovation in Disaster Mitigation Technologies ...... 375 Jian Chu

Index ...... 385

Professor Hideki Ohta (Born in Tokyo on 31st January, 1944): lifetime contributor to solving challenges in Geotechnical engineering

Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta

Atsushi Iizuka

Hideki Ohta was born in Tokyo, Japan on January 31, 1944. He grew up in Kyoto and received his Bachelor’s degree from in 1966. He went on to earn his Master’s degree in 1968 and his Doctorate in 1972 at the Graduate School of Kyoto University. His doctoral thesis, entitled “Analysis of Deformation of Soils Based on the Theory of Plasticity and Application to Settlement of Embankments,” and his early achievements were pioneer works in the field of theoretical soil mechanics. They stimulated the research on elasto-plastic/elasto-viscoplastic con- stitutive modeling of soils and theoretical/analytical interpretation of soil behavior, particularly in his own country of Japan. In 1971, he began his career as Assistant Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at Kyoto University and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1972. He married his wife, Saeko, in 1972 and they have two sons, Taisuke and Kosuke. From August 1973 to October 1974, Professor Ohta visited Cambridge University in the United Kingdom, as an Overseas Fellow-Commoner. His stay in Cambridge was fruitful and he developed lifelong friendships with colleagues there. These include Prof. Peter Wroth, Prof. Andrew Schofield, Prof. David Muir Wood, Prof. Mark Randolph, and many others. In the preface of a book by Prof. David Muir Wood, the author mentions Professor Ohta, saying, “This book took shape in the course of discussions with Hideki Ohta in our smoke-filled room at Kanpur.” In Cambridge, he polished his work on constitutive modeling, sometimes called the Kamo Clay model (Kamo is the name of the river that flows through the center of Kyoto), and discovered that the Kamo Clay model could be regarded as a rational extension of the original Cam-clay model to initially anisotropic stress state. He also presented a clearly physical interpretation showing that the plastic shear dissipation energy assumed in the derivation of Cam-clay models is nothing more than a description for dilatancy behavior of soil materials.

A. Iizuka (*) Research Center for Urban Safety and Security, Kobe University, Japan.

xiii xiv Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta

Fig. 1 State boundary surface of Kamo Clay model (Ohta and Hata, Proc. JSCE, No.196, 1971)

Professor Hideki Ohta has a broad range of research interests, from theoretical/ fundamental soil mechanics to geotechnical engineering practice, from laboratory and in situ testing to full-scale model tests. He developed a new triaxial test apparatus named COWK that is capable of measuring Ko value and then shearing the undisturbed soil specimen where in situ anisotropic stress state was initially preserved. During the period from September 1980 to September 1982, he was transferred to the Asian Institute of Technology as Associate Professor in the Geotechnical and Transportation Engineering Department. In 1984, he moved to Kanazawa to be Associate Professor in the Civil Engineering Department at Kanazawa University. He was then promoted to professor there in 1985. This period, his so-called Kanazawa period, was challenging for him as he tackled geotechnical disaster problems such as landslides, ground subsidence, and so forth. A topic certainly worth mentioning here is that Professor Ohta supervised elementary schoolchildren in extracurricular scientific activities in which they observed movement of the ground where they lived and measured the amount of movement by means of fixed mirrors and targets that were installed in the ground. In 1998, Professor Ohta moved to Tokyo to become a professor in the Interna- tional Development Engineering Department at Tokyo Institute of Technology. He is a firm believer in the value of continuing education. His private seminar, called Terakoya, is a typical example of this attitude. It has continued to be held almost once a month since his Kanazawa period. Terakoya is open to anyone who wants to join. Here, not only theoretical issues in soil mechanics are discussed, but also various problems related to the practice of geotechnical engineering are explored, with sessions going past midnight (and sometimes including alcohol). Not a few engineers who attended these sessions earned their Doctorate degrees for academic achievements that were made right at Terakoya. During Professor Ohta’s Tokyo period, he served on our societies as chairman of many of the technical committees, and was a councilor to academic societies, an adviser to consulting firms and worked on various other projects. In 2004, Professor Ohta became President of the Japanese Geotechnical Society. Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta xv

Table 1 Undrained strength derived from Sekiguchi and Ohta’s model (Ohta, Nishihara and Morita, Proc. 11th ICSMFE, 1985) xvi Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta

Fig. 2 A photo of Terakoya with Professor Ohta’s students

Fig. 3 A snap of Professor Ohta enjoying skiing

Professor Ohta is a keen observer of all phenomena and has a knack for providing logical interpretations for what he sees. Sometimes, it seems as if he is actually drawing theoretically initial/boundary value problems in his brain to create his explanations. Although he is famous as a theoretical researcher and it is widely recognized that his work has made great contributions to the development of Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta xvii

Fig. 4 Professor Hideki Ohta and his wife, Ms. Saeko theoretical soil mechanics, in fact he is a civil engineer who is rich in ideas. He, himself, wishes to be recognized for this too. The motivation for his research has always been firm and consistent since the beginning of his career as a researcher, and he had hoped to establish an academic field highlighting construction works for soil structures. He therefore needed constitutive modeling and soil–water coupled initial/boundary value formulation consisting of simultaneous partial differential equations. At present, his ambitious spirit in this field is definitely carried on by his many disciples. Professor Ohta has published close to 400 journal articles, conference papers, and research reports. Also, he has authored 12 technical books. For his contributions in the field of geotechnical engineering, Professor Ohta has received a number of awards, including The Outstanding Paper Award for a Young Researcher from the Japan Society of Civil Engineers (1971) for “On the State Surface of Anisotropically Consolidated Clays”; The Outstanding Paper Award from the Japanese Geote- chnical Society (1986) for “Undrained Stability of Ko-Consolidated Clays”; The Reader’s Award from the Japanese Geotechnical Society (2001) for “Development of Constitutive Equations for Soils”; The Outstanding Paper Award from Japan Society of Civil Engineers (2004) for “Compressibility and Material Constants of In-situ Compacted Rock Material under high Overburden Pressure”; the Annual Outstanding Article Award from the Japanese Geotechnical Society (2005) for “New Technology for Maintenance/Retrofit and Renewal Works in Geotechnical Engineering”; and The Innovative Technical Development Award from the Japa- nese Geotechnical Society (2008) for “Development and Application of DACSAR: Soil-water Coupled Elasto-viscoplastic Finite Element Code.” xviii Prologue: 40 Years Contributions to Geotechnical Engineering of Prof. Hideki Ohta

In 2009, Professor Ohta retired from Tokyo Institute of Technology at the age of 65, and is currently Professor of Research & Development Initiatives at Chuo University. He is still very energetically involved in various research activities. Professor Ohta was a field hockey player. He loves playing golf by swinging his club in the hockey style, and is good at skiing. Contributors

Fahmi Aldiamar Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Suthasinee Artidteang School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Bangkok, Thailand M. Asrurifak Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Joa˜o Barradas Geotechnical Department, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal Dennes T. Bergado School of Engineering and Technology, Asian Institute of Technology, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Bangkok, Thailand Fei Chen Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Jian Chu Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA Jianhui H. Deng Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Anita Firmanti Research Institute for Human Settlements, Indonesia Ministry of Public Works, Jakarta, Indonesia Tetsuo Fujiyama Science and Technology Department, Engineering Division, Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO), Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan Technical Research Institute, Maeda Corporation, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, Japan C.T. Gnanendran University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia

xix xx Contributors

Hendriyawan Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Danny Hilman Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Masafumi Hirata Technical Research Institute, Maeda Corporation, Nerima-ku, Tokyo, Japan Susumu Iai Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan Koji Ichii Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi- Hiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan Atsushi Iizuka Research Center for Urban Safety and Security, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyog, Japan Masyhur Irsyam Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung, China, Indonesia Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Takeshi Ishiguro CDS Project Section, Maeda Corporation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Tamio Ito Watershed Management Division, Geology and Geotechnology Department, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Shin-ichi Kanazawa Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan M.R. Karim University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia Katsuyuki Kawai Research Center for Urban Safety and Security, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan Engkon Kertapati Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Vitaliy Analolievich Khomyakov Department Civil Engineering, The Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering (KazGASA), Kazakhstan Akira Kobayashi Faculty of Environmental and Urban Engineering, Kansai University, Suita City, Osaka, Japan Ichizo Kobayashi Technical Research Institute, Kajima Corporation, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan Contributors xxi

Atsushi Koizumi Faculty of Creative Science and Engineering, , Tokyo, Japan Takuya Kusaka Research and Development Center, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Tsukubashi, Ibaraki, Japan The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan Jiro Kuwano Geosphere Research Institute, , Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan Yip Poon Lai AnchorSol Co Ltd., Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia S. Robert Lo University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT, Australia Rauan Ermagambetovich Lukpanov Department Civil Engineering, Eurasian National University of L.N. Gumilyov, Astana, Kazakhstan Koki Matsumoto Civil Engineering Division, Hazama Ando Corporation, Tokyo, Japan Irwan Meilano Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Shu Morioka West Japan Highway Maintenance Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Agus Setyo Muntohar Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Muham- madiyah, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Takeshi Nagae Department of Management Science and Technology, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba, Miyagi, Sendai Eiki Nakayama Core Laboratory, OYO Corporation, Kita-ku, Saitama, Japan Hirofumi Nishida Kanagawa Water Supply Authority, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan Yukihiro Nishida West Japan Highway Maintenance Corporation, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan Akira Nishihara Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan Koji Ohmori Research Institute of Digital Geo-Environment, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan Shintaro Ohno Civil Engineering Design Division, Kajima Corporation, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan Hideki Ohta Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan xxii Contributors

Pedro Sima˜oSeˆco e Pinto Geotechnical Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal Geotechnical Department, National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal Thirapong Pipatpongsa Global Scientific Information and Computing Center, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan M. Ridwan Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Teijiro Saito Civil Engineering Division, Nishimatsu Construction Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Jaturonk Saowapakpiboon Department of Highways, Bangkok, Thailand Takeshi Sato Civil Design and Service Department of Osaka Head Office, Toyo Construction Co., Ltd., Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan I. Wayan Sengara Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Technology Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Shinji Shimamoto Load and Traffic Design Division, CTI Engineering Co., Ltd., Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan Arlindo Sousa Geotechnical Department, National Laboratory of Civil Engineer- ing (LNEC), Lisbon, Portugal Sokkheang Sreng Research and Development Center, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan Shigehiko Sugie Technical Research Institute, Obayashi Corporation, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan Suhardjono Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Shinya Tachibana Geosphere Research Institute, Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan Jiajia J. Tai Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Tomohide Takeyama Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan Hiroshi Tanaka Research and Development Center, Nippon Koei Co., Ltd., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan Moriyuki Taya Head Office, OYO Corporation, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Contributors xxiii

Wahyu Triyoso Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Yoshihisa Uchita Construction Department, Tokyo Electric Power Company, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Sri Prabandiyani Retno Wardani Department of Civil Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Jinbing B. Wei Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China Sri Widiyantoro Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia Takayuki Yamakami Information Media Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan Serik Beisengalievich Yenkebayev Department Civil Engineering, Eurasian National University of L.N. Gumilyov, Astana, Kazakhstan Yoshihiro Yokota Maeda Kohsen Corporation, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan Askar Zhussupbekov Department Civil Engineering, Eurasian National University of L.N. Gumilyov, Astana, Kazakhstan