© Cambridge University Press Cambridge

Cambridge University Press 0521827647 - Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids Edited by Michael J. S. Belton, Thomas H. Morgan, Nalin H. Samarasinha and Donald K. Yeomans Index More information

Index

ablation 155–160 2000 RD53 43 Amelioration element 402 2000 SG344 369 Andromeda planetary environmental chamber 340 2000 UG11 144 anaerobic microorganisms 341 2000 WC1 193–194 antimatter see under mitigation techniques 2001 SL9 144 aphelion, distance 1, 16 2002 MN 185–195, 369 Apollo missions 236, 273 2002 NT7 370 Apollo 14 236, 237 2100 Ra-Shalom 149 Apollo 16 237 3671 Dionysus 144 Apollo 17 237 5407 1992 AX 144 attenuation coefﬁcient 208 5587 (1990 SB) 149 Arecibo 39, 50, 56, 401 31345 1998 PG 144 asteroid 68–70 35107 1991 VH 144 albedo 147 Adonis 57 Apollo 1, 9, 18 Apollo 40, 60 Amor 1, 9, 18 Asclepius 366 Aten 1, 9, 16, 18 Castalia 92 binary 70, 142–144, 316, 321, 325 Dactyl 316 C-class 12, 109 Eros 68, 69, 73, 87, 90–91, 105–109, 314, 365 density 12, 56–59, 69, 86, 90, 91, 143 Gaspra 87, 109–110, 316 Earth-crossing 1, 3–4, 365 Geographos 60 main belt 2–6, 7, 12, 18 Icarus 39, 171 S-class 11–12, 109 Ida 87–90, 316 surface roughness 56–58 Ivar 293 asteroid, individual Mathilde 69, 75, 91–94 1950 DA 41, 48, 54–55 Toutatis 59, 60, 366 1987 OA 60 1989 UR 60 B612 Foundation 111, 397 1991 RB 300, 302, 308 basic research 402, 406 1992 QN 57 BepiColombo 284 1994 AW1 144 bolide see ﬁreball 1994 AW7 50 Born approximation 212–226 1996 FG3 144 Brazil nut effect 106–107 1997 XF11 358, 362, 367 1998 ML14 41, 43–48 Canyon Diablo 104 1998 SF36 60, 314 capture cross-section 23 1999 AN10 368 catenae 78, 79 1999 AQ10 193–194 chaotic motion 314 1999 FN53 43–48 chemical propulsion see under mitigation 1999 HF1 144 techniques 1999 KW4 144 Chicxulub crater 1 2000 DP107 59, 60, 144 chondrules 350 2000 EE104 57 Clementine II 177, 274

411

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521827647 - Mitigation of Hazardous Comets and Asteroids Edited by Michael J. S. Belton, Thomas H. Morgan, Nalin H. Samarasinha and Donald K. Yeomans Index More information

412 Index

Close Proximity Operations 313, 333 Galileo spacecraft 105, 316, 337 Close Proximity Dynamics 319–320, 328 Geminids 155 cohesion 234, 239, 279 giggle factor 354 comet 5–6, 66–68, 110–111, 355 global climate change 356 albedo 67 Goldstone 39, 50, 56, 401 density 67, 80–81 gravity field 56 ecliptic 5 polygonal 315 Halley-type 5 polyhedron 319 Jupiter-family 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 18 surface 319 nearly isotropic 5, 7, 10–11 Green function 211, 212 comet, individual Grüneisenconstant 124, 138, 245, 253 1P/Halley 67 Gurney formula 244 19P/Borrelly 67, 110 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko 285 Hayabusa 60, 267, 268, 276, 284, 314, 323, 328, 331, D/Shoemaker-Levy 9 67, 75, 77, 78–81, 95 332, 338 Lexell 364 hazard fraction 23 LINEAR (D/1999 S4) 6, 72, 75, 77 hazard identification 401 P/Brooks 2 77 hazard scales 357–362 CONSERT 202, 213–214, 217–218, 231, 285 Hera 267, 337 CRAF/Comet Nucleus Penetrator 284 Hidalgo 273 Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary 1 Hill Sphere 70 Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction event 366 historical perspective on impacts 363–366 Hohmann transfer 293, 301, 303 debiased population 7, 8–10, 23 hopping 283–284, 313, 325 deflection 292, 305 hovering 268, 316, 334 Deep Impact 94, 177, 275 body-fixed 328–333 Deep Interior 284 near-inertial 328–331 Deep Space 1 110, 304, 305 human space flight 398 Deimos 316 Delta V 26, 60 IAU 1, 357, 359, 362 density Technical Review Committee 363 asteroid see under asteroid Working Group on NEOs 362 comet see under comet impact hazard 353–355, 371, 381, 383, 391 internal 319 IMPACT workshop 358 dielectric constant 207, 208, 212, 215, 219 impacts see under mitigation techniques disruption 118, 135–136 implementation phase 399, 405, 408 dispersion 118, 135–136 inclination 2–6 Don Quijote 274, 275 inhomogeneity 210, 213, 217, 319 Doppler frequency (radial velocity) 38 Innisfree 158 DS-2 Mars microprobes 274, 282 interception 292 dust 337 international cooperation 384 International Space Station 351 Earth-crossing objects 292 interior structure 234, 264, 317, 404 earthquakes 357 interior-to-the-Earth objects (IEOs) 1, 9, 14, 15–16, 18 eaters see under mitigation techniques inversion 224–228, 229 eccentricity 2–6 ion propulsion see under mitigation techniques electric and plasma propulsion see under mitigation IRAS 147, 156 techniques electrostatic environment 316 Johnson–Cook Constitutive Model 240, 242, 245, ellipsoidal harmonics 319 248, 251, 253 energy scaling 76 environmental catastrophe 355 KC-135 338, 349, 351 ESA 1 Kepler’s third law 142 escape velocity 120, 326 Kuiper belt 5 explosives 235, 239–246, 274 European Fireball Network (EN) 158–162 lander 236, 263, 266–268 European Global Navigation Satellite System least-squares fit 43 (Galileo) 164 Leonids 155 Libration points 322, 325 faunal mass extinction 365 lightcurve 317 fireball 154, 156 inversion 142

Index 413

LINEAR 10, 15, 29 super high energetic propulsion 174 experimental test site (ETS) 26 surface explosions 117–118, 123–124 longitude of the ascending node 9 utilization of Yarkovsky effect 181–182 loss tangent 207 mobility 283 lossy medium 207–211 moles 285 Lost City 158 Monte Carlo simulations 40 LSST 61–62, 396, 401 monoliths 73 Luna-Glob 284 Moon 57, 236, 274 Lunar-A 274, 282 Mount St. Helens 393, 398 Lunar Module 236 MUPUS 276, 280 Lyrids 155 MUSES-C see Hayabusa

magnitude, absolute 49, 148 NASA 1, 13, 232, 354, 357, 359, 393, 398, 406, 407 Mars 57, 236, 282, 341 NEO ProgramOffice 363 Mars Global Surveyor 280 National Program 391, 392, 394, 400, 408 Mars Odyssey 280 natural particle beam see under mitigation techniques Mars Polar Lander 281 near-Earth objects (NEOs) 1, 234 MARSIS (Mars advanced radar for subsurface and albedo distribution 11–13 ionospheric sounding) 201–202, 228, 231 binary 58–59 mass drivers see under mitigation techniques Near Earth Asteroid Thermal Model 147 mass extinction event 356 NEAR Shoemaker 105, 276, 314, 331, 337, 397 measurement NEAT 8, 10 astrometric 317 NEODyS2 33, 363, 370 spectral 317, 318 Netlander 281 mechanical properties 235, 239, 253, 275–277 non-gravitational forces 5, 61 meteor non-linear programming 298 impacts on Moon 238 normal modes 254–263, 272 trains 157 Northridge earthquake 398 wakes (afterglow) 157 NRAO 62 Meteor Crater 73 nuclear explosives see under mitigation techniques meteoric fireball 156 nuclear propulsion see under mitigation techniques microgravity 339 nuclear pulse see under mitigation techniques Mie-GrüneisenEquation of State 240, 242, 245, 248, 253 one-impulse interception 303 MINERVA 276, 284, 328 Oort cloud 5–6, 11, 18 mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion see under optical photometry 142–144 mitigation techniques optimal deflection 309 minimum orbital intersection distance (MOID) 10, 23, optimization problem 298 39 orbiting 313 Minor Planet Center (MPC) 33 orbits mission operations 337 optical only 40, 41, 43, 49–53 mitigation 337, 394, 396 radar + optical 40, 41, 43, 49–53 mitigation techniques orbital motion 321 antimatter 183 Organization for Economic Cooperation and chemical explosives 178 Development 371, 382, 383 chemical propulsion 173–174 eaters 183–184 Palermo Scale 35, 48, 362 electric and plasma propulsion (ion propulsion) Pan Starrs 32, 401, 406 175–176, 292, 310 particle size sorting 348 impacts 114–116, 119–123, 176–177 PBX-9010 244, 245 mass drivers 179 Peekskill 158 mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion 182–183 penetration depth 208 natural particle beam 184 penetrator 266–268, 274, 276, 282–284, 286, 287 nuclear explosives 116–117, 124–134, 177–178, perihelion, distance 1, 4, 11 293 permeability 207 nuclear propulsion 174–175 permittivity 220, 221 nuclear pulse 175 Perseids 155 pulsed lasers and microwaves 179–181 Philae (formerly Rosetta Lander) 267, 276, 280, 282, solar concentrator 168, 182, 187, 397 285 solar sail 178–179 Phobos 316 subsurface explosions 117–118, 123–124 Phobos 1 and 2 missions 281, 283

414 Index

Poisson’s ratio 239, 242, 253 space weathering 148 Polar Night 284 spatial sampling 224 ponds 105, 108 sphere of influence 322 porosity 69–70, 210, 276, 402 Standard Thermal Model 147 potentially hazardous objects (PHOs) 10, 23, 39 strategic phase 399–400, 408 Pribram 158 strength–gravity transition 76 preparatory phase 399, 401–405, 408 subsurface explosions see under mitigation techniques projectiles, explosively formed (EFPs) 244 superbollide 156 PROP-F 276, 283 super high energetic propulsion see under mitigation public concern 395 techniques pulsed lasers and microwaves see under mitigation surface explosions see under mitigation techniques techniques surface motion 325–328 radar 38, 43, 150, 201–202, 204–207, 318 surface waves 272 astrometry 39 synchronous orbit 325 bistatic 213 radius 321 delay-Doppler 40, 55, 67, 150, 317 synthetic impactors 23 mono-static 213, 215 radiation pressure, solar 322, 323–324 Tagish Lake 104, 158 radio beacon 281–282 target characterization 402, 406 radio reflection tomography (RRT) 202, 221–231 tensile strength 76, 86, 250–253 radio transmission tomography (RTT) 202, 216–221 terrorismscale 357 reflectance spectroscopy 145–146 tektite ages 365 regolith 237–239, 320, 337 thermal conductivity 278 rendezvous missions 404 thermal inertia 75, 147, 280 resonance 2–19 thermal-IR 142 3:1 3 spectrophotometry 146–150 5:2 2 thermal properties 277, 279, 280–281 2:1 2 tidal disruption 71–72 v6 3 time delay (range) 38 diffusive 4–5 Tisserand parameter 5 Richter scale 357 tomography 201, 202–203, 211–213, 215, 216–228, rotational effects 321 231, 234, 273, 285, 287, 397 risk assessment 168–170, 354 Torino scale 35, 359–362 risk perception 355–357 Trojans 5 roadmap 402, 405 tsunami 356, 371, 372, 395 Roche lobe 73 Tumbling Stone 363 Rosetta Lander see under Philae Tunguska-class 354, 356, 385 rubble pile 74, 264 Tunguska event 292, 365, 375, 393 hypothesis 67, 143, 201 UK NEO Task Force report 391, 404, 407 Saffir–Simpson scale 357 unconsolidated material 252–253, 337 sand blasting 72 United Nations (UN) 195 scattered disk 5 US Air Force 354 scientific requirements 141–152, 392 US Congress 357 seismic 397 US Department of Defense 407 moment 239 US Department of Homeland Security 357, 406 sources 236–246 US National Research Council 396 seismology 234, 235–239, 264, 268–272, 287 utilization of Yarkovsky effect see under mitigation seismometer 263 techniques semimajor axis 2–6 Sentry 33, 48, 363, 370 variational equations 294 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 38 Venus 57 sintering 279 Vesta/Mars-Aster 274 Snowmass Workshop 366 Viking 1 236 Soft Landers 283, 286, 287 Viking 2 236 solar concentrator see under mitigation techniques volatiles 6, 277 solar sail see under mitigation techniques volcanic explosions 357 Spaceguard 38, 61, 385, 406 goal 13–19 warning time 372, 374, 376, 378, 380, 395, 401 Survey Report 354 Spaceguard Foundation 363 Yarkovsky effect 2, 54, 107, 108, 153, 281