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South Dakota State University

POLS 165: Political Ideologies

Concepts addressed: Political, economic systems & ideologies: Capitalism, , , , Fascism, representative democracy, Democracy versus authoritarian systems

Different: Fascism & Democracy • Democracy • Dignity of individual • Toleration of opposing ideas, parties • Protect individual rights • Equality before the law • Fascism • Statism • No toleration of opposing ideas, parties • No individual rights • No equality is advocated M-L Communism v Democracy • Dignity of individual; sense of morality & justice • Tolerate opposing parties • Individual rights: speech, press, religion, property rights • Only “morality”: what advances proletariat class • Not tolerate opposing parties • No individual rights; only class What Is Right or Left? • Degree of egalitarianism • Degree of change or stability often less important in recent century Main Ideas of Fascism • Irrationalism & use of myths, will rather than reason/philosophy) (M. 153) • Nationalism & violence; opposition to international law & order (M.151) • Authoritarianism, elitism, principle of leadership: Der Führer, Il Duce • Social Darwinism (struggle among humans & survival of fittest) • Repudiate parliamentary liberalism & bourgeois mentality • Group mind, volkgeist (spirit or will of people), escape from freedom • Corporatism (economy; organic society) Differences: Com & Fascism • M-L Comm • Class struggle divides society • State is mere superstructure • Egalitarian • Party as vanguard • Fascism • Unity, “coordination” corporatism • Statism !!

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

• Hierarchy, elitism • Cult of the leader Similarities: Fascism & M-L Com • Leader determines “true” will of people (don’t ask the people!!) • Weltanschauung (total world view) • Mobilizing, create mass movement, & attempt thought control • Morality is subordinated to the movement Fascism Is Mobilizing; Intends Totalitarianism • Fascism is necessarily mobilizing • Including struggle, aggression • Tries to be totalitarian (as well as authoritarian) • Authoritarian= top-down rule (non-constitutional) • Regimes “only” authoritarian can be quiescent (e.g. traditional, bureaucratic, military) Rise of Hitler & Nazis • Mein Kampf; racism; expansionism • Polarized • 1932, Nazi party largest (37% not majority) • Electoral politics - radio • 1933 Hitler appointed chancellor by Hindenburg • Reichstag fire (Feb.) • “We come as enemies” (use legality) Hitler in Power • Enabling Act (1933); government emergency power • (“toe the line”), total state control • SA, SS, • Party - mass rallies & • Racial ideology to policy; Mein Kampf (1925) • “Final solution” - genocide (1941) • Killed 9 million of own citizens Two Aspects of Marx • Marx was a philosopher & scientist, original thinker • Also an ideologist: put philos behind & focused on producing action Marx: 1818-83 • Das Kapital (Capital, about capitalism) • Manifesto (1848) • Major organizer of: International Workingman’s Assn. (1864) • Early Marx (EPM 1844) more philosophy • Mature Marx (Thesis 11 & Manifesto): more ideological Influences on Marx • Hegel - philos of history • Feuerbach - materialism • “Utopian socialists” (Owen, Fourier) • Political economists - “laws” & belief in scientific method Marx • Combines dialectic of Hegel with the materialism of Feuerbach • Not ideas moving through history; rather material things, classes & • (said:) found Hegel standing on his head; turned him right side up • Process inevitable, seen as determined

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

• Dialectical materialism What Distinguishes Marxism? • Not just economic interpretation of society (others were Aristotle, James Madison) • Not just socialism (also: Owen, Fourier) • But universal philosophy of history which would require: • 1. Socialism of a certain kind • 2. Under compulsion of impersonal forces Early v Mature Marx • Early (Economic & Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844) focus on individual • Manifesto focus on class • EPM concern with spirit • Manifesto based on materialism • EPM main theme: alienation • Manifesto: deterministic, inevitable process of historical forces Marx’s “Science” & Property • Impatient with philosophy & its problems • Dialectical materialism: society depends on forces of production • Who control mode of production, control state; secures class’s property rights • Money mediates my life; transforms real human & natural faculties into abstract • Labor theory of value, capitalist pays subsistence wage, keeps “surplus value” German Ideology & Thesis 11 • Thinking is conditioned; results directly from material behavior • Morality, religion, ideol, philos not independent (see Manifesto, p.89) • Life not determined by consciousness; consciousness determined by life • Point is to change the world (p.73) • Activism takes precedence Communist Manifesto • All (previous) history driven by class conflict • Stages in history: (pp 76-7) • Our era is bourgeois; has simplified into to two economic classes (pp.76-7) • Bourgeois society (with industrial revolution) drives out feudalism • Bourgeois state (government) merely rules in favor of bourgeoisie Superstructure & Substructure Stages in History • Slave-holding, Roman, feudal, bourgeois • All are based on antagonism of oppressing & oppressed • Mostly discusses bourgeois society (& how it displaces feudal) • Change in stage; more use of machinery • Competition & destructive crises • Entire sections of ruling class fall Bourgeois Society • Bourg exploits & is revolutionary! • Constantly changes instruments of production • Constantly expands market • Force barbarian: cosmopolitan, modern • More massive productive than all prior societies Crises (in Communism) by 1914 • Revisionism: challenged by anarchists, revisionist socialists, various interpretation of Marx • Nationalism; outbreak of WWI, Social Democratic Party & workers fought for

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

Russia (before 1917 revolution) • Had been autocratic by Tsar • Wage & salary workers 17% • But industrial workers only 1.4% of workforce Lenin - Ideas • “Capitalist imperialism” explained worker’s behavior in WWI; (capitalists got super profits) • Communist Party: is vanguard of the proletariat • “Democratic centralism” • Interpreted as party decides; no one dissents Lenin - Ideas (2) • Volunteerism: • Will, leadership & organization can bring revolution • Not wait for objective conditions; not economic determinism Marx & Lenin: Compare • Marx: primacy of economics; internal economic crises in capitalism • Conditions must be “objectively ripe” • Lenin: master organizer; practical politician • Primacy of political organization • Emphasis: leadership (of professional revolutionaries) • “Democratic centralism” Lenin Extends Marxism • What Is to Be Done? (1902) • Not question truth of Marx’s writings; they serve as the “bible” • Need to be evermore activist • Lenin as master advocate • 1917 Bolshevik revolution Methods of Bolsheviks • Bolshevik= “majority”; not generally in fact majority • 1917 Revolution & dissolved Constituent Assembly • Present themselves as people’s party (democracy, , social justice) • Infiltrate other parties, unions, local governments • Force: military, civil war Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) • Multi-national (over 100); & different languages & religions • 15 Republics (Russia: slightly over half population) • Not federal, in fact • Culture: autocratic for 1000 years • State institutions: weaker than party • Elections were not for choice USSR (2) • Party (CPSU 7% of citizens) dominated government • Headed by politburo (& pyramid structure) • Centralized & bureaucratic (apparatchiki) • Command economy, headed by Gosplan • Socialize citizens: Komsomol (15-29) to recruit Communist Party members • Nomenclature system= appointment & control of key state institutions by Party Main Principles of Maoism • Quotations from Chairman Mao (1964) (little red book) • Peasantry (& populism)

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

• Guerrilla war • Mind, will over matter • Attitude toward bourgeoisie (“national bourgeoisie”) • Nationalism Maoism in Comparison • Marx: industrial proletariat • Lenin: led by professional revolutionary • Mao: peasant centered revolution • Primary support from peasants (work in country was liberating) Compare on “Objective Forces” • Marx: leader could not alter inevitable march of history • Lenin: telescoping the revolution; but still uneasy with spontaneity of masses • Mao: human will-power would make up for what was lacking in machines Endless Revolution? • Marx: full communism has no classes & therefore no struggle or class conflict • Mao: “On the Handling of Contradictions Among the People” • Unending struggle; struggles had other sources, not only class conflict • (compare Trotsky) View of Class • Marx: class = relation to means of production; get class consciousness • Mao: stress class awareness but one’s ideol view: independent of one’s class • Com & capitalism best understood as attitude • Need constant diligence, frequent “purifications”, “self-criticism” Red versus Expert • Red symbolizes communism • Little red book Quotations from Chairman Mao; over 1/2 billion copies • Red Guards (youths) • Red: especially at height of Cultural Revolution (1966-9) • Expert: draws on Chinese tradition of scholars; emphasis especially after 1978 Mao Zedong • 1934-6 Long March; 1945 Party Chair • 1949 “People’s Republic of China” • 1957-60 Great Leap Forward • 1966-9 Cultural Revolution Deng Xiaoping (1978-89) & Responsibility System • Allow privately owned businesses • Rise in prices for farm goods • Dismantled communes • grew 8.6%/year 1980-present Post-Mao: 4 Modernizations • Agriculture • Industry • National defense • Science & technology Capitalism & Socialism: no pure forms exist Capitalism - Objectives • 1. Economic growth & abundance • 2. Personal freedom of choice • Limited government; Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

• 3. Recognition & reward based on merit • Personal striving - personal reward Capitalist Operating Principle 1 • Market economy: productive forces respond to choices/demands of customers • Innovation, risk, not other bar to entry • No arbitrary exclusions (e.g. nepotism, race discrimination) • Efficient: serve widely-shared demands • Mass market: economies of scale (& division of labor) Capitalist Operating Principle 2 • Private ownership • Freedom of contract Capitalist Operating Principle 3 • Competition - based on expected gain • Dispose of inefficient firms, creative destruction • Research & product development • Political function: disperse decision-making; holders of econ power check each other • Incentive: energy, work, ability (+chance?) Adam Smith Wealth of Nations 1776 • Not state ownership, or regulations, or high taxes, or protective tariffs • Emphasis on market; individualism • Paradox: private interest promoting public good • Wealth - by division of labor; need large market; need in trade • Use incentives Adam Smith (2) • Role of state - minimal: justice (police, courts), defense, limited public works • Oppose mercantilism of king • Eliminate positions of privilege • Supply & demand; until reaching equilibrium; as if by an invisible hand Tragedy of the Commons • Everyone gives primary attention to what they own personally • Whatever is responsibility of everyone to care for is not maintained very well • The larger the group, the less feeling of personal responsibility Capitalist policies sought today (called neoliberalism around the World) • Encourage econ growth • Decrease regulations (of econ & social) • Decrease tax rates (use incentives; encourage growth) • Privatization (sell off state-owned business) • Free trade (reduce tariffs or no tariff barriers) Britain - Thatcher (1979-90) • Privatize state-owned industry (gas, oil, water, telecom, car manufacture, electricity) • Reduce marginal income tax rates: • Top rate 80% to 40% • Standard rate 33% to 25% • Shift from “dependency culture” to “enterprise culture” Socialism - Objectives • 1. Social control of economic power • 2. Substantial social equality • 3. & harmonious society Socialism - Operating Principles Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

• (or control) of basic industries • Subjection of market to government fixed standards: prices, planning, controls • Conscious adjustment of government policies to promote economic & social equality (in general) • Much property (industries, etc.) held by government (public, or society) • Limit on accumulation of private property • Government regulation of econ • Extensive public financial assistance (pensions, welfare) • Government provision of services (e.g. health) M-L Com & Dem Socialism • Violate const & democracy; stay in power • Class antagonism; justify domination • Private property is theft; no compensate • Capitalism is façade; violence against is justified • Adhere to const & democratic procedures • Less emphasize class & more on electoral majority • Public own= mean to end; not much violate prop • Capitalist & socialist coexist; transition gradual • Socialism: Begin Development • Arose in 19th cent as humanitarian response • Equality, cooperativeness, harmony, sharing • Community in fullest sense Robert Owen • The Book of the New Moral World (1837) • Educate all in character & conduct • Predict peace, universal sympathy • No child to grow in ignorance or inferior habits • Science - make wealth superabound • Money (root of great misery) no longer needed Socialism: Development 19th Century • Utopian socialists (Owen, 1837) • Chartists; radical democrats (1830-50) • Marx (1848) • Revisionists, Bernstein (Evolutionary Socialism, 1899) • Fabians (1884) Sidney & Beatrice Webb Fabian Society • Socialism is progressive, as is democracy • Do not rely on force • Recommend specific reforms • Resolute constitutionalists (made socialism respectable) 20th-century Welfare-State Socialism • Entitlements: large % GDP • Extensive public financial assistance (pensions, welfare) • Unemployment benefits • Health care: state paid • Minimum wage • Subsidies, allowances…. • Government owned & managed business

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.

British Labour Party (post-1945) • Examples: Atlee 1945-51; Wilson 1964-70 • Nationalize industries: bank, steel, coal, civil aviation, railways, telephone, electric… • Social services: National Health Service • Expand: housing, education, old-age pensions, tenant’s rights • Redistributive taxes: marginal rate 80% • Clause 4 seek to nationalize all means of production, distribution & exchange Modifying Socialism - (Recent Decades) • Social ownership thought not necessary for social control • More use of market incentives • Germany: Social Democratic Party, 1959, Bad Godesberg; removed Marxist rhetoric • France: Socialist Party, elected 1981; changed directions 1983-4; gave up Marxism & nationalization • 1997-2002 Jospin: privatizing • Modifying Socialism (Britain) • Britain: Labour Party, Tony Blair, 1995 on, remove old clause 4 • Would not nationalize, some privatize; “third way”; won big in 1997 & 2001

Development of this review sheet was made possible by funding from the US Department of Education through South Dakota’s EveryTeacher Teacher Quality Enhancement grant.