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Memorial to Alfred Sherwood Römer 1894-1973 FRANK C. WHITMORE, JR. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington. D. C. 20244 The history of paleontology, which goes back in its modern form to the early nineteenth cen­ tury, is marked by a succession of intellectual giants. and Thomas Jefferson, in their differ­ ent ways, were attracted by the subject, which had a significant influence on their thought. More important to the development of the science, however, was the work of men of great stature who devoted themselves to the study of through collecting, description, and interpretation of fossil . Joseph Leidy of Philadelphia was the first of the great American verte­ brate paleontologists. Following close on his heels, in more ways than one, were Edward Drinker Cope and Othniel Charles Marsh, who made a household word through their contri­ butions and their feuds. After them, maturing in the twentieth century, came Samuel Wendell Williston, , William Berryman Scott, and—a quiet genius—William King Gregory, who was the teacher of Alfred Sherwood Romer. Romer, when he died suddenly on November 5, 1973, was still engaged with un­ diminished vigor in a career that made him one of the handful of major contributors to our knowledge of evolution. Romer is known to geologists and as the author of a tremendously influ­ ential series of textbooks, Vertebrate Paleontology, Man and the Vertebrates, The Verte­ brate Body, and Osteology of the Reptiles. It is through these that his widest influence has been felt. Every vertebrate paleontologist working today probably received his intro­ duction to the subject through Romer, and many anatomists received their first training from his books. As is well known, however, Romer’s research on fossil , , and reptiles resulted in contributions that, for fifty , have notably increased our understanding of the evolution of these groups and particularly of the drastic structural changes involved in the transition from one vertebrate to another. This work—with fossils in the field and the laboratory—was what he loved best. Of himself, Romer said, “Primarily I think I am a comparative anatomist, interested in vertebrate evolution with morphological evolution and its functional implications as my main interest.”* His leaning toward went back to his studies with Gregory at Columbia University where, after service in World War I, he did his graduate work. His undergraduate studies, at Amherst College, had included a course in evolution under F. B. Loomis, and it revived a childhood interest in fossil vertebrates, aroused at the American Museum of Natural History.

*This, and later quotations for which no reference is given, is from a letter to the Home Secretary, National Academy of Sciences, dated June 5, 1961. 2 Till; GEOLOGICAL SOCIHTY OF AMURICA

While still an undergraduate, Romer decided on vertebrate paleontology as his life work, but he took little and no geology in college. The Amherst elective system encouraged a broad education, and Romer, taking full advantage of it and knowing that he would get plenty of biology in graduate school, majored in history and German litera­ ture “ . . . with courses in music and what-have-you 011 the side.” Also he was editor of the student paper. These nonscientific disciplines contributed to the easy writing style that makes his books and papers a pleasure to read. Another result of his college train­ ing (augmented by his love of independent study) was his conviction that a person did not need to take a course in a subject if he were really interested in it. Romer never had elementary zoology, embryology, comparative , histology, geology, nor even vertebrate paleontology. In later years he encouraged his students to get through their course work as quickly as possible so they could get on with their research. William King Gregory, Romer’s graduate professor, probably exerted the greatest influence on the course of Romer’s work. Gregory’s preoccupation with functional mor­ phology caught Romer’s fancy when he arrived at Columbia in the spring of 1919. Because of a conflict with laboratory teaching, Romer could not take Gregory’s regular vertebrate paleontology course. “But,” said Gregory, “a few of us are interested in comparative myology, and we’re planning to have a special course on the subject. Would you care to join?” Romer said that he would love to and then went to a dictionary to find out what myology was. He was relieved to learn that it was the study of muscles (not mussels as he had suspected), and this was how he arrived at his thesis subject: a consideration of muscle evolution and the probable musculature of primitive fossil amphibians and reptiles. Romer finished his Ph.D. in two years, while serving as a teaching assistant (an early example, often to be repeated, of his extraordinary efficiency). He was then offered an instructorship in the anatomy department of Bellevue Medical School of New York University. There he spent two pleasant years, teaching embryology and histology. He had not had instruction in either of these subjects, and he said later that he really had to dig to keep ahead of the class. In his third at Bellevue, Romer was scheduled to take charge of the dissecting room and was looking forward to intensive work in anatomy, but in 1923 he received an invitation to go to the University of Chicago as associate professor of verte­ brate paleontology. In doing so, he moved from a department of anatomy to a depart­ ment of geology, a seemingly violent transition, but one that vertebrate paleontologists regard as part of a normal career pattern. It was at Chicago, where he had stimulating colleagues and the collections of the Walker and Field Museums, that Romer established his life’s pattern of research and textbook writing. There also, he began field collecting of fossil reptiles, amphibians, and , and he went to the field almost every year for the rest of his life. When Romer arrived at Chicago he had “no particularly strong leanings toward any group or period.” There he found a fine collection of vertebrates collected by Paul Miller, the Walker Museum preparator. The Permian beds contain primitive reptiles (some related to the line from which the evolved), holdovers from the preceding stage, and even representatives of the fish group from which the amphibians sprang. The riches in the Walker Museum started Romer on many lines of inquiry that were pursued throughout his life—the evolution of Permian and reptiles, begun in 1925 and including classic monographs on the Pelycosauria and the reptiles; Permian and Carboniferous , begun in 1926; and studies of Carbon­ MEMORIAL TO ALFRED SHERWOOD RÖMER 3 iferous Amphibia, begun in 1929, and including the review of the Labyrinthodontia. This work led him to the field to collect in the Permian red beds. He first went to Texas in 1926 and made more than thirty trips there. As he put it, “ . . . mostly trips of a month or so in length, but piling up the time so that I have probably spent more than three years of my life in the general area of Texas in which Wichita Falls is the principal city.” He loved the work in Texas—hot, dry, and dusty as it was—and as the years went on, he took increasingly large retinues of graduate students, who delighted in recounting the hardships of life in the Texas Permian (which included, if you would believe them, a diet based mainly on canned tomatoes). In his field work, as everywhere else, Romer was inseparable from his wife, Ruth Hibbard Romer. They had met at Woods Hole in the summer of 1922, when Ruth was visiting her sister, Dr. Hope Hibbard. In the fall of 1923, when Ruth took a job as a labor statistician and lived near the University of Chicago, they drifted together. A1 pro­ posed to Ruth on top of a snow-covered Indiana dune on a bitterly cold January day. In a letter to his future biographer Romer said, “I find it impossible to say all the wonderful things I would like to say about her, but I can say that the best thing that ever did happen, or could have happened, to me was meeting and marrying Ruth. Amongst many other things, she is quite fond of travel and loves to rough it; as a result, except for a number of occasions when the children were growing up, she has gone with me on the greater part of my field trips. She is not a trained scientist and actually can­ not do as well on the heavy pick-and-shovel stuff as sorne of the youngsters, but she is an excellent prospector and can bandage a in plaster with the best of them. As a result, she is a first-rate field hand.” In 1929 the Permian collecting was extended far afield—to the Karroo beds of South Africa. Romer and Paul Miller spent six months there and brought back the first significant collection of Karroo reptiles to be made by Americans. In the 1960s when Nicholas Hotton was collecting in the Karroo, an old farmer, knowing no other English and seeing that Hotton was an American, asked, “Romer? Miller?” Romer spent eleven happy years at the University of Chicago. The adjective “happy” is again a quotation from the letter that he wrote in 1961 for his future biographer. “Happy” typifies his life. I knew him for almost forty years and never saw him sad or tense. This is not to say that he never had problems, but ordinary worries did not weigh him down. I remember one day in the National Museum, hearing him sing “Cainptown Races” (his favorite tune, along with “Does eat oats and mares eat oats and little iambs eat ivy”) for several hours as he went through the Permian collections. In 1933 the first editions of his two great textbooks Vertebrate Paleontology and Man and the Vertebrates were published, and in the spring of 1934 he received an un­ expected call to come to Harvard University. He accepted, for he was uncertain about the future of science at Chicago under Robert M. Hutchins and optimistic about the atti­ tude of the new Harvard president, James B. Conant. His “bread-and-butter” job at Harvard was teaching comparative anatomy, with vertebrate paleontology cn the side. At Harvard in 1934 the contrast between the “new” and the “old” biology was discern­ ible: the spanking new biology laboratories on one side of Divinity Avenue and the mid-nineteenth-century Museum of Comparative Zoology on the other. Romer quickly chose the latter, and his large square office on the first floor of the MCZ was a mecca for students and colleagues for forty years. It has now become the Alfred Sherwood Romer Library. The Romers bought a rambling early-nineteenth-century house a few minutes’ walk 4 Till-: ('.ICOLOGICAL SOCIICTY OF AMICRICA from the Museum, and late each afternoon A1 would head for home with a laden green Harvard book bag over his shoulder. Ruth Romer, asked about his working habits, said I think the answer is that when he didn't have anything .scheduled to be done, he sat in his big chair with a board across the arms, always with a record on his nearby stereo, writing (I think a better word is scribbling, always with a pencil on yellow paper, lie said he couldn’t write any other way). Of course he took time off to read (mostly history and always had a detective story going) .... He always seemed to find time around the edges to get a few licks of work in. Of course these last few years, he didn’t work as concentratedly as earlier. Ilis schedule recently had been to go to the MCZ in the morning, home for a late lunch, then an hour’s nap, and back to work, usually at home. Dictating letters (never papers) he usually did right after dinner. When he was teaching, he always spent some time the night before a lecture, writing out fresh notes. This job always had to be planned for, if we w'ere going out to dinner or having guests. As you know, lie wrote easily and often worried me by not obviously prepar­ ing a speech I knew he was scheduled to give. But it came out good 99% of the time. He always said ( was his “best friend and his severest critic.” I said 1 was “the general public.” ICarly in our married life, he thought he had the answer to writing a hook. I knew general shorthand so he would dictate chapters to me and I would transcribe. But i had to ask him how to spel! words in every sentence, so he gave it up, imme­ diately developed the plan of scribbling on yellow paper and then I did the typing. This was for the first edition of his Vertebrate I’aleo. An example of finding time for a few licks of work is Rorner’s preparation (with Tilly Edinger and Richard van Frank) of the Bibliography of Fossil Vertebrates, 1507-1927. This two-volume work, which filled a large gap in the published bibliographies, was in preparation from the early 1930s untii 1962. Whenever A1 came to Washington, he con­ trived to spend an hour or so checking references in the U.S. Geological Survey Library, emerging with scraps of scribbled yellow paper sticking out of his pockets. To his students, Romer was available but not obtrusive. He believed that anyone who was smart and interested could get along on his own. His major contact with gradu­ ate students was, at one time, a two-year survey of the literature of vertebrate paleon­ tology. Once a week a heap of literature on a group of vertebrates was piled on a table. A week later Romer met with the students for an afternoon of rambling talk, which brought out his mastery of the subject as well as lots of laughs. As a lecturer Romer was superb. Here his ease, love of people, and lack of stuffiness shone. He was uninhibited—he waved his arms, imitated , and sang songs like this: It’s a long way from Amphioxus; it’s a long way from us. It’s a long way from Amphioxus to the meanest human cuss. It’s good-bye fins and gill slits, welcome and hair. It’s a long way from Amphioxus, but we came front there. In 1946 Romer was appointed Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This was a difficult job, for the museum’s finances were in miserable shape. , Romer’s predecessor, had been a wealthy man who would dole out money for projects that interested him, but the museum’s endowment was insufficient and its salary was astoundingly low. The greatest salary deficit was that for the director: there was none. Romer had to continue his teaching and take on the director’s duties besides. Naturally, and to his sorrow, his research suffered. It was fortunate for the MCZ that he was willing to do this, for he saw to it that the endowment was increased, salaries raised MEMORIAL TO ALFRED SHERWOOD RÖMER 5 to a level commensurate with that of the teaching faculty, and distinguished scientists added to the staff. Among these were Ernst Mayr, George Gaylord Simpson, and Bryan Patterson. Romer remained director until 1961, when he became a research professor, and in 1965, a professor emeritus. For the Romers, retirement meant more travel than ever. It is not surprising that he was in demand as a speaker literally all over the world, and there were few parts of the world that he missed in those years. The Romers’ Christmas letter left the reader vicariously exhausted. Despite his whirlwind travel, Al’s research did not decline. Papers continued to appear on the evolution of the vertebrate classes, with especial emphasis on reptilian phylogeny, drawing upon his years of collecting and detailed study. He took advantage of speaking opportunities to pursue a goal that had interested him for years—reminding neozoologists of the importance of evolution in biology. The fact that he always described himself as a zoologist strengthened his hand, and it took deep zoologic knowledge to write as he did about such subjects as the evolution of skin and the develop­ ment of the . For Al, retirement did not mean cessation of field work and the study of fossils. In 1958 and in 1964-65, he led expeditions to the Ischigualasto Valley and the Chariares area of to collect Middle vertebrates. The efforts of the Harvard group produced a reptilian fauna, featuring and gomphodonts and filling a notable gap in Triassic faunal history. The result was a series of twenty papers by Romer and others, delineating the faunas and stratigraphy. The last of these, the faunal and stratigraphic summary, appeared the month after his death. Also, there were other results: South American workers were spurred on to new investigations, and Romer’s interest was focused on plate tectonics. The high percentage of rhynchosaurs in the Ischigualasto beds and in the Triassic of Africa raised one more of many questions con­ cerning Triassic paleogeography, and Romer applied his faunal knowledge to the prob­ lem, writing a number of papers on Gondwanaland in the 1960s and early 1970s. In 1966, presenting Al for the award of the Paleontological Society Medal, I stated as his motto, “Learn to write. You can always pick up stratigraphy on the side.” It is interesting that, as of this writing, Al’s last paper (published November 27, 1974) is on the stratigraphy of the Permian red beds of Texas, a final demonstration of Al’s thesis that you can do anything if you care enough and put your mind to it. Appropriately, Nelda Wright finished the task of preparing the manuscript and maps for publication. Miss Wright, a master editor, had for many years been Al’s major assistant and had helped many of his students and associates in ways too numerous to mention. She was entitled to finish the Texas red beds paper, for she had been there. As I write, I have before me a 1954 Christmas card showing Al, Ruth, Nelda, and Arnie Lewis in the field in Texas. Another unfinished piece of work was completed by Romer’s friend, James M. Moulton, who published “A description of the of Eryops based on the notes and drawings of A. S. Romer” (Breviora, Museum of Comparative Zoology, no. 428, November 27, 1974). Al’s honors, deservedly, were many. He received the honorary D.Sc. from Amherst, Harvard, Dartmouth, Buffalo, and Lehigh Universities. He was awarded the Hayden Medal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the Thompson and Elliot Medals of the National Academy of Sciences (of which he was a member), the Paleon­ tological Society Medal (he was vice-president of the Society in 1939), the Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society of London, the Penrose Medal of the Geological Society of America, and the Zoology Medal of the Linnean Society of London. He was a Foreign 6 m i (;r.o!.oc;i( Ai. so cik ty oi a m krica

Member of the Royal Society and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, an Honorary Fel­ low of the Zoological Socicty of London, and an honorary or corresponding member of the Socicty of Morphologists and Physiologists of , the Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba, Argentina, the Baycrische Akademie der Wissenschaften, the Senckenberg Naturhistorische Gcsdlschaft, and the Paleontological Society of Argentina. Ho was a founder and first president (1940) of Ihe Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, president of the XVI international Zoological Congress (1963), :md of the American Society of Zoologists (19^0), the Ametican Association for the Advancement of Science (1966), the Society of Systematic Zoology (1952), and the Society for the Study of Evolu­ tion (¡953). He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, anc1 Sigma Xi. Romer’s scientific eminence might leave one with the picture of a dedicated man who thought oi littie outside his specialty. This was not so. Al’s high school days in White Plains had been the most carefree of his life, and he never forgot his old asso­ ciates, seeing ther.i often and keeping in constant touch. He felt the same way about Amherst. He and Ruth had a house in Pelham, near Amherst, where many happy months wen; spent, and AI frequently dropped in on the college and on his old fraternity, Phi Kappa Psi. A1 felt that he owed a great debt to college and fraternity, for both had Helper1 and encouraged him in his impecunious college days. It was therefore a blow to ;iim when in 1948 the Amherst chapter of Phi Kappa Psi was expelled from the national IViiternhy f<-i pledging a black studeiu Of course, M had no doubt where he stood. In all the dif

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF A. S. ROMER I 9.?? The comparison of mammalian and reptilian : Anal. Rec., v. 24, p. 39-47. ¡'lie locomotor apparatus ol certain primitive and -likc reptiles: Am. Mus. Nat. History Bull. v. 46, p. 5 17-6(16. 102 3 The ilium in and : Am. Mus. Nai. History Bull., v. 48, p. 141 - 145. Crocodilian pelvic muscles and their avian and rcplilian homologues: Am. Mus. Nat. History Ball.. v. 48, p. 533-552 The peivic musculature of saurischiau dinosaurs: Am. Mus. Nat. History Bull., v. 48. p. 605-611. 1924 Pectoral limb musculature and shoulder-eirdle stiucture in fish and totrapods: Anat. Rec., v. 21. p. 1 19-143. 1'he lesser trochanter of the mammalian femur: Anat. Rec., v. 28, p. 95-102. 1 925 An ophiacodont reptile from the Permian of Kansas: Jour. Geology, v. 33, p. 173-1 82. Permian amphibian and reptilian remains described as Slephanos/xmilylus: Jour, ('»oology, v. 33, p. 447-463. 1926 A Lower horse, Anchitlteriitni apateiisv (Osborn): Am. Jour. Sci., 5tli ser., v. 12, p. 325-335. 1927 Vertebrate faunal horizons in the Texas Red beds: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 38, p. 232-233. The development of the thigh musculature of the chick: Jour. Morph. Phys., v. 43, p. 347-385. MEMORIAL TO ALFRED SHERWOOD RÖMER 7

------Notes on the Permo-Carboniferous reptile : Jour. Geology, v. 35, p. 673-689. ------The pelvic musculature of ornithischian dinosaurs: Acta Zoologica,v. 8, p. 225-275. 1928 Vertebrate faunal horizons in the Texas Permo-Carboniferous red beds: Texas Univ. Bull. 2801, p. 67-107. ------The notochord in fossil vertebrates: Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 5, v. 15, p. 432-433. ------A skeletal model of the primitive reptile , and the phylogenetic position of that type: Jour. Geology, v. 36, p. 247-260. ------Pleistocene mammals of Algeria: Fauna of the Paleolithic station of Mecha-el Arbi: Logan Mus. Bull., v. 2, p. 79-163. ------(and Fryxell, F. M.) Paramiatus gurleyi, a deep-bodied amiid fish from the Eocene of Wyoming: Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 5, v. 16, p. 519-527. 1929 A fresh skull of an extinct American camel: Jour. Geology, v. 37, p. 261-267. ------ and morphology of some amphibians [abs. | : Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 40, p. 243. 1930 Australopithecus not a chimpanzee: Science, v. 71, p. 482-483. ------The Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio: Am. Mus. Nat. History Bull., v. 59, p. 77-147. ------Fossil hunting in the Karroo, South Africa: Sci. Monthly, v. 31, p. 134-144. 1931 (and Byrne, F.) The of : Notes on the primitive limb: Pal?eo- biologica, v. 4, p. 25^-8. 1933 Pleistocene vertebrates and their bearing on the problem of human antiquity in North America, in Jenness, D., ed., The American aborigines: Univ. Toronto Press, p. 49-83. ------Eurypterid influence on vertebrate history: Science, v. 78. p. 114-117. ------Man and the vertebrates: Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 427 p. ------Vertebrate paleontology: Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 491 p. 1934 (and Smith, H. J.) American Carboniferous dipnoans: Jour. Geology, v. 42, p. 700-719. 1935--Early history of Texas redbeds vertebrates: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 46, p. 1597-1658. ------(and Grove, B. H.) Environment of the early vertebrates: Am. Midland Naturalist, v. 16, p. 805-862. 1936 Studies on American Permo-Carboniferous tetrapods: Problems of paleontology: Moscow Univ., Lab. Paleont. Pub., v. 1, p. 85-93. ------The dipnoan cranial roof: Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 5, v. 32, p. 241-256. ------Vertebrate paleontology [2nd ed.]: Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 491 p. 1937 The braincase of the Carboniferous crossopterygian Megalichthys nitidus: Harvard Univ. Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 82, p. 1-73. ------New genera and species of pelycosaurian reptiles: New England Zoology Club Proc., v. 16, p. 89-96. ------Man and the vertebrates [2nd ed. j: Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 434 p. 1938 Review of the Pelycosauria [abs.]: Geol. Soc. America Proc., 1937, p. 287-288. 1939 Notes on branchiosaurs: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 237, p. 748-761. ------(and Price, L. I.) The oldest vertebrate : Am. Jour. Sci., v. 237, p. 826-829. ------An amphibian graveyard: Sci. Monthly, v. 49, p. 337-339. 1940 Mirror image comparison of upper and lower jaws in primitive tetrapods: Anat. Rec., v. 77, p. 175-179. ------(and Price, L. I.) Review of the Pelycosauria: Geol. Soc. America Spec. Paper 28, 538 p. 1941 Vertebrate paleontology, in Geology, 1888-1938 [Fiftieth Ann. Vol.]: Geol. Soc. America, p. 107-135. ------Notes on the crossopterygian hyomandibular and braincase: Jour. Morphology, v. 69, p. 141-160. ------Earliest land vertebrates of this continent: Science, v. 94, p. 279. ------The first land animals: Nat. History, v. 48, p. 236-243. ------(and Witter, R. V.) The skin of the rhachitomous amphibian Eryops: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 239, p. 822-824. ------Man and the vertebrates [3rd ed.]: Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 405 p. 1942 Notes on certain American fishes: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 240, p. 216-228. ------Cartilage an ambryonic adaptation: Am. Naturalist, v. 76, p. 394-404. 8 nil, GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

1942 Tile development of tetrapod limb musculature the thigh of : Jour. Morphology, v. 71, p. 251-298. ------(and Fdinger, T.) Endocranial casts and brains of living and fossil Amphibia: Jour. Comp. Neurology, v. 77, p. 355-389. ------(and Witter, R. V.) Eilops, a primitive rhachitomous amphibian from the Texas red beds: Jour. Geology, v. 50, p. 925-960. 1944 The Permian cotylosaur Diadectcs tcimilectiis: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 242, p. 1 39-144. ------(and Price, L. I.) Stahleckcria lenzii, a giant Triassic Brazilian dicynodont: Harvard Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., v. 93, p. 465^191. ------The development of tetrapod limb musculature the shoulder region of Lacerta: Jour. Morphology, v. 74, p. 1-41. 1945 Vertebrate paleontology [2nd ed.| : Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 687 p. - - - The late Carboniferous vertebrate fauna of Kounova (Bohemia) compared with that of the Texas redbeds: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 243, p. 417-442. 1946 The primitive reptile Linmoscelis restudied: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 244, p. 149-188. The early evolution of fishes: Quart. Rev. Biology, v. 21, p. 33-69. 1947---Review of the Labyrinthodontia: Harvard Univ. Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 99, p. 1-368. ----- The relationships of the Permian reptile : Am. Jour. Sci., v. 245, p. 19-30. 1948 Relative growth in pelycosaurian reptiles [Robert Broom Commemorative Vol. |: Royal Soc. South Africa Spec. Pub., p. 45-55. ----- ancestors: Am. Jour. Sci., v. 246, p. 109-121. -..... The fossil mammals of Thomas Farm, Gilchrist County, Florida: Florida Acad. Sci. Quart. Jour., v. 10, p. 1-11. 1949 The line in fraternities: Atlantic Monthly, May, p. 27-31. ------Time series and trends in animal evolution, Chap. VII, in Jepsen, G. L., Mayr, I'.., and Simpson, G. G., eds., Genetics, paleontology and evolution: Princeton University Press, p. 103-120. ------The vertebrate body: Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 643 p. 1950 The and relationships of the Paleozoic microsaurs: Am. Jour. Sci., v.248, p. 628-654. 1951 Bison crassicornis in the late Pleistoccnc of New England: Jour. Mammalogy, v. 32, p. 230-231. 1952 Late Pennsylvanian and early Permian vertebrates of the Pittsburgh-West Virginia region: Carnegie Mus. Annals, v. 33, p. 47-110. 1954 Aestivation in a Permian lungfish: Breviora, no. 30, p. 1-8. 1955 Fish origins-fresh or salt water? [suppl.]: Deep- Research, v. 3, p. 261-280. Herpetichthyes, Amphibioidei, Choanichthyes or ?: Nature, v. 176, p. 126. - The vertebrate body [rev. ed] : Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 644 p. 1956 (and Watson, D.M.S.) A classification of therapsid reptiles: Harvard Univ. Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 114, p. 37-89. The early evolution of land vertebrates: Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., v. 100, p. 1 57-1 67. -.... Osteology of the reptiles: Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 772 p. 1957 The appendicular skeleton of the Permian embolomerous amphibian : Michigan Univ. Mus. Paleontology Contr., v. 13, p. 103-159. Origin of the egg: Sci. Monthly, v. 85 p. 57-63. Amphibians, in Ladd, H. S., ed., Treatise on marine ecology and paleoecology, Vol. 2: Geol. Soc. America Mem. 67 p. 1011. 1958 An embolomere jaw from the mid-Carboniferous of Nova Scotia: Breviora, no. 87, p. 1-8. Darwin and the fossil record, in Barnett, S. A., ed., A century of Darwin: London, William Heinemann Ltd., p. 130-152. - - The Texas Permian redbeds and their vertebrate fauna, in Westoll, T. S., ed., Studies on fossil vertebrates: London, Univ. London, Athlone Press, p. 157-179. Tetrapod limbs and early tetrapod life: Evolution, v. 12, p. 365-369. ------Phylogeny and behavior with special reference to vertebrate evolution. Part I, no. 3,in Roe, A., and Simpson, G. G., eds., Behavior and evolution: New Haven, Yale Univ. Press, p. 48-75. 1959 The vertebrate story: Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 437 p. ------Vertebrate paleontology, 1908-1958: Jour. Paleontology, v. 33, p. 915-925. ------A mounted skeleton of the giant plesiosaur : Breviora, no. 112, p. 1-14. MEMORIAL TO ALFRED SHERWOOD RÖMER 9

1960 Vertebrate-bearing continental Triassic strata in Mendoza region, Argentina: Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 71, p. 1279-1294. ------Explosive evolution: Zool. Jahrb., v. 88, p. 79-90. ------The vertebrate fauna of the New Permian, in Beaumont, E. C., and Read, C. B., eds., Guide book of Rio Chama country: New Mexico Geol. Soc., 11th Field Conf., p. 48-54. 1961 Palaeozoological evidence of climate. (1) Vertebrates, in Nairn, A.E.M., ed., Descriptive palaeoclimatology: New York, Interscience Pub., Inc., p. 183-206. ------A large ophiacodont from the Pennsylvanian of the Pittsburgh region: Breviora, no. 144, p. 1-7. 1962 The fossiliferous Triassic deposits of Ischigualasto, Argentina: Breviora, no. 156, p. 1-7. ------The vertebrate body [3rd ed.]: Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 627 p. ------ evolution and : International colloquium on the evolution of mammals: Koninkl. Vlaamse Acad. Wetensch. Letteren en Schone Kunsten Belgie Verh., Brussels, p. 9-56. ------(and others) Bibliography of fossil vertebrates exclusive of North America, 1509-1927 [2 vols. ]: Geol. Soc. America Mem. 87, 1544 p. ------La evolución explosiva de los rhynchosaurios del Triasico: Rev. Mus. Argentino Cienc. Nat., “Bernardino Rivadavia,” Cienc. Zool., v. 8, p. 1-14. 1963 The larger embolomerous amphibians of the American Carboniferous: Harvard Univ. Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 128, p. 415-454. ------The “ancient history” of bone: New York Acad. Sci. Annals, v. 109, p. 168-176. 1964 The braincase of the Paleozoic elasmobranch Tamiobatis: Harvard Univ. Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 131, p. 87-105. ------The skeleton of the Lower Carboniferous labyrinthodont Pholidogaster pisciformis: Harvard Univ. Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 131, p. 129-159. ------Bone in early vertebrates, in Frost, H. M., ed., Bone biodynamics: Boston, Little Brown & Co., p. 13-40. ------Problems in early amphibian history: Jour. Anim. Morph. Phys., v. 2, p. 1-20. ------Diadectes an amphibian?: Copeia 1964, no. 4, p. 718-719. 1965 Possible polyphylety of the vertebrate classes: Zool. Jahrb., v. 92, p. 143-156. 1966 The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. I. Introduction: Breviora, no. 247, p. 1-14. ------(and Jensen, J. A.) The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. II. Sketch of the geology of the Rio Chañares-Rio Gualo region: Breviora, no. 252, p. 1-20. ------Las capas Triasicas del “Gondwana” en la historia de la evolución de los vertebrados: Rev. Mus. Argentina Cienc. Nat. Paleont., v. 1, no. 5, p. 115-131. ------Vertebrate paleontology [3rd ed.]: Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 468 p. ------(and Stovall, J. W., and Price, L. I.) The posteranial skeleton of the giant Permian pelycosaur Cotylorhynchus romeri: Harvard Univ. Mus. Comp. Zoology Bull., v. 135, p. 1-30. 1967 The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. III. Two new gomphodonts, Massetogmthus pascuali and M. teruggii: Breviora, no. 264, p. 1-25. ------Early reptilian evolution re-viewed: Evolution, v. 21, p. 821-833. ------Major steps in vertebrate evolution: Science, v. 158, p. 1629-1637. 1968 An ichthyosaur skull from the of Wyoming: Wyoming Univ. Contr. Geology, v. 7, no. 1, p. 27-41. ------The procession of life: London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 323 p. ------Notes and comments on vertebrate paleontology: Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 304 p. — - De Evolutie van de gewervelde Dieren: Natuur en Techniek, v. 36, no. 10, p. 339-347. —— Fossils and Gondwanaland, in Gondwanaland revisited; new evidence for : Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., v. 112, p. 335-343. 1969 A temnospondylous labyrinthodont from the Lower Carboniferous: Kirtlandia, no. 6, p. 1-20. ------The Brazilian Triassic cynodont reptiles Beiesodon and Chiniquodon: Breviora, no. 332, p. 1-16. ------The cranial anatomy of the Permian amphibian Pantylus: Breviora, no. 314, p. 1-37. ------Cynodont reptile with incipient mammalian jaw articulation: Science, v. 166, p. 881-882. ------Vertebrate history with special reference to factors related to cerebellar evolution, in Llinas, R., ed., Neurobiology of cerebellar evolution and development: Chicago, American Medical Assn., p. 1-18. 10 TU I- GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Ol AMERICA 1969 The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. V. A new cliiniquodontid cynodont, Probelesodon /eu™'--cynodont ancestry: Breviora, 110. 333, p. 1-24. 1970 A new anthracosaurian labyrinthodont, scheelei, from the Lower Carboniferous: Kirtlandia.no. 10, p. 1-15. ------The vertebrate body [4th ed. j : Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Co., 601 p. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. VI. A cliiniquodontid cynodont with an incipient squamosal-dentary jaw articulation: Breviora, no. 344, p. 1-18. ------The Triassic faunal succession and the Gondwanaland problem: UNESCO, Gondwana Stratigraphy IUGS Symposium, Buenos Aires, October 1967, p. 375-400. 1971 The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. VIII. A fragmentary skull of a large thecodont Luperosuchus fractus\ Breviora, no. 373, p. 1-8. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. IX. The Chañares formation: Breviora, no. 377, p. 1-8. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. X. Two new but incompletely known long-limbed pseudosuchians: Breviora, no. 378, p. 1-10. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XI. Two new long-snouted thecodonts, and Gualosuchus: Breviora, no. 379, p. 1-22. ------Unorthodoxies in reptilian phylogeny: Evolution, v. 25, p. 103-112. 1972 The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XII. The postcranial skeleton of the thecodont Chanaresuchus'. Breviora, no. 385, p. 1-21. ------Tetrapod vertebrates and Gondwanaland: Pretoria, Second Gondwana Symposium, South Africa, 1970, Proc. Pap., p. 111-124. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIII. An early ornithosuchid pseudosuchian, Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, gen. et sp. nov.: Breviora, no. 389, p. 1-24. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIV. admixlus, gen. et sp. nov., a further thecodont from the Chañares beds: Breviora, no. 390, p. 1-13. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XV. Further remains of the thecodonts Lagerpeton and I.agosuchus: Breviora, no. 394, p. 1-7. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVI. Thecodont classification: Breviora, no. 395, p. 1-24. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVII. The Chañares gomphodonts: Breviora, no. 396, p. 1-9. ------A Carboniferous labyrinthodont amphibian with complete dermal armor: Kirtlandia, no. 16, p. 1-8. ------Skin breathing-primary or secondary?: Respiration Physiology, v. 14, p. 183-192. ------South American fossil reptiles as evidence of Gondwanaland: Australian Nat. History, June, p. 206-212. ------The vertebrate as a dual animal-somatic and visceral, in Dobzhansky, T., and others, eds., Evolutionary biology [Vol. 6] : New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts, p. 121-156. 1973 Vertebrates and continental connections; An introduction, in Implications of continental drift to the Earth sciences [Vol. 1 ] : London, Acad. Press, p. 345-349. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XVIII. Probelesodon minor, a new species of carnivorous cynodont; family Probainognathidae nov.: Breviora, no. 401, p. 1-4. ------ tetrapod faunas of South America. Actas IV, Congreso Latinamericano de Zoología, Vol. II, Caracas, 10-16 Nov. 1968: Caracas, Univ. Central , Fac. Cien., p. 1101-1117. ------Permian reptiles, in Hallam, A., ed., Atlas of palaeobiogeography: Amsterdam, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., p. 159-167. ------(and Lewis, Arnold D.) The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XIX. Postcranial materials of the cynodonts Probelesodon and : Breviora, no. 407, p. 1-26. ------The Chañares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna. XX. Summary: Breviora, no. 413, p. 1-20. ------The origin and evolution of life in the sea, in Oceanography, the last frontier: New York, Basic Books, p. 250-265. ------L’origine des classes de vertèbres: Recherche, v. 4, no. 33, p. 347-361. 1974 Aquatic adaptation in reptiles-primary or secondary? South African Mus. Annals, v.64, p. 221-230 ------The stratigraphy of the Permian Wichita redbeds of Texas: Breviora, no. 427, p. 1-31.