DOCSLIB.ORG

Law, Justice, and Theholocaust

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Law, Justice, and Theholocaust LAW, JUSTICE, AND THE HOLOCAUST 1 2 LAW, JUSTICE, AND THE HOLOCAUST 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Authors William F. Meinecke, Jr., Historian Alexandra Zapruder, Consultant This volume was originally created as a complement to the presentation“How the Courts Failed Germany,” delivered by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum at the 2009 annual Conference of Chief Justices and State Court Administrators. The Museum wishes to thank the following individuals for their advice and support: Advisory Committee Hon. Rebecca White Berch, Chief Justice, Arizona Supreme Court David Byers, Director, Administrative Office of the Courts, Arizona Supreme Court Jerry Landau, Director of Government Affairs, Arizona Supreme Court John Meeks, Vice President, Institute for Court Management, National Center for State Courts Denise M. Neary, Senior Judicial Education Attorney, Federal Judicial Center Sheila Polk, Yavapai County Attorney, Arizona Distinguished Panelists Hon. Jonathan Lippman, Chief Judge, New York State Court of Appeals Hon. Ruth V. McGregor, Chief Justice (Ret.), Arizona Supreme Court Hon. Jean Hoefer Toal, Chief Justice, South Carolina Supreme Court Hon. Eric T. Washington, Chief Judge, District of Columbia Court of Appeals This publication was made possible through the generous support of Dr. Donald and Sue Hecht. July 2014 Cover Photo: Criminal court judges display their loyalty to the Nazi state. Berlin, Germany, October 1936. Ullstein bild/The Granger Collection, NY 2 CONTENTS ABOUT THE MUSEUM .....................................................................................5 INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................7 PART I: DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE TRANSITION FROM DEMOCRACY TO DICTATORSHIP ........................................................................... 9 I. Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the People and the State (Reichstag Fire Decree): February 28, 1933 . .10 II. Arrests without Warrant or Judicial Review: Preventive Police Action in Nazi Germany as of February 28, 1933 ..............................................................................13 III. Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Reich (The Enabling Act): March 24, 1933....................17 . IV Law for the Imposition and Implementation of the Death Penalty (Lex van der Lubbe): March 29, 1933 .....................................................................................19 V. Law against the Founding of New Parties: July 14, 1933....................................................21 VI. Oaths of Loyalty for All State Officials: August 20, 1934................................................... 23 PART II: SELECTED DOCUMENTS SHOWING KEY LEGAL MECHANISMS USED TO IMPLEMENT THE NAZI AGENDA ................................................................... 25 I. Antisemitic Legislation: 1933–39 . 26 II. Nuremberg Race Laws (Reich Citizenship Law and Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor): September 15, 1935 ...............................................................30 III. Supreme Court Decision on the Nuremberg Race Laws: December 9, 1936 .................................. 34 . IV Decree against Public Enemies (Folk Pest Law): September 5, 1939 ........................................ 38 . V Katzenberger Case: March 13, 1942.................................................................... 40 VI. First Letter to All Judges (Guidelines for Sentencing): October 1, 1942 .......................................51 VII. Jurists’ Trial Verdict (US v. Josef Alstötter, et al.): December 4, 1947 . 56 PROGRAM RESOURCES.................................................................................. 63 Contract Law Case ................................................................................. 64 Family Law Case ...................................................................................66 GLOSSARY.............................................................................................69 FURTHER READING ..................................................................................... 73 German Justice System Quotations: 1933–45............................................................74 Suggestions for Further Reading...................................................................... 76 TIMELINE OF NAZI GERMANY ............................................................................. 78 3 The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, located in Washington, DC, sponsors onsite and traveling exhibitions, educational outreach, Holocaust commemorations, and new scholarly research. It also strives to make genocide prevention a national and international priority. Timothy Hursley 4 ABOUT THE MUSEUM The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is America’s national institution for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust history, and serves as its memorial to the millions of people killed during the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Jews were the primary victims—six million were murdered; Roma and Sinti (Gypsies), people with mental and physical disabilities, and Poles were also targeted for destruction or decimation for racial, ethnic, or national reasons. Millions more, including homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Soviet prisoners of war, and political dissidents, also suffered grievous oppression and death under Nazi Germany. A living memorial to the Holocaust, the Museum strives to inspire leaders and citizens to confront hatred, prevent genocide, and promote human dignity. Its primary mission is to advance and disseminate knowledge about this unprecedented tragedy, to preserve the memory of those who suffered, and to encourage all people to reflect upon the moral and spiritual questions raised by the events of the Holocaust as well as their own responsibilities as citizens of a democracy. For more information, visit ushmm.org. 5 German police officers stand with a young couple accused of race defilement. The Jewish man wears a sign that reads: “I am a defiler of the race.” Norden, Germany, July 1935. Staatsarchiv Aurich 6 INTRODUCTION Between 1933 and 1945, Germany’s government, government authority, ensuring public respect led by Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist for the law, and guaranteeing that state actions (Nazi) Party, carried out a deliberate, calculated had a legal basis (Rechtsstaat2). At the same time, attack on European Jewry. Basing their actions they valued judicial independence in the form on racist beliefs that Germans were a superior of protection from arbitrary or punitive removal people and on an antisemitic ideology, and using from the bench and freedom from dictates World War II as a primary means to achieve their regarding decision making. Above all, they goals, the Nazis targeted Jews as the main enemy, rendered judgment based on such fundamental killing six million Jewish men, women, and Western legal principles as the equality of all children by the time the war ended in 1945. This citizens, the right of an accused person to a fair act of genocide is now known as the Holocaust. trial, and the concept that there could be no As part of their wide-reaching efforts to remove crime or penalty without prior law. from German territory all those whom they considered racially, biologically, or socially unfit, In spite of these values, political democracy the Nazis targeted many other groups as well, presented serious challenges to the judiciary. including Germans with mental and physical Many judges rejected the legitimacy of the disabilities, Roma (also known as Gypsies), democratic Weimar Republic, since it had Soviet prisoners of war, Poles, homosexuals, and come about through revolution, which they Jehovah’s Witnesses. In the course of this state- considered, by definition, a violation of the sponsored tyranny, the Nazis left countless lives law. This attitude had long-term consequences shattered and millions dead. for the republic. Judges routinely imposed harsh verdicts on left-wing defendants, whom The most significant perpetrators of these crimes they regarded with suspicion as revolutionary are well known: Hitler, Adolf Eichmann, Heinrich agents of various foreign powers, while acting Himmler, and Reinhard Heydrich, as well as leniently toward right-wing defendants, whose the SS,1 among others. But less known are the nationalist sentiments typically echoed their contributions of “ordinary” people—doctors, own. As a result, in the mid-1920s, supporters lawyers, teachers, civil servants, officers, and other of the republic proclaimed a “crisis of trust,” professionals throughout German society—whose demanding the temporary suspension of judicial individual actions, when taken together, resulted independence and the removal of reactionary in dire consequences. Put simply, the Holocaust and antidemocratic judges from the bench. could not have happened without them. Judges regarded these developments with alarm, rejecting proposals for reform as a perversion of The role of those in the legal profession in general justice. Many were convinced that the criticism and the actions of judges in particular were leveled upon them, which had come from the critical. Many senior jurists in Nazi Germany had political left and from parliament, undermined been on the bench throughout the years of the the authority of the state. Weimar Republic (1918−1933)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ordinances—1934
    Australian Capital Territory Ordinances—1934 A chronological listing of ordinances notified in 1934 [includes ordinances 1934 Nos 1-26] Ordinances—1934 1 Sheriff Ordinance Repeal Ordinance 1934 (repealed) repealed by Ord1937-27 notified 8 February 1934 (Cwlth Gaz 1934 No 8) sch 3 commenced 8 February 1934 (see Seat of Government 23 December 1937 (Administration) Act 1910 (Cwlth), s 12) 2 * Administration and Probate Ordinance 1934 (repealed) repealed by A2000-80 notified 8 February 1934 (Cwlth Gaz 1934 No 8) sch 4 commenced 8 February 1934 (see Seat of Government 21 December 2000 (Administration) Act 1910 (Cwlth), s 12) 3 Liquor (Renewal of Licences) Ordinance 1934 (repealed) repealed by Ord1937-27 notified 8 February 1934 (Cwlth Gaz 1934 No 9) sch 3 commenced 8 February 1934 (see Seat of Government 23 December 1937 (Administration) Act 1910 (Cwlth), s 12) 4 Oaths Ordinance 1934 (repealed) repealed by Ord1984-79 notified 15 February 1934 (Cwlth Gaz 1934 No 10) s 2 commenced 15 February 1934 (see Seat of Government 19 December 1984 (Administration) Act 1910 (Cwlth), s 12) 5 Dogs Registration Ordinance 1934 (repealed) repealed by Ord1975-18 notified 1 March 1934 (Cwlth Gaz 1934 No 13) sch commenced 1 March 1934 (see Seat of Government (Administration) 21 July 1975 Act 1910 (Cwlth), s 12) 6 * Administration and Probate Ordinance (No 2) 1934 (repealed) repealed by A2000-80 notified 22 March 1934 (Cwlth Gaz 1934 No 17) sch 4 commenced 22 March 1934 (see Seat of Government (Administration) 21 December 2000 Act 1910 (Cwlth), s 12) 7 Advisory
    [Show full text]
  • Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany
    Radio and the Rise of the Nazis in Prewar Germany Maja Adena, Ruben Enikolopov, Maria Petrova, Veronica Santarosa, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya* May 10, 2014 How far can the media protect or undermine democratic institutions in unconsolidated democracies, and how persuasive can they be in ensuring public support for dictator’s policies? We study this question in the context of Germany between 1929 and 1939. Radio slowed down the growth of political support for the Nazis, when Weimar government introduced pro-government political news in 1929, denying access to the radio for the Nazis up till January 1933. This effect was reversed in 5 weeks after the transfer of control over the radio to the Nazis following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor. After full consolidation of power, radio propaganda helped the Nazis to enroll new party members and encouraged denunciations of Jews and other open expressions of anti-Semitism. The effect of Nazi radio propaganda varied depending on the listeners’ predispositions toward the message. Nazi radio was most effective in places where anti-Semitism was historically high and had a negative effect on the support for Nazi messages in places with historically low anti-Semitism. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! * Maja Adena is from Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung. Ruben Enikolopov is from Barcelona Institute for Political Economy and Governance, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona GSE, and the New Economic School, Moscow. Maria Petrova is from Barcelona Institute for Political Economy and Governance, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona GSE, and the New Economic School. Veronica Santarosa is from the Law School of the University of Michigan. Ekaterina Zhuravskaya is from Paris School of Economics (EHESS) and the New Economic School.
    [Show full text]
  • Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945
    Records of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, 1891-1957, Record Group 85 New Orleans, Louisiana Crew Lists of Vessels Arriving at New Orleans, LA, 1910-1945. T939. 311 rolls. (~A complete list of rolls has been added.) Roll Volumes Dates 1 1-3 January-June, 1910 2 4-5 July-October, 1910 3 6-7 November, 1910-February, 1911 4 8-9 March-June, 1911 5 10-11 July-October, 1911 6 12-13 November, 1911-February, 1912 7 14-15 March-June, 1912 8 16-17 July-October, 1912 9 18-19 November, 1912-February, 1913 10 20-21 March-June, 1913 11 22-23 July-October, 1913 12 24-25 November, 1913-February, 1914 13 26 March-April, 1914 14 27 May-June, 1914 15 28-29 July-October, 1914 16 30-31 November, 1914-February, 1915 17 32 March-April, 1915 18 33 May-June, 1915 19 34-35 July-October, 1915 20 36-37 November, 1915-February, 1916 21 38-39 March-June, 1916 22 40-41 July-October, 1916 23 42-43 November, 1916-February, 1917 24 44 March-April, 1917 25 45 May-June, 1917 26 46 July-August, 1917 27 47 September-October, 1917 28 48 November-December, 1917 29 49-50 Jan. 1-Mar. 15, 1918 30 51-53 Mar. 16-Apr. 30, 1918 31 56-59 June 1-Aug. 15, 1918 32 60-64 Aug. 16-0ct. 31, 1918 33 65-69 Nov. 1', 1918-Jan. 15, 1919 34 70-73 Jan. 16-Mar. 31, 1919 35 74-77 April-May, 1919 36 78-79 June-July, 1919 37 80-81 August-September, 1919 38 82-83 October-November, 1919 39 84-85 December, 1919-January, 1920 40 86-87 February-March, 1920 41 88-89 April-May, 1920 42 90 June, 1920 43 91 July, 1920 44 92 August, 1920 45 93 September, 1920 46 94 October, 1920 47 95-96 November, 1920 48 97-98 December, 1920 49 99-100 Jan.
    [Show full text]
  • Report by Josef Wimmer to the Ahnenerbe Regarding an Investigation in His Apartment by Criminal Police on June 10, 1941 Josef Wimmer
    Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College Ahnenerbe: Documents From Nazi Germany, Dowsing Research 1936-1945 6-10-1941 Report by Josef Wimmer to the Ahnenerbe Regarding an Investigation in His Apartment by Criminal Police on June 10, 1941 Josef Wimmer Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dowsing Part of the European History Commons, Folklore Commons, Intellectual History Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Wimmer, Josef, "Report by Josef Wimmer to the Ahnenerbe Regarding an Investigation in His Apartment by Criminal Police on June 10, 1941" (1941). Dowsing Research. 2. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/dowsing/2 This Correspondence is brought to you for free and open access by the Ahnenerbe: Documents From Nazi Germany, 1936-1945 at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dowsing Research by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. An den Kurator d r Foreohung••u. L hrg m " Da Ahn nerbe" # t ref t a B richt. /LA H ut , am 10. 6. 41. hab n ich di rolg nden, mein P reo ~ tr ff nden Vorgäng r ign t a Morg na ~g Uhr r chienen in m iner Wohnung - ich e1b t ar b reit in d r Schule zwei B amt der Kriminalpolizei Mü-Pa• ing mit dem Auftr g in mein r Wohnung ein Unt rsuchung vorzunehm n . Ioh u ~ d in d r Schu1 an den F rn pr eh r g ruten und von 1n m der genannt n B t n utgetord rt otort nach Hau zu t hr n ~ Gegen 9% Uhr tr t ich in rn m in r Wohnung ein.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust
    THE POLISH POLICE Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski The Polish Police Collaboration in the Holocaust Jan Grabowski INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE NOVEMBER 17, 2016 The assertions, opinions, and conclusions in this occasional paper are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. First printing, April 2017 Copyright © 2017 by Jan Grabowski THE INA LEVINE ANNUAL LECTURE, endowed by the William S. and Ina Levine Foundation of Phoenix, Arizona, enables the Center to bring a distinguished scholar to the Museum each year to conduct innovative research on the Holocaust and to disseminate this work to the American public. Wrong Memory Codes? The Polish “Blue” Police and Collaboration in the Holocaust In 2016, seventy-one years after the end of World War II, the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs disseminated a long list of “wrong memory codes” (błędne kody pamięci), or expressions that “falsify the role of Poland during World War II” and that are to be reported to the nearest Polish diplomat for further action. Sadly—and not by chance—the list elaborated by the enterprising humanists at the Polish Foreign Ministry includes for the most part expressions linked to the Holocaust. On the long list of these “wrong memory codes,” which they aspire to expunge from historical narrative, one finds, among others: “Polish genocide,” “Polish war crimes,” “Polish mass murders,” “Polish internment camps,” “Polish work camps,” and—most important for the purposes of this text—“Polish participation in the Holocaust.” The issue of “wrong memory codes” will from time to time reappear in this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Presentation Slides
    Monetary Policy Alternatives at the Zero Bound: Lessons from the 1930s U.S. Christopher Hanes March 2013 Last resorts for monetary authorities in a liquidity trap: 1) Replace inflation target with target for price level or nominal GDP In standard NK models, credible announcement immediately boosts ∆p, lowers real interest rates while we are still trapped at zero bound. “Expected inflation channel” 2) “Quantitative easing” or Large-Scale Asset Purchases (LSAPs) Buy long-term bonds in exchange for bills or reserves to push down on term, risk or liquidity premiums through “portfolio effects” Can 1) work? Do portfolio effects exist? I look at 1930s, when U.S. in liquidity trap. 1) No clear evidence for expected-inflation channel 2) Yes: evidence of portfolio effects Expected-inflation channel: theory Lessons from the 1930s U.S. β New-Keynesian Phillips curve: ∆p ' E ∆p % (y&y n) t t t%1 γ t T β a distant horizon T ∆p ' E [∆p % (y&y n) ] t t t%T λ j t%τ τ'0 n To hit price-level or $AD target, authorities must boost future (y&y )t%τ For any given path of y in near future, while we are still in liquidity trap, that raises current ∆pt , reduces rt , raises yt , lifts us out of trap Why it might fail: - expectations not so forward-looking, rational - promise not credible Svensson’s “Foolproof Way” out of liquidity trap: peg to depreciated exchange rate “a conspicuous commitment to a higher price level in the future” Expected-inflation channel: 1930s experience Lessons from the 1930s U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi Party Gregori Galofré-Vilà, Christopher M
    Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi party Gregori Galofré-Vilà, Christopher M. Meissner, Martin McKee, and David Stuckler NBER Working Paper No. 24106 December 2017, Revised in September 2020 JEL No. E6,N1,N14,N44 ABSTRACT We study the link between fiscal austerity and Nazi electoral success. Voting data from a thousand districts and a hundred cities for four elections between 1930 and 1933 shows that areas more affected by austerity (spending cuts and tax increases) had relatively higher vote shares for the Nazi party. We also find that the localities with relatively high austerity experienced relatively high suffering (measured by mortality rates) and these areas’ electorates were more likely to vote for the Nazi party. Our findings are robust to a range of specifications including an instrumental variable strategy and a border-pair policy discontinuity design. Gregori Galofré-Vilà Martin McKee Department of Sociology Department of Health Services Research University of Oxford and Policy Manor Road Building London School of Hygiene Oxford OX1 3UQ & Tropical Medicine United Kingdom 15-17 Tavistock Place [email protected] London WC1H 9SH United Kingdom Christopher M. Meissner [email protected] Department of Economics University of California, Davis David Stuckler One Shields Avenue Università Bocconi Davis, CA 95616 Carlo F. Dondena Centre for Research on and NBER Social Dynamics and Public Policy (Dondena) [email protected] Milan, Italy [email protected] Austerity and the Rise of the Nazi party Gregori Galofr´e-Vil`a Christopher M. Meissner Martin McKee David Stuckler Abstract: We study the link between fiscal austerity and Nazi electoral success.
    [Show full text]
  • The Germans: "An Antisemitic People” the Press Campaign After 9 November 1938 Herbert Obenhaus
    The Germans: "An Antisemitic People” The Press Campaign After 9 November 1938 Herbert Obenhaus The pogrom of 9-10 November 1938 gave rise to a variety of tactical and strategic considerations by the German government and National Socialist party offices. The discussions that took place in the Ministry of Propaganda - which in some respects played a pivotal role in the events, due largely to its minister, Josef Goebbels - were of particular significance. On the one hand, the ministry was obliged to document the "wrath of the people" following the assassination of Ernst vom Rath; on the other hand, it was also responsible for manipulating the population by influencing the press and molding opinion. Concerning the events themselves, the main issue was what kind of picture the press was conveying to both a national and an international readership. In the ministry, this prompted several questions: Could it be satisfied with the reactions of the population to vom Rath's murder? What explanation could be given for the people's obvious distance to the events surrounding 9 November? Should the press make greater efforts to influence the opinions prevalent among the population? Should special strategies for the press be developed and pursued after 9 November 1938? Moreover, since the pogrom proved to be a turning point in the regime's policies towards German Jews and marked the beginning of a qualitative change, how should the press react to these changes ? Press activity was also conducted on a second level, that of the NSDAP, which had its own press service, the Nationalsozialistische Partei- Korrespondenz (NSK).1 As was the case with Goebbels' ministry, the 1 It was published in 1938 with the publisher's information, "Commissioned by Wilhelm Weiss responsible for the reports from the Reichspressestelle: Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Inflation Expectations and Recovery from the Depression in the Spring of 1933: Evidence from the Narrative Record
    Inflation Expectations and Recovery from the Depression in the Spring of 1933: Evidence from the Narrative Record Andrew J. Jalil and Gisela Rua* January 2016 Abstract This paper uses the historical narrative record to determine whether inflation expectations shifted during the second quarter of 1933, precisely as the recovery from the Great Depression took hold. First, by examining the historical news record and the forecasts of contemporary business analysts, we show that inflation expectations increased dramatically. Second, using an event- studies approach, we identify the impact on financial markets of the key events that shifted inflation expectations. Third, we gather new evidence—both quantitative and narrative—that indicates that the shift in inflation expectations played a causal role in stimulating the recovery. JEL Classification: E31, E32, E12, N42 Keywords: inflation expectations, Great Depression, narrative evidence, liquidity trap, regime change * Andrew Jalil: Department of Economics, Occidental College, 1600 Campus Road, Los Angeles, CA 90041 (email: [email protected]). Gisela Rua: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Mail Stop 82, 20th St. and Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, D.C. 20551 (email: [email protected]). We are grateful to Pamfila Antipa, Alan Blinder, Michael Bryan, Chia-Ying Chang, Tracy Dennison, Barry Eichengreen, Joshua Hausman, Philip Hoffman, John Leahy, David Lopez-Salido, Christopher Meissner, Edward Nelson, Marty Olney, Jonathan Rose, Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Jeremy Rudd, Eugene White, our discussants Carola Binder and Hugh Rockoff, and seminar participants at the Federal Reserve Board, the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, the California Institute of Technology, American University, and Occidental College for thoughtful comments.
    [Show full text]
  • ISAGUE Off HATIONS C.13.M.12.1936.XII. (Communicated, to the Council and Members Geneva, January 7Th, 1936. of the League). RESI
    ISAGUE Off HATIONS C.13.M.12.1936.XII. (Communicated, to the Council and Members Geneva, January 7th, 1936. of the League). RESIGNATION Off M r . JiMES G. MCDONALD, HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR RBFJGS3S (-JEWISH AMD OTHER) FROM GERM&flY. Ko te by the Secretary-General. The Secretary-General of the League of Nations has the honour to transmit to the Council a letter dated December 27th, 1935, with annexes, from Mr. James G. McDonald, resign­ ing the office of High Commissioner for Refugees (Jewish and Other) from Germany. The original document sent by Mr. McDonald, which is appended to this note, is written in English. It is accom­ panied by a French translation of the letter of resignation, but not, at present, by a translation of the annexes. It is being communicated in this state to avoid any delay; a French translation of all the documents transmitted will be despatched in due course. O.l&M 13.3 936 ,XIT Annex . __ LETTER OF RESIGNATION OF JAMES G. McDONALD High Commissioner for Refugees Qewish and Other) Coming from Germany ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS With an Annex containing an analysis of the measures in Germany against “ Non-Aryans ”, and of their effects in creating refugees London, December 27th, 193j LETTER OF RESIGNATION JAMES G. McDONALD High Commissioner for Refugees (Jewish and Other) Coming from Germany ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS With an Annex containing an analysis of the measures in Germany against “ Non-Aryans ”, and of their effects in creating refugees London, December 2jtb, PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY HEADLEY BROTHERS 109 KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C.2 AND ASHFORD, KENT TABLE OF CONTENTS Letter of Resignation p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Truth of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann (Pdf)
    6/28/2020 The Truth of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann » Mosaic THE TRUTH OF THE CAPTURE OF ADOLF EICHMANN https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/history-ideas/2020/06/the-truth-of-the-capture-of-adolf-eichmann/ Sixty years ago, the infamous Nazi official was abducted in Argentina and brought to Israel. What really happened, what did Hollywood make up, and why? June 1, 2020 | Martin Kramer About the author: Martin Kramer teaches Middle Eastern history and served as founding president at Shalem College in Jerusalem, and is the Koret distinguished fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Listen to this essay: Adolf Eichmann’s Argentinian ID, under the alias Ricardo Klement, found on him the night of his abduction. Yad Vashem. THE MOSAIC MONTHLY ESSAY • EPISODE 2 June: The Truth of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann 1x 00:00|60:58 Sixty years ago last month, on the evening of May 23, 1960, the Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion made a brief but dramatic announcement to a hastily-summoned session of the Knesset in Jerusalem: A short time ago, Israeli security services found one of the greatest of the Nazi war criminals, Adolf Eichmann, who was responsible, together with the Nazi leaders, for what they called “the final solution” of the Jewish question, that is, the extermination of six million of the Jews of Europe. Eichmann is already under arrest in Israel and will shortly be placed on trial in Israel under the terms of the law for the trial of Nazis and their collaborators. In the cabinet meeting immediately preceding this announcement, Ben-Gurion’s ministers had expressed their astonishment and curiosity.
    [Show full text]
  • Holocaust Glossary
    Holocaust Glossary A ● Allies: 26 nations led by Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union that opposed Germany, Italy, and Japan (known as the Axis powers) in World War II. ● Antisemitism: Hostility toward or hatred of Jews as a religious or ethnic group, often accompanied by social, economic, or political discrimination. (USHMM) ● Appellplatz: German word for the roll call square where prisoners were forced to assemble. (USHMM) ● Arbeit Macht Frei: “Work makes you free” is emblazoned on the gates at Auschwitz and was intended to deceive prisoners about the camp’s function (Holocaust Museum Houston) ● Aryan: Term used in Nazi Germany to refer to non-Jewish and non-Gypsy Caucasians. Northern Europeans with especially “Nordic” features such as blonde hair and blue eyes were considered by so-called race scientists to be the most superior of Aryans, members of a “master race.” (USHMM) ● Auschwitz: The largest Nazi concentration camp/death camp complex, located 37 miles west of Krakow, Poland. The Auschwitz main camp (Auschwitz I) was established in 1940. In 1942, a killing center was established at Auschwitz-Birkenau (Auschwitz II). In 1941, Auschwitz-Monowitz (Auschwitz III) was established as a forced-labor camp. More than 100 subcamps and labor detachments were administratively connected to Auschwitz III. (USHMM) Pictured right: Auschwitz I. B ● Babi Yar: A ravine near Kiev where almost 34,000 Jews were killed by German soldiers in two days in September 1941 (Holocaust Museum Houston) ● Barrack: The building in which camp prisoners lived. The material, size, and conditions of the structures varied from camp to camp.
    [Show full text]