After the Decline of the Ottoman Empire

Levine, Gary (2003) The Merchant of Modernism: The Economic Jew in Anglo-American Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20(1): 19-32 Literature 1864-1939 (London: Routledge). DOI: 10.31456/beytulmakdis.669559 Madox, John (1834) Excursions in the Holy Land, Egypt, Nubia, Syria &c (London: Richard Bentley); vol. 2. Mochon, Jean-Philippe (1996) Le Consulat Général de France à Jérusalem: Aspects THE SITUATION IN THE “MIDDLE EAST” AFTER THE DECLINE historiques, juridiques et politiques de ses fonctions. Annuaire Français de Droit OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: PROVIDING A THEORETICAL International: 929-945. SOLUTION FOR THE INSTABILITY

Owen, Roger (1981) The Middle East in the World Economy 1800-1914 (Reprinted: 2009) (London: I.B. Tauris). Birkan ERTOY* Perry, Yaron (2003) British Mission to the Jews in Nineteenth Century Palestine (London: Frank Cass). Salhieh, Mohammad (2006) al-Quds, al-Ardwa-Sukkan: Dirasah fi al-Wathaiq al-Uthmaniyah ABSTRACT: Instability in the Middle East is a well-known phenomenon and min khilal al-Sijjilat al-Uthmaniyah Dafatir al-Tabowa Dafatir Ihsa’ al-Nufus (1525-1914), this condition is mostly seen as arising from the rivalry of great powers in the In Uluslararası Türk Arşivlerleri Sempozyumu 17-19 Kasım 2005 (International Symposium region. However, during the time of the Ottoman Empire, there was stability on Turkish Archives) (Istanbul: Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry General Directorate in the region until its decline. After the establishment of nation-states in the of State Archives). region, stability lasted for a while until international powers left. In this sense, Satış, Ihsan (2013) Tanzimat Döneminde Kudüs ve Çevresinde Avrupalı Devletlerin Nüfuz what is needed for stability is a power that is able to unite the region states in Mücadelesinden Bir Kesit: Hristiyan Cemaatlerin İmar Faaliyetleri. OTAM: 34: 185-221. an inclusivist manner as the Ottoman Empire had previously managed. Even Schölch, Alexander (1990) Jerusalem in the 19th Century (1831-1917 AD) in KJ. Asali (Ed.) though there is plenty of research about the region, there has been little Jerusalem in History (Great Britain: Olive Branch Press): 228-249. analysis of the region using a theoretical framework. Additionally, there is no Talbot, Michael (2013) Divine Imperialism: The British in Palestine 1753-1842 In M. Farr & X. research that uses an Eastern approach since the dominant knowledge is Guégan (Ed.), The British Abroad Since the Eighteenth Century Vol-2 Experiencing produced by the West. Therefore, this article is an attempt to analyse Imperialism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan): 36-54. instability in the region using a new geopolitical theory called Barakah Circles. Tibawi, Abdul Latif (1961) British Interest in Palestine 1800-1901: A Study of Religious and Moreover, Turkey’s role in the Middle East will be discussed in line with the Educational Enterprise (Oxford: Oxford University Press). theoretical perspective of this study. Vereté. Mayir (1970) Why was a British Consulate established in Jerusalem The English Historical Review: 85: 316-345. KEYWORDS: Barakah Circles Theory, Arab World, Instability, Ottomans, Ze’evi, Door (1996) An Ottoman Century the District of the Jerusalem in the 1600s (USA: New Turkey, Inclusivist Policies. York. State University of New York Press, Albany). INTRODUCTION The term "Middle East"1 was first used by traditional geopolitician Alfred T. Mahan. Before his conceptualising, the term for referring to the East was ‘Orient’, meaning ‘land of rising sun’ in Latin. ‘Occident’ or ‘land of setting sun’ on the other hand, referred to the West (Stewart, 2009: 5). Even the meaning of these words is still the same in geopolitical terms — it seems that the sun does not rise from the East, but rather it sets in contemporary international relations. The reason behind this is very simple, as Edward Said argued: Orientalism (the study of the East) “has been an aspect of both imperialism and colonialism.” (1979: 123). Even the term ‘Middle East’ was first used in the 19th century to define the “midway to the British colonies in the East” (Ergul Jorgensen, 2019: 82). To understand the current situation in the Middle East, it will be useful to first turn to Dona J. Stewart’s words. She begins her discussion with these words: “Think of the Middle East. Quickly write down the first five words that come to mind”. The author claims that violence and conflict are prominent among the

* PhD Student, International Relations, Social Sciences University of Ankara (ASBU), Turkey, [email protected]. 20 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (1) part of the conflicts in the region the conflicts in partof the try that actors other are there other hand, the On East. Middle the in actors main the as considered be might that actors the Ottoman Empire. When t When Empire. Ottoman the of decline sincethe East Middle in the together states holds that regional power or union equal an been never has Butthere countries. European to Eastern Cold the during Europe Eastern in power supreme the was SovietUnion the comparison, In Commission). European Stability”, and (“Peace region in the stability maintain to tool’ thematic ‘main the as considered is cooperation because Thisis in EU. s and forpeace key the is Thisequality affairs. world towards attitude their and continental of the government equalin the considered are that members ha power that regional oflack a to in thethe region instability related can be be the explaining and understanding ofin study, the this region. perspective From states the opportunistic the is ‘instability’ another reason why sense, this In operating swamp. in ‘enjoy’ this to majorseem powers region.in reality, However, in the to present be want would state single nota in which ‘swamp’, a to as referred was East Middle the horizon in the change for signs no are there view, of point pessimistic regionfroma and in the no is stability there that region,clear is it in the actors Sykes such the as historicalagreements some establis region artificial, is the relation with actors’Other Iran except Turkey geopoliticalEast, and proximity. and in ofterms ties historical Middle region in the the with organic ties to has or belongs actually power that clear t that it is Yet region. in the international actors the as considered be can RussianFederation and USA regional the actors, as to sustain its instable condition. condition. to sustaininstable its violence issue and the encouragement of conflicts, the Mi the conflicts, of encouragement the and violence issue the relation In to 86). (2019: superpower” a forbeing precondition a been has lands over these “domination argues, Jorgensen Ergul importantly,as less grounds n for the testing to have in general]” East Third Middle World the [or in the in conflicts encourage often, quite and tolerate “superpowers AyoobAs argues, for violence. ground’ ‘suitable colonial the after a that surprising not is It well. as situation current the to contributing interferences foreign certain are there itself, divided had World Arab the that assumed be will answer their with, associated is East Middle the what ask and randomly person a find if we Even extent. tolarge a true is it Alas, 175). (1995: claims Richards Alan as unstable” (2009 answers Birkan ERTOY main feature of the Middle East is because of the power politics of of power politics the of because is East Middle of the featuremain The European Union, for instance, is a unique cooperation amongst its its amongst cooperation uniquea is Union,for instance, European The It is a well a is It War, with the region being relatively stable due to due stable compared power its as regionrelatively being the with War, most likely be within Stewart’s categories of answers. Even if it might might it if Even answers. of categories Stewart’s within be likely most : 3). In short, most of us believe that the Middle East is “chronically “chronically is East Middle the that usbelieve most of 3). : short, In - known fact that there are two regional and two international international two regionaltwo and are there factthat known ctivities of major Western powers, the Middle East became became East a Middle powers, the majorof ctivities Western he Ottomanswere the only power in the region, s organic ties with the region. region. the with ties s organic

2 ew weapon systems they produce (1983: 48). No they produce 48). (1983:No systems weapon ew . While Turkey, Iran and Israel can be considered can considered be Israel Turkey,Iran and While . to be regional powers by becoming a becoming powersby to regional be - Picot Agreement. Alongside the the Alongside Agreement. Picot here is not any established established not isany here ddle East has has East ddle hed by their power their by andhed

. Commonly, Commonly, . continued tability tability

the Ottoman Empire. When t When Empire. Ottoman the of decline sincethe East Middle in the together states holds that regional power or union equal an been never has Butthere countries. European to Eastern Cold the during Europe Eastern in power supreme the was SovietUnion the comparison, In Commission). European Stability”, and (“Peace region in the stability maintain to tool’ thematic ‘main the as considered is cooperation because Thisis in EU. s and forpeace key the is Thisequality affairs. world towards attitude their and continental of the government equalin the considered are that members ha power that regional oflack a to in thethe region instability related can be be the explaining and understanding ofin study, the this region. perspective From states the opportunistic the is ‘instability’ another reason why sense, this In operating swamp. in ‘enjoy’ this to majorseem powers region.in reality, However, in the to present be want would state single nota in which ‘swamp’, a to as referred was East Middle the horizon in the change for signs no are there view, of point pessimistic regionfroma and in the no is stability there that region,clear is it in the actors Sykes such the as historicalagreements some establis region artificial, is the relation with actors’Other Iran except Turkey geopoliticaland East, proximity. and in ofterms ties historical Middle region in the the with organic ties to has or belongs actually power that clear t that it is Yet region. in the international actors the as considered be can RussianFederation and USA regional the actors, as region the conflicts in partof the try that actors other are there other hand, the On East. Middle the in actors main the as considered be might that actors condition. to sustaininstable its Mi the conflicts, of encouragement the and violence issue the relation In to 86). (2019: superpower” a forbeing precondition a been has lands over these “domination argues, Jorgensen Ergul importantly,as less grounds n for the testing to have in general]” East Third Middle World the [or in the in conflicts encourage often, quite and tolerate “superpowers AyoobAs argues, for violence. ground’ ‘suitable colonial the after a that surprising not is It well. as situation current the to contributing interferences foreign certain are there itself, divided had World Arab the that assumed be will answer their with, associated is East Middle the what ask and randomly person a find if we Even extent. tolarge a true is it Alas, 175). (1995: claims Richards Alan as unstable” (2009 answers main feature of the Middle East is because of the power politics of of power politics the of because is East Middle of the featuremain The European Union, for instance, is a unique cooperation amongst its its amongst cooperation uniquea is Union,for instance, European The well a is It War, with the region being relatively stable due to due stable compared power its as regionrelatively being the with War, most likely be within Stewart’s categories of answers. Even if it might might it if Even answers. of categories Stewart’s within be likely most : 3). In short, most of us believe that the Middle East is “chronically “chronically is East Middle the that usbelieve most of 3). : short, In - known fact that there are two regional and two international international two regionaltwo and are there factthat known ctivities of major Western powers, the Middle East became became East a Middle powers, the majorof ctivities Western he Ottomanswere the only power in the region, s organic ties with the region. region. the with ties s organic

. Commonly, Commonly, . continued tability tability

World for their own interests. interests. own their for World of nation establishment the used policies colonial Western Empire words,the other In nature. exclusive utilis Empire Ottoman diff very toolspolicy were Western and Ottoman However, Empire. other internation East, Middle over the powerlost its Empire Ottoman the began out. to peter stability when this Moreover, completed, of state of wasbut establishment Israel the when stability, the was there C the to According region. the in artificiality the is instability reasonfor the that argues study This in general. East’ ‘Middle the in or even boundaries insid or stability period peaceful a experienced have Empire from the doing so, doing so, region. In the with ties organic has that power of aregional absence region isthe organ historicaland has regional ofpower established that absence an the be might otheron hand, the or inIslamicjerusalem, conflict tothe due be might reason very The less. affected cloare 53 (2016: of distance their ratio the accordingto affected also be will states other chaosin Islamicjerusalem, article is an attempt to test the nucleus of Abd as nucleusof the test to article attempt an is Cir Barakah of the essence inclusivist the using by region in the conflict forthe answer an to provide attempt will study this aim, this with Along level. systemic a on instability understanding in uniqueness of its because centre al approach, geopolitical new this with accordance In Circles’. ‘Barakah as theory geopolitical new his named he why that Abd al THEORY GEOPOLITICAL NEW A AS CIRCLES BARAKAH process development theoretical Eastern conflict in Western in conflict of absence total the and nearly East Middle in the conflict of forlevel high the 22 (2016: versa vice and increases sense 22 (2019: core the electrons and between distance on the depend will around the circles around al that the around circles are there world. the of or nucleus core the ircle Barakah

theory, which is a developing approach by Abd al Abd by approach developing a is which theory, , the closer one gets to the closerto the the , one gets -

After the decline of the Ottoman Empire, none of the states that split upsplit that states the none of Empire, ofOttoman decline the After the This study, therefore, aims to argue that the reason for the instability in the in the instability the reason for the argue that to aims therefore, Thisstudy, Fattah El se to Islamicjerusalem are being affected more, and further and countries more, affected being are to Islamicjerusalem se of the of the El - centre Awaisi’s new geopolitical theory will theory geopolitical new Awaisi’s

or the ‘divine gift’ spreads to the world in circles. This is the reason the is This world in circles. to the spreads gift’ or ‘divine the centre - Awaisi argues that Islamicjerusalem isth Islamicjerusalem that argues Awaisi

in line with their energy degree and the electromagnetic force theand electromagnetic degree force within line energy their

Europe or Canada on a systemic level. To be clear on the onthe clear be To level. systemic a on Canada or Europe - of Barakah (2019: 16 (2019: Barakah of Aqsa are similar to circles around an atom. Electrons revolve revolve atom.Electrons an around similar to circles are Aqsa

The Situation in the “Middle East” After the Decline of the Ottoman Empire ed inclusive policies while Western policies were of an of were an policies Western while policies inclusiveed ic ties with region states. with ties ic - 54). Indeed, it is clear that former Ottoman lands that that lands Ottoman former clear itis that Indeed, 54). centre

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21 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (1) 22 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (1) fate in terms of stability or instability. The orof in terms stability instability. fate their determines approach, new this to according (united/separated) relations suggested by El by suggested as Islamicjerusalem, in appear do conflicts If any simple. is claim a for such reason to excl an not refer does But this world. the controlling in result will circle ruling third the eventually, one and third controlsthe circle, second the rules whoever circle.And second the controls first circle the that divide the region in the divide that mig this Moreover, Empire. ofOttoman time the the during case the was as ‘Orient’ inthe ‘castle’ apowerful form might region in the unitya that say might one account, positions into Syria’s geopolitical and Egypt’s control the has that state forthe stance providepowerful will a states these Egypt Syria.A and unity between between tie organic an is research, Syria his there in book. and his Egypt to According between 607). 2012: (Zakariah, Israel and US, Europe between relationship the damaged severely almost war since the issues, political in relation to as well as oil to embargo, the relation chaosin financial the of because issues economic of terms in be This may well. as Europe reached effects their and Islamicjerusalem near place took that wars The claim. of this in support example good a provides Israeli and Arabstates strugglebetween The 176). (Kemp, 2003: security in the Middle challenges tothat 2003 argues article dated stability in the region. inthe stability clues some for provide does inclusivist theory’s nucleus the region.said, That in the forinstability solution explicit more a to scholars develop and experts El naturein ofalliance the the on description no is there that seems it However, Syria. and Egypt of separation thecaused studies Orientalist argue that even might 73). (1979: East One upon the practice’ and discovery learning, ‘systematic the been have researches Orientalist Additionally, East. the towards attitudes Western describes 28). In addition to this, according to the to the according 28). tothis, Inaddition borders of Islamicjerusalem should not be reduced to al reduced be should not of borders Islamicjerusalem the that claims author the sense, this In direction. in every km) (85,04 ArabMiles claims that and Muslimscholars Professor El in point another interesting is of Jerusalem instead preferred is Islamicjerusalem word the reason why The the around circles three are there that El circles. the to explain further needs one framework, theoretical Birkan ERTOY   

Additionally, El Additionally, In summary, the geopolitical proximity of states to al states of proximity geopolitical the summary, In First Circle: Islamicjerusalem First Circle: Second Circle: Egypt, Third Circle: - Awaisi, it will spread to the world (2016: 51 (2016: world the to spread will it Awaisi,

Iraq, Turkey, Hi Turkey, Iraq,

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of some states. Orientalism, according to Said, to Said, according Orientalism, states. of some the borders of Islamicjerusalem reach up to 40 to up reach of bordersIslamicjerusalem the jaz. jaz.

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fate in terms of stability or instability. The orof in terms stability instability. fate their determines approach, new this to according (united/separated) relations region. inthe stability clues some for provide does inclusivist theory’s nucleus the region.said, That in the forinstability solution explicit more a to scholars develop and experts El naturein ofalliance the the on description no is there that seems it However, Syria. and Egypt of separation thecaused studies Orientalist argue that even might 73). (1979: East One upon the practice’ and discovery learning, ‘systematic the been have researches Orientalist Additionally, East. the towards attitudes Western describes region in the divide that mig this Moreover, Empire. ofOttoman time the the during case the was as ‘Orient’ inthe ‘castle’ apowerful form might region in the unitya that say might one account, positions into Syria’s geopolitical and Egypt’s control the has that state forthe stance providepowerful will a states these Egypt Syria.A and unity between between tie organic an is research, Syria histhere in book. and his Egypt to According between 607). 2012: (Zakariah, Israel and US, Europe between relationship the damaged severely almost war since the issues, political in relation to as well as oil to embargo, the relation chaosin financial the of because issues economic of terms in be This may well. as Europe reached effects their and Islamicjerusalem near place took that wars The claim. of this in support example good a provides Israeli and Arabstates strugglebetween The 176). (Kemp, 2003: security in the Middle challenges tothat 2003 argues article dated El by suggested as Islamicjerusalem, in appear do conflicts If any simple. is claim a for such reason to excl an not refer does But this world. the controlling in result will circle ruling third the eventually, one and third controlsthe circle, second the rules whoever circle.And second the controls first circle the to the according 28). tothis, Inaddition to al reduced be should not of borders Islamicjerusalem the that claims author the sense, this In direction. in every km) (85,04 ArabMiles claims that and Muslimscholars Professor El in point another interesting is of Jerusalem instead preferred is Islamicjerusalem word the reason why The the around circles three are there that El circles. the to explain further needs one framework, theoretical   

In summary, the geopolitical proximity of states to al states of proximity geopolitical the summary, In El Additionally, Third Circle: Second Circle: Egypt, Islamicjerusalem First Circle: - Awaisi, it will spread to the world (2016: 51 (2016: world the to spread will it Awaisi,

Iraq, Turkey, Hi Turkey, Iraq,

of some states. Orientalism, according to Said, to Said, according Orientalism, states. of some the borders of Islamicjerusalem reach up to 40 to up reach of bordersIslamicjerusalem the jaz. jaz.

- Sham and Cyprus. Sham

centre Ba - Awaisi's work. In his study, he refers to refersto he study, his In work. Awaisi's

rakah Barakah over the region (2019: 30 (2019: region the over

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The Ottoman Empire, starting from the 16 the from starting Empire, The Ottoman governors. The Ottoman Empire had a policy called called policy a had Empire Ottoman The governors. can of seen in alsobe recruiting way its system ruling nature Ottoman of the t started nationalism until collusive and harmonious was state the with relationship their and Empire Ottoman in the settled groups religious ethnic and different were history,there its pe duringtheir the state (2008: 34). (2008: state the of protection under the belief religion and/or owntheir living as own such rights, ta their paid and non their to allow tended Ottomans “The book, in her argues Hathaway As policies. inclusivist of its result the was this that say one might structure, governing an power military its with along However, Syria. and Egypt united a of having result the this was that stance say one might study, of this theoreticalperspective the 84).From 2005: (Quataert, years hundred six foralmost European imperialism posi powerful its maintained and survived Empire Ottoman fact, the well a As stability. relative was there first, At East. Middle in the power OTTOMAN ASA OTTOMAN context. systemic practicability its historicaland througha to test used Circlesbe will Barakah of understanding the in the status region.sum, inclusivist In an Empire’s Ottoman T region. the with historical ties has regional power a region be that might in the for necessary is stability what of view, point From this region. in the of harmony kind a is proposal the that say et or group certainsocial essence. El in its approach inclusivist an is it that which means region unity in the a proposes cla plausible to (El war a to start or states actors regional propose to or to suggest used be then not should Islamicjerusalem of conquest the However, of Islamicjerusalem. conquest for the necessary is Cyprus and Syria Old or Levant the Egypt, between alliance an or cooperation Polish people who were fleeing from Russian occupation in the 19 the in occupation Russian from fleeing were who people Polish in Istanbul. Polishvillage the is Another example 99). 2005: (Quataert, ethnicities the with people who educated particular, and instability in the Middle East, in general, in general, East, can toext some Middle in the instability and particular, inIstanbul). Poland Polonezköy thi live: to land a given and Empire Ottoman refuge in the - Muslim subjects a fair degree of autonomy so long as they remained obedient obedient remained they longas so of autonomy degree fair a subjects Muslim In other words, the Ottomans did not implement segregationist policies policies segregationist notimplement did Ottomans the otherIn words, Contemporary troubled relations between Palestine and Israel, in in Israel, and Palestine between relations troubled Contemporary

- Awaisi argues that his theory does not mean any domination of a of a domination any mean not does theory his that argues Awaisi or Polish Village in English (Consulate General of the Republic of of Republic the of General (Consulate in English Village Polish or riod of ruling, both in terms of religion and nationality. Throughout Throughout nationality. and religion of terms bothin ruling, of riod im that this approach is exclusivist. On the other hand, this theory theory this other hand, the On exclusivist. is approach this im that STABILI xes.”. Additionally, non Additionally, xes.”.

o meddle with this cooperative relationship. The cooperative cooperative The owith meddle relationship. cooperative this

The Situation in the “Middle East” After the Decline of the Ottoman Empire SE hnicity over another (2019: 59). In this sense, one might one might sense, this In 59). (2019: hnicity over another - R Awaisi, 2019: 32 2019: Awaisi, AND REASONS OF INSTABILITY OF REASONS AND hat is the reason why this study focuses on the on focuses the study this reason why the is hat

Devşirme - Muslim groups and minorities had their their had minorities and groups Muslim th

- century, established its presence and and presence its established century, 33). If this was the case, it would be be wouldit case, the was 33).If this policy were from a wide range of of range wide froma were policy Devşirme

4 s was termed the the termed was s

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23 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (1) 24 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (1) colonial demarcatio othereach (Abi raw materials but ignores the geopolitical motivation behind colonialism. behind geopolitical motivation the ignores but materials raw on the only focuses interpretation centric oil The interpretation. comprehensive is this nota extent, thoughtrue is to this some even oil. However, Russiaover USA of power play of the result region isthe the in instability of continuation materials.the raw Moreover, possessed it region because the shared that they say one might of common pointview, the From forpurpose? what in Palestine. powerso great The interested was in Britain Syriaand interested France was that is share in this interesting is What 471). to 2014: Britain (Mather, given was to France;Palestine given was today this with compliance In Britain. and Sykes of the consequences the to accept war pres otherIn 44). words,foreign (Dalacoura, 2018: ofpresence powers foreign the as presented is instability or reason for turmoil the study, this as vein same the democratis of the undermining attribute is region turmoil in the the that argued was it one study, In 2020). Shakra, (Abu doctrines Russia’s with in line apparatus state its to restore is Syria regarding plans of power.Russia’s For one instance, Western a referas it s is it though even policies colonial out carries too Russia hand, other the 112). On 2008: (Ayoob, occupation.” and/or domination foreign Muslim non against of context resistance in nationalism the with, blends “Islamism Ea Middle the of nature exclusionary the nation Yet, Europe. in of end artificiality the with beganit that say might one or Wall of Berlin fall the the with Europe begun had Luehrmann, & region (Green the World War I. The demarcation The I. World War the after Imperialpowers by determined were boundaries since the artificial nation Almost every wars. and peoples norms, values, (El powers Western policiesof colonial the assist racism will decentralis of region states’ of regionstates’ Arabs dividing nation establishing Because instability. for reasons of nation establishment the East, Middle fo a is nationalism argues, Eagleton as way, a In states. region the of interactions deceased the caused that virus isthe nationalism that claim to plausible is It 174). 2005: (Quataert, Empire Ottoman the of decline the of legacy the as considered Birkan ERTOY rm of alienation (1990: 23). Or more accurately, regarding the situation in the in the situation the regarding accurately, 23).Or more (1990: alienation of rm ence or domination in the region is another reason for instability. instability. reason for region isanother inthe domination or ence After World War I, the Empire was constrained because of its defeat inthe itsdefeat of constrained because was Empire I,the War After World Moreover, in the modern world, nation world, modern the in Moreover, During time its ation. Every conquered area was bounded by law ( bounded law by was area conquered ation.Every and therefore nation therefore and - Aad & Grenon, 1997: 91). Thus, artificial borders as a result of these resultof a as these borders Thus, 91). artificial 1997: Grenon, & Aad decision n policies as set the by as colonise n policies

of rule, the Ottoman administrative st administrative rule, Ottoman ofthe - makers

ation process. While the author’s solution is not in author’s the solution isnot in ation While process. was ‘reflecting delimitations’ of these powers to to powers these of delimitations’ ‘reflecting was . Additionally, as an extreme form of nationalism, extreme form an as nationalism, of Additionally, . 2011: 51). It is noteworthy that the real rise of of rise real the that noteworthy is 2011: 51).It - states created an exclusivist logic in the minds exclusivistin logic the an created states agreement, the region that is known as Syria as known is region that the agreement, - states in the region is one of the main main the one of is region in the states st. In the contemporary situation, situation, contemporary Inthe st. - Picot Agreement between France between Agreement Picot - states are founded on their own on own their founded are states f their era shared the region,but the shared f era their - states are not the only form of of form only notthe are states rs -

states in the region means means region in the states are the roots of instability in rootsthe are of instability - state in the Middle East is East Middle in the state ructure was based on based was ructure - Awaisi, 2019: 60). 60). 2019: Awaisi, kanunnâme till contested to to contested till

d to t d

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he he - decentralis colonialism. behind geopolitical motivation the ignores but materials raw on the only focuses interpretation centric oil The interpretation. comprehensive is this nota extent, thoughtrue is to this some even oil. However, Russiaover USA of power play of the result region isthe the in instability of continuation materials.the raw Moreover, possessed it region because the shared that they say one might of common pointview, the From forpurpose? what in Palestine. powerso great The interested was in Britain Syriaand interested France was that is share in this interesting is What 471). to 2014: Britain (Mather, given was to France;Palestine given was today this with compliance In Britain. and Sykes of the consequences the to accept war pres otherIn 44). words,foreign (Dalacoura, 2018: ofpresence powers foreign the as presented is instability or reason for turmoil the study, this as vein same the democratis of the undermining attribute is region turmoil in the the that argued was it one study, In 2020). Shakra, (Abu doctrines Russia’s with in line apparatus state its to restore is Syria regarding plans of power.Russia’s For one instance, Western a referas it s is it though even policies colonial out carries too Russia hand, other the 112). On 2008: (Ayoob, occupation.” and/or domination foreign Muslim non against of context resistance in nationalism the with, blends “Islamism Ea Middle the of nature exclusionary the nation Yet, Europe. in of end artificiality the with beganit that say might one or Wall of Berlin fall the the with Europe begun had Luehrmann, region & the (Green colonial demarcatio othereach (Abi demarcation The I. World War the after Imperialpowers by determined were boundaries since the artificial nation Almost every wars. and peoples norms, values, (El powers Western policiesof colonial the assist racism will of regionstates’ Arabs dividing nation establishing Because instability. for reasons of nation establishment the East, Middle fo a is nationalism argues, Eagleton as way, a In states. region the of interactions deceased the caused that virus isthe nationalism that claim to plausible is It 174). 2005: (Quataert, Empire Ottoman the of decline the of legacy the as considered rm of alienation (1990: 23). Or more accurately, regarding the situation in the in the situation the regarding accurately, 23).Or more (1990: alienation of rm ence or domination in the region is another reason for instability. instability. reason for region isanother inthe domination or ence Moreover, in the modern world, nation world, modern the in Moreover, During time its inthe itsdefeat of constrained because was Empire I,the War After World ation. Every conquered area was bounded by law ( bounded law by was area conquered ation.Every and therefore nation therefore and - Aad & Grenon, 1997: 91). Thus, artificial borders as a result of these resultof a as these borders Thus, 91). artificial 1997: Grenon, & Aad decision n policies as set the by as colonise n policies

of rule, the Ottoman administrative st administrative rule, Ottoman ofthe - makers

d to t d

) to the the to )

and and

he he - time, willing to support a dying empire instead of a rising one. arising of instead empire dying a tosupport willing time, 58) (2005: of power” the balance international threatened that state powerful Egyptian and a dynamic of emergence the unwilling to powerspermit were “Western argues, Quataert As assi role or ruling power as occurred in the time of the Ottomans. Ottomans. of the time inthe occurred as ruling power orrole and unite to notis able power that 30 (2019, Egypt and Syria Old between organic tie to El According of Ridaniya. Battle m Ottomans the victory, Dabiq Marj the after Right 1516. in Marj Dabiq of Battle the after Sultanate Mamluk over victory its Syriawith Old of control seized Ottomans the instance, per Syriatheoretical in and his Egypt unity between a of importance the highlights El Syria. and Egypt united a by annihilation tototal be seemed what of threat a faced Empire Ottoman the that is interesting is what perspective, the From them. by saved was Empire Ottoman they why asked be must then It East. Middle the and of Anatolia out rule Ottoman the overthrow to policies different implementing powers were these all that is to interesting be seems What 58). 2005: Russia(Quataert, and theAu Britain, by coalitionof saved was Empire Ottoman the 1838, in to declareindependence his attempt his with of Ali Egypt Pasha Muhammad by caused threat the After Istanbul. for of threat source a became and benefit 2008: 48 2008: (Hathaway, to Istanbul sent be will that taxes regional vault for the such being as governors, for Egyptian certain privileges included Pasha Vizier Ibrahim Grand affairs. internal their to free order centre the Sykes signed that powers international two the by established which were states new stability. tobring regional power established an of of lack the region because organ terrorist current the patte be to power ofcontinues regional absence a longer the the And 278). 2016: (Wallach, in Jerusalem expanded dramatically settlement Jewish Empire, Ottoman the the obse more the is, power regional a weaker the that say might one sense, this In 472). 2014: during (Mather, process this peak its regionreached in the conflicts emerging Ottoman of collapse ul of the beginning the but brought nothing I War of end World The end. spective as constituting a powerful stance in the international sphere. For For sphere. international in the powerful stance a constituting as spective st the Ottoman Empire. From a geopolitical perspective, the answer is simple. simple. is answer the perspective, geopolitical a From Empire. Ottoman the st . However, every province province every However, . While the West and Russia were planning to disintegrate the state, the state, the to disintegrate planning Russiawere and West the While Despite their efforts, the Ottoman Empire could not prevent the inevitable the prevent could not Empire Ottoman efforts, their the Despite According to Mather, the roots the to According Mather, - 51). Eventually, 51). Eventually, Egyptian an governor - Picot Agreement in 1916. She argues that these new nation new these She in arguesthat 1916. Picot Agreement rvable is the instability in the region. For instance, during the decline of of decline the during instance, For region. the in instability the is rvable is ations like ISIS and YPG that are more likely to survive in the in the to survive likely more are that YPG and ISIS like ations arched to Egypt and overthrew the Mamluks in 1517 after the Mamluksin the the 1517 after overthrew and arched to Egypt rn, the more Israeli occupation expands. This is in addition to to This inaddition is expands. occupation more the Israeli rn, Empire, which Empire, . In this sense, Western colonial superpowers were, at that that at were, Western colonialsuperpowers sense, . Inthis

The Situation in the “Middle East” After the Decline of the Ottoman Empire -

especially Egypt Egypt especially The law that was given to Egypt in 1525 by the given the in by 1525 to Egypt was that law The

had begun decades before the war. Previously Previously war. the before decades begun had control these two areas will lose its dominant dominant its lose will areas two control these - Awaisi, Selim’s attempt is evidence for the forthe evidence is attempt Selim’s Awaisi, of the conflict in the region go back to the to the go back region conflictthe in of the

used these privileges for his own own his for privileges these used -

had some privileges and were were and privileges some had - 31). From this perspective, a perspective, this From 31). Barakah Barakah

- Awaisi frequently frequently Awaisi Circles t Circles endeavoured stria, Prussia Prussia stria, - states were heory’s timate timate

to to

25 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (1) 26 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (1) those ruling classes, as well as the colonial powers in the Middle East. Middle inthe colonial powers the as well as classes, ruling those ‘nation a being However, groupfamily. a or small ruled a are by is that, here point 427). The 1990: (Baram, world’s Arab the of to that compared explicit clear has Turkey instance, Turkic nation dif are there that argued be might it though Even Arabworld. in the states ethnicity Arab different seven least at are there So, Arabstates. fact, in are, Lebanon and Qatar Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Emirates, Arab United Arabia, region in the in most countries of the 57). 2016:Residents (Tira, nation true as Israel Iran and Egypt, Turkey, consider only can nation the that not to suggest in the stability established forthe that substituted were states these extent Andto some states. of independent conflict the instead established had that region to the foreigners was it that say one might view, of point this Ott the disintegrating in interests’ their to ‘suited Ottoman Empire. Ottoman of decline the after acquired they that instability for the factor crucial a is issue as well. In this sense, the character of region of character the sense, this In well. as world the affect might region the in conflict any Additionally, 11). 2019: (Stivachtis, case. Syrian in the as intervention, outside an cause might of kind insecurity cruciaa is ofworld,there rest the to the harmless seem might it While level. regime the at operates insecurity Therefore, 43). (1983: world states third of society the within rooted are issues security understanding, one needs to one needs understanding, Forcomprehensive a (2014:454). hegemony USto geopolitical maintain policies colonial continuing of result the Birkan ERTOY invasion region the intervene to policy intervention humanitarian mainta has and position Britain’s supplanted USA the II, War World of end the with of Britain declined status superpower After the in general. Britain or superpowers nation establishing mentioned, already imperialism over the entire Arab world.” (Green & Luehrmann, 2011: 52). Luehrmann, & (Green world.” Arab entire the over imperialism oftriumph Western the of ‘symbolic was of Israel state of the establishment the that claim some Furthermore, 36). (2019: policies colonial Britain’s implement Afr from World Arab the separate to Palestine in zone to El According El over Palestine, interest Britain’s terms of their resemb ofterms their This bring usThis bring to pol the Mather’s analysis highlights that humanitarian interventions are a means ameans are humanitarian that interventions highlights analysis Mather’s is region in the conflict the claimthat might one view, of point From this ined its role as the major actor in the Middle East ever since. US US since. ever East Middle in the major role the its actor as ined there are no genuine nation genuine no are there -

is similar to Britain’s effort to promote nation promote to effort Britain’s to similar is - states, the situation in the Arab world is slightly different. For For different. slightly is world Arab in the situation the states, - Awaisi’s research, Britain had been trying to establish abuffer to establish research,trying Britain been had Awaisi’s

lance in sustaining ‘colonial’ policies. policies. ‘colonial’ sustaining lance in - cut boundaries and its historical depth seems more seems its historical and cut depth boundaries

explain this argument. Globalis argument. this explain - state is a problem for all regions of the world. One One world. of the regions problem isa forall state itical instability in the region. Ayoob argues that that region. Ayoob in the argues instability itical - Awaisi’s research provides a helpful guideline. helpfula guideline. provides research Awaisi’s - states, rather, there are political entities that that entities political are rather,there states, - states in the region was for the benefit of for region benefit was inthe the states l issue that needs to be understood. This This to understood. be needs that l issue

(Mather, 2014: 472). To understand understand To 472). 2014: (Mather,

states along with the nation the with along states oman Empire (2014: 472). From 472).From (2014: Empire oman ica to make it easier to to easier it make to ica - -

states in the region in in region in the states as in the case of Iraq’s Iraq’s of case the in as

ation has be ation has - states in the region region in the states

region. Yet this isthis region.Yet - oriented nation oriented - , such as Saudi Saudi as such , state’ benefits benefits state’

en used used en

As was As was ferent ferent - state - understanding, one needs to one needs understanding, Forcomprehensive a (2014:454). hegemony USto geopolitical maintain resemb ofterms their invasion region the intervene to policy intervention humanitarian mainta has and position Britain’s supplanted USA the II, War World of end the with of Britain declined status superpower After the in general. Britain or superpowers nation establishing mentioned, already 2011: 52). Luehrmann, & (Green world.” Arab entire the over imperialism oftriumph Western the of ‘symbolic was of Israel state of the establishment the that claim some Furthermore, 36). (2019: policies colonial Britain’s implement Afr from World Arab the separate to Palestine in zone to El According El over Palestine, interest Britain’s policies colonial continuing of result the Empire. Ottoman of decline the after acquired they that instability for the factor crucial a is issue region of character the sense, this In well. as world the affect might region the in conflict any Additionally, 11). 2019: (Stivachtis, case. Syrian in the as intervention, outside an cause might of kind insecurity cruciaa is ofworld,there rest the to the harmless seem might it While level. regime the at operates insecurity Therefore, 43). (1983: world states third of society the within rooted are issues security East. Middle inthe colonial powers the as well as classes, ruling those ‘nation a being However, groupfamily. a or small ruled a are by is that, here point 427). The 1990: (Baram, world’s Arab the of to that compared explicit clear has Turkey instance, Turkic nation dif are there that argued be might it though Even Arabworld. in the states ethnicity Arab different seven least at are there So, Arabstates. fact, in are, Lebanon and Qatar Iraq, Egypt, Syria, Emirates, Arab United Arabia, region in the in most countries of the 57). 2016:Residents (Tira, nation true as Israel Iran and Egypt, Turkey, consider only can nation the that not to suggest in the stability established forthe that substituted were states these extent Andto some states. of independent conflict the instead established had that region to the foreigners was it that say one might view, of point this Ott the disintegrating in interests’ their to ‘suited Mather’s analysis highlights that humanitarian interventions are a means ameans are humanitarian that interventions highlights analysis Mather’s is region in the conflict the claimthat might one view, of point From this usThis bring to pol the ined its role as the major actor in the Middle East ever since. US US since. ever East Middle in the major role the its actor as ined there are no genuine nation genuine no are there -

lance in sustaining ‘colonial’ policies. policies. ‘colonial’ sustaining lance in - cut boundaries and its historical depth seems more seems its historical and cut depth boundaries

(Mather, 2014: 472). To understand understand To 472). 2014: (Mather,

states along with the nation the with along states oman Empire (2014: 472). From 472).From (2014: Empire oman ica to make it easier to to easier it make to ica - -

states in the region in in region in the states as in the case of Iraq’s Iraq’s of case the in as

ation has be ation has - states in the region region in the states

region. Yet this isthis region.Yet - oriented nation oriented - , such as Saudi Saudi as such , state’ benefits benefits state’

en used used en

As was As was ferent ferent - state - century’. On 29 On century’. 23). 2007: (Ehteshami, East Middle the over specifically, more or ‘Third over World’, the of West the position dominant the protecting for or another way name new the as considered be might regarding its interests (Green & Lu & (Green interests its regarding only West supports democracy the claimone might that of From point view, this powers. great by restoration” “democracy of name in the supported been have Mohamed Mors of downfall calling the of short but “stopped elections in Hamas of victory democ supportfor in Western seen be can hypocrisy of this Evidence intentions. the up to cover another supporting historical event for th event historical another supporting region seems unli region seems in the alliance an that means regional actors, divisionbetween the with along ground, powerson the several hostingUS, Russia otherand hand, the On Israel. cha region, nosuperpowers the are inthe there When East. Middle inthe for stability importantan element presents outcome, example for this this reasons numerous As discussed before, stability in the Middle Ea Middle in the stability before, discussed As alliance. the nature of exclusivist the be might united were Syria and Egypt though even failed Israel against alliance Arab the why reason important an that noted the as movements nationalistic should beyond be regional states between interactions other37). words, In 2018: (Dalacoura, region in ofthe instability prolongation the caused interventions Netanyahu signed a deal deal a signed Netanyahu decline of Egypt and ofand decline Egypt his power, El- Sa to pointing Additionally, East. Middle the of parts inner reach to strategy their of because Egypt targeted Crusader Fifth El to According 2017: 608). (Hinnebusch, region in the ‘hegemony’ cruci was Egypt Arabside, the of the member As strongest Israel. and states Arab among broke out wars (2016:51 stability to inclusivist achieve etc. culture, ofterms in region the with ties historical has and region states the familiaris with that power regional a be might it rather but foreign states, several a of2020). light House’In the (BBC, White in the had has Israel friend that greatest the is ‘Trump US President that stated Netanyahu plan, the presented position world affairs.AfterIsrael’s Trump in the strengthens capital and Israel’s representatives during the plann the during representatives forementioned examples, the solution ofrule continuation the the of not is the examples, forementioned nce for an alliance is more likely, as in the case of the Arab alliance against in ofas case thethe Arab against likely, alliance more is nce alliance for an Another example of Another example Even though a unity among Arab states was a failed attempt, with with attempt, failed a was Arab states among unity a though Even In this se this In Awaisi claims that Egypt is a crucial isa Egypt inregion that 32 (2019: claims state Awaisi nse, as El as nse, i a coup” (Roberts, 2013). No less importantly, el importantly, less No 2013). i coup”a (Roberts, th kely to occur. For instance, Syria’s vulnerability regarding the the regarding Syria’s vulnerability instance, For occur. to kely

racy as an extension of globalis extension an as racy January 2020, US President and Prime Minister of Israel Israel of Minister Prime and President US 2020, January -

The Situation in the “Middle East” After the Decline of the Ottoman Empire related to its decline decline to its related - Awaisi suggests, an alliance in the region should be be should region in the alliance an suggests, Awaisi al. Egypt’s defeat in war in losing defeat the its resulted Egypt’s al. - Western hypocrisy is the so the is hypocrisy Western

even though there were not any Palestinian Palestinian notany were there though even Ottoman Empire had implemented. It should be shouldIt be implemented. had Empire Ottoman ing and signing signing and ing

ehrmann, - 54). When Britain left the area, six different different six area, the left Britain When 54).

lahuddin al lahuddin e Barakah -

the results of Arab results the 2011: 310). Therefore, globalis Therefore, 2011: 310). st requires an inclusivist attitude. attitude. inclusivist an requires st - ation. The US did not accept the the not USaccept did The ation.

which recognis - Ayyubi’s strategy to maintain to maintain strategy Ayyubi’s Circles theory. theory. Circles - called ‘deal of the‘deal called - es Jerusalem as as Jerusalem es Israel wars, are are wars, Israel

- Sisi’s actions Sisi’s actions - Awaisi, the the Awaisi, - 33). The The 33). ation ation

27 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (1) 28 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (1) the only power that might be able t able be might only power that the seems Turkey Hence, 2011. since of actors playgroundmany the Syriabeen has and invaded, was coup, Iraq a witnessed Egypt However, Turkey. and Iraq Syria, Egypt, problematic. seems actor suitable a determining However, necessary. seems historicalregion has the with ties but regionalthat a power that possible, is solution the that argues study This before. than insecure more to feel the the Such 2020). (Parsi, stability rather than in tension resulted US policies ofshowed, Suleimani assassination the As stability. prevents region in the foreigners of presence the Additionally, We of result the is region the in instability above, argued As Instability? the for aSolution Is There implies name its as nationalism by affected was that policy resultof the exclusivist an was alliance the However, research policies exclusivist forits Iran, As task. up the to seems actor inclusivist an and region the with ties historical has whichstate a Turkey as region.sense, this In the for to unite role brother’ Turkey power.How becomeregional might a Turkey attitude, inclusivist its of Because policies. inclusivist the region exemplifies the in tension the balance to attempting and actors exclusivist eliminating refugees, to policies inclusivist implementing been has Turkey study. of this argument main the supports and exemplifies understanding 146 (2002:relating fromof derive type this communication in consequences catastrophic author,the intoto others’ideas account. According nottake does superior himself/herself duringa argues, Gopin As region. the with historical its ties from derives East Middle the actor in for key the stability as Turkey to present reason Another occur. might stability relative outside in,a the point starting forstabil as the key is (El region the case of former Soviet states, a regional power may not be regional not a power may Sovietstates, of case former inAs the neglected. be should not that ofcoin another reality the side presents neighbours Middle East will have to get used to the idea of sharing living space with a with space living sharing of idea the to used get to have will East Middle “the that showed region inthe events Recent region. inthe presence hegemonic Arab the region with ties historical have that countries than rather Europeans for trust Arabs restore to effort England’s to relation in East Middle the of case Birkan ERTOY Barakah As El Additionally, Turkey’s foreign policy attitude towards the region region the towards attitude policy foreign Turkey’s Additionally, - - Israeli wars (Zakariah, 2012: 608). Additionally, there is the Western Western the is there Additionally, 2012:608). (Zakariah, wars Israeli

cannot bring and maintain stability to the region. However, the other other region.the However, to the stability maintain and bring cannot

in all circumstances (Parlar Dal, 2016: 1247). This is especially in the in the This is especially Dal, 2016: 1247). (Parlar all circumstances in Awaisi’s wo Awaisi’s Circles theory, Turkey is on the third circle and the central power in in power central the and circle third on the is Turkey theory, Circles - Awaisi, 2019: 55 2019: Awaisi, between - 147). In this sense, what is necessary fo necessary is what sense, 147). Inthis rk proposes, there are four central powers in the region: region: the in powers central four are there proposes, rk actors that have historical ties. have that actors behaviour - 56). Therefore, it is plausible to assume that Turkey Turkey that to assume is plausible it 56). Therefore, .

regarding se regarding wards the Middle East in recent years. Hosting Hosting in recentyears. East Middle the wards ity. If Turkey managed to spread stability from stability to spread managed If Turkey ity. o on take role this 56 (2019:

caused states and individuals individuals and states caused

peace talk, the one who perceives perceives one who the talk, peace ctarian issues that require further require further that issues ctarian ever, this not to suggest an ‘elder an to suggest not this ever,

stern colonial policies. policies. colonial stern

r instability is mutual mutual is r instability

‘welcomed’ by its its by ‘welcomed’ - 57). According to in the region region the in states after after states Middle East will have to get used to the idea of sharing living space with a with space living sharing of idea the to used get to have will East Middle “the that showed region inthe events Recent region. inthe presence hegemonic Arab the region with ties historical have that countries than rather Europeans for trust Arabs restore to effort England’s to relation in East Middle the of case neighbours be regional not a power may Sovietstates, of case former inAs the neglected. be should not that ofcoin another reality the side presents research policies exclusivist forits Iran, As task. up the to seems actor inclusivist an and region the with ties historical has whichstate a Turkey as region.sense, this In the for to unite role brother’ Turkey power.How becomeregional might a Turkey attitude, inclusivist its of Because policies. inclusivist the region exemplifies the in tension the balance to attempting and actors exclusivist eliminating refugees, to policies inclusivist implementing been has Turkey study. of this argument main the supports and exemplifies understanding 146 (2002:relating fromof derive type this communication in consequences catastrophic author,the intoto others’ideas account. According nottake does superior himself/herself duringa argues, Gopin As region. the with historical its ties from derives East Middle the actor in for key the stability as Turkey to present reason Another occur. might stability relative outside in,a the point starting forstabil as the key is region (El the the t able be might only power that the seems Turkey Hence, 2011. since of actors playgroundmany the Syriabeen has and invaded, was coup, Iraq a witnessed Egypt However, Turkey. and Iraq Syria, Egypt, problematic. seems actor suitable a determining However, necessary. seems historicalregion has the with ties but regionalthat a power that possible, is solution the that argues study This before. than insecure more to feel Such 2020). (Parsi, stability rather than in tension resulted US policies ofshowed, Suleimani assassination the As stability. prevents region in the foreigners of presence the Additionally, We of result the is region the in instability above, argued As Instability? the for aSolution Is There implies name its as nationalism by affected was that policy resultof the exclusivist an was alliance the However, Barakah Additionally, Turkey’s foreign policy attitude towards the region region the towards attitude policy foreign Turkey’s Additionally, As El - - Israeli wars (Zakariah, 2012: 608). Additionally, there is the Western Western the is there Additionally, 2012:608). (Zakariah, wars Israeli

cannot bring and maintain stability to the region. However, the other other region.the However, to the stability maintain and bring cannot

actors that have historical ties. have that actors behaviour - 56). Therefore, it is plausible to assume that Turkey Turkey that to assume is plausible it 56). Therefore, .

caused states and individuals individuals and states caused

stern colonial policies. policies. colonial stern

r instability is mutual mutual is r instability

‘welcomed’ by its its by ‘welcomed’ - 57). According to in the region region the in states after after states short term because of regional disputes and foreign interferences. interferences. foreign and disputes regional of because short term in the unlikely seems support power’s regional a under Syria and Egypt bringing Fr way. Turkey’s in obstacle great ais Turkey towards policies recentRussian Also, 2019). (Egypt Today, Egypt by condemned was Libya Turkey and between agreement maritime The adversaries. i that only state the region.However, in the power and for stability necessary is Syriaand Egypt term. As mentioned above, the term. the As mentioned above, c it when standards double of practices Such 2019). (Telci, Syria in interference Russian or of U.S condemnation League Arab official any of signs no are there Yet 2019). (Reuters, land’ Arab an of invasion ‘an as Spring Peace Operation Turkey’s purport Gheit Aboul Ahmed General Secretary League Arab Recently, for almost 200 years (Kubicek, 2008: 45 2008: (Kubicek, years 200 for almost states Russian the of part as considered been has for instance, solution.Ukraine, of of minds in the division the Furthermore, states. region among insecurity of feeling take might it nature; transparent a outin carried and sense realistic in a place take should policy inclusivist an implements that power a by region to the bringingstability Thus, colonialits policies. oil 2012:(Zakariah, 600) interests the London’s reason main wasto preserve states, region bring amongthe peace during Arab the and controlling seen on the maps. Therefore, a regional a act Therefore, maps. on the seen As the discussion above presents, there are three major reasons for t reasons major three are there presents, above discussion the As CONCLUSION on nations. different based region not are inthe states the that reminder a as serves that platform a establish to try first region should the coin, there is another reality f reality coin,another is the there as attractiveness a role model’ in the region (Öniş, 2014: On 216). the other side of the regionwith mig engagement Turkey’s that highlight researches region.Some in the influence forTurkey’s limits ofare, course, There states. East Middle by not welcomed might be regional apower as position foreigners. foreigners. the are region in the stability the preventing precipice main the though even area decades consideringthe When issue. hegemony the regarding playmaker the USAstill is the Russian Federation, the towards shifting to be seems superiority that though meddlin omes to Turkey is a sign that Arabs will not welcome Turkey’s position in short in short position Turkey’s welcome not Arabs will that sign a is Turkey to omes decision In light of the above discussion, not all inclusivist approaches will be the the be will approaches inclusivist all not discussion, above the of light In In line with above mentioned above with line In g American superpower that refuses to go home.” (Bridge, 2020). (Bridge, Even to refusesgo home.” that Americang superpower - longcolonial polici - makers

s up to the task of bringing stability to the region seems to have have to seems region to the stability bringing of task the to up s - ‘colonis Israel wars. Even though England was the most willing state to state most willing the was England though Even wars. Israel

and citizens of region states is more visible and deeper than is than deeper and visible more is states region of citizens and

The Situation in the “Middle East” After the Decline of the Ottoman Empire ing’ the region. Another example is England’s policies policies England’s is example Another region. the ing’ es, it does not seem likely for the West to theleave West not forthe seem likely does it es, Barakah . In this sense, England’s strategy was to sustain tosustain was strategy England’s sense, . Inthis

om this point of view, stability in the region by by region in the stability view, of point om this or Turkey’s role as the stabilis role the or as Turkey’s

issue, a recent example shows that Turkey’s Turkey’s that shows example recent a issue, - 52). However, their approach isb approach their 52). However, some time to achieve this because of the the becauseof this to achieve time some

Circles theory suggests that a unity of of aunity that suggests theory Circles or tha t desires tobeastabilis t desires

ht ‘jeopardize its its ‘jeopardize ht er in the region. region. er in the

he instability; he ed to view view to ed er in the er inthe ased on on ased

29 Beytülmakdis Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2020, 20 (1) 30 Journal of Islamicjerusalem Studies, 2020, 20 (1) powers. poli exclusivist the is instability the reasonbehind very the since region the in change nothing will Otherwise, actors. regional other a inclusivist an implement to power needs mentioned as However, stability. establish might that only power the be to seems Turkey above, discussed as sense, this In policies. colonial against stance a forming of purpose the for states separated two manner. inclusivist an in acts that state regional powerful to a be seems purpose this of achieving way only The constructed. be to needs apparatus state Syria’s and stability of favor to act convinced to be needs Egypt well. as level state the on to established be needs stability However, region states. of perception skeptical to any prevent agenda requires atransparent approach East Middle in the on instability focus that forfuturestudies helpful be realisticmight description solidand Any states. East Middle the nature of the with in line to described be Syrianeeds and Asarg particular. Syriain and Egypt unite to able is that power inclusivist an is East Middle in the stability Circles theory seems to provide the necessary steps for bringing stability in the in the for steps bringing stability necessary the to provide seems Circlestheory at by instability the causes of states region understanding security the issue, nation the with Along longeither. term the notoccur regionwill in in the nation E Middle of the artificiality the Unless term. short in the occur to likely notis this, do to on how manual draft a drawing even or stability the Russia,establishing USA and region,as such in the presence their to establish desires power that mor is since there today, Even Britishmandate. ofor time the the of time Ottomans in the as increases, instability of ratio the more the region, in the of decline power a the more visible the suggests, history As feature ofregion. the b of decline power, its instability the after However, centuries. for East Middle in the stability to maintain managed Empire the policies, inclusivist implemented that power a As subjects. its over policy ruling fair a implement over its stability maintain to in trying suffered greatly and policies colonial positionWestern its against sustained Empire Ottoman The Birkan ERTOY tracting opportunistic aggressors in the region (Stivachtis, 2019: 11). 2019: (Stivachtis, region inthe aggressors opportunistic tracting   

- Moreover, an inclusivist inclusivist an Moreover, From the perspective of the of the perspective Fromthe states, which was the result of colonial powers’ policies, is altered, stability stability altered, is policies, powers’ colonialof result the which was states,

Lack of a dominant regional power that has historical ties with the region. region. that the ofties dominant power a has historical with regional Lack security understandings. nation of establishment the and nationalism result of a as ofinclusivist policies Lack the region. in powers Western of andcolonial policies the presence the of Continuation As for the final aim of this study, the inclusivist nucleus of the ofnucleus inclusivistthe the of finalaim study, this for the As - states. Or alternatively, due to artificiality in the region region in the due to artificiality states.alternatively, Or

ued in the text, the nature of an alliance between Egypt Egypt between alliance of an nature the text, in ued the . In addition to the alliance discussion, an inclusivist inclusivist an discussion, alliance the to addition In . regional power might unite and reconstruct these these reconstruct and unite might power regional

Barakah willingly to cooperate with region states in region states with cooperate to willingly pproach and needs to recognis be needs and pproach several times in the article, a regional regional article,a the in times several

Circles theory, what is needed for is needed what Circles theory, cies of colonial and regional regional colonial of and cies lands. The Empire aimed to Empire The aimed lands. egan to be the new to the be egan along with the withthe along e than one one than e

Barakah ast by by ast - ed by by ed state state

Circles theory seems to provide the necessary steps for bringing stability in the in the for steps bringing stability necessary the to provide seems Circlestheory powers. poli exclusivist the is instability the reasonbehind very the since region the in change nothing will Otherwise, actors. regional other a inclusivist an implement to power needs mentioned as However, stability. establish might that only power the be to seems Turkey above, discussed as sense, this In policies. colonial against stance a forming of purpose the for states separated two manner. inclusivist an in acts that state regional powerful to a be seems purpose this of achieving way only The constructed. be to needs apparatus state Syria’s and stability of favor to act convinced to be needs Egypt well. as level state the on to established be needs stability However, region states. of perception skeptical to any prevent agenda requires atransparent approach East Middle in the on instability focus that forfuturestudies helpful be realisticmight description solidand Any states. East Middle the nature of the with in line to described be Syrianeeds and Asarg particular. Syriain and Egypt unite to able is that power inclusivist an is East Middle in the stability at by instability the causes of states region understanding security the issue, nation the with Along longeither. term the notoccur regionwill in in the nation E Middle of the artificiality the Unless term. short in the occur to likely notis this, do to on how manual draft a drawing even or stability the Russia,establishing USA and region,as such in the presence their to establish desires power that mor is since there today, Even Britishmandate. ofor time the the of time Ottomans in the as increases, instability of ratio the more the region, in the of decline power a the more visible the suggests, history As feature ofregion. the b of decline power, its instability the after However, centuries. for East Middle in the stability to maintain managed Empire the policies, inclusivist implemented that power a As subjects. its over policy ruling fair a implement over its stability maintain to in trying suffered greatly and policies colonial positionWestern its against sustained Empire Ottoman The tracting opportunistic aggressors in the region (Stivachtis, 2019: 11). 2019: (Stivachtis, region inthe aggressors opportunistic tracting   

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, Westport: Greenwood Press. - think - 44.

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