Chassis Design Principles and Analysis List of Chapters
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Chassis Design Principles and Analysis List of Chapters Foreword Fixed Steering Angle Authors’ Preface Part C: Four-Wheel Model Examples Origins and Objectives 2.5. Lateral Weight Transfer Effect (Wheel Pair) Acknowledgements Introduction List of Plates Distribution of the Roll Moment List of Figures (about the Ground) List of Tables Roll Moment Effects Roll Moment Effects–Analysis Based 1. Maurice Olley–His Life and Times on the Layout of Figure 2.30 and 1.1. Reminiscences Notation of Figure 2.29 1.2. Chronology–Maurice Olley 2.6. Calculating Steady-State Steering 1.3. Holyhead Road Characteristics with Lateral Load Transfer 1.4. Olley’s Associates Distribution (LLTD) 1.5. Introduction to the Monographs Introduction 1.6. Suspension (General Discussion) Tires 2. Tires and Steady-State Cornering–Slip Angle Summary of Steady-State Equations Effects (Primary) Some Variations 2.1. Introduction Tire Lateral Forces Part A: Simplified Tire Models 2.7. Traction Effects 2.2. Tires Introduction Effect of Slip Angle on Lateral Force Rolling Resistance Mathematical Representation of Lateral Combined Longitudinal and Lateral Force vs. Slip Angle Tire Force Further Study of Parabola Power Required Notes on the Olley Tire Model 2.8. Neutral Steer Point and Static Margin Note on Wheel and Tire Introduction Part B: Bicycle Model Examples Neutral Steer Point 2.3. Steady-State Turns (General Discussion) 2.9. Swing Axle Introduction Introduction Steady-State Turns Approximate Figuring of Swing Axle Camber Steer–In a Parallel Independent Roll Moments Front Suspension (IFS) Swing Axle Roll Steer “De-Stabilizing” the Swing Axle Changes in Steer Angle at the Front 2.10. Summary of Steady-State Steering Wheels (Primary Effects) 2.4. Calculating Steady-State Steering 2.11. Summary of Calculations in Sections Characteristics (Bicycle Model) 2.4 through 2.9 Introduction Section 2.4 Measuring Steering Characteristics Section 2.5 Examples Section 2.6 Conventional Constant Radius/Variable Section 2.7 Speed Skid Pad Test Section 2.8 The “Infinite Skid Pad” (Testing at Section 2.9 Constant Speed) Chassis Design Principles and Analysis 3. Steady-State Cornering–Steer Effects 4. Transient Cornering (Secondary) 4.1. Introduction 3.1. Introduction 4.2. Checkerboard Test (Stonex) Note on Understeer/Oversteer as 4.3. Qualitative Transient Description (Schilling) Measured in Skid Pad Tests Turn without Roll–No Understeer or 3.2. Roll Effects Oversteer Inclined Roll Axis Turn with Roll 3.3. Wheel Control (Rear Axle) 4.4. Linear Analysis Rear Axle 4.5. CAL Results (Segel) Hotchkiss Rear Axle 4.6. Turn Entry Transient (Olley) Torque Tube Rear Axle (and 4.7. Moment of Inertia and Wheelbase Panhard Rod) Introduction Four-Link Rear Axle Estimated k2/ab in Plan View Three-Link and Panhard Rod 4.8. Steering when Moving Forward Offset Torque Arm Time Response Swing Axle Geometry Response Plots for a Modern Car 3.4. Wheel Control (Front Suspensions Steering when Moving Forward, and Steering) Steady State Roll Steer of Front Wheels 4.9. Steering when Moving in Reverse Front Axle Comments on Steering in Forward Forward Steering and Reverse Geometry in Roll Time Response in Reverse Leaf Spring Geometry 4.10. Boat Steering and Truck in Reverse Front Axle Center Point Boat Steering Independent Front Suspension Truck in Reverse Wishbone Suspension 4.11. Note on Ackermann ℓ/R Approximation Rear Steering Linkage 4.12. Summary Forward Steering Linkage 5. Ride 3.5. Understeer and Oversteer Effects, 5.1. Introduction Front and Rear 5.2. Dry Friction 3.6. Torque Steer 5.3. Fluid Damping 3.7. Lateral Deflection Steer 5.4. Steel Springs: Work Storage Analysis Flexibility of Steering Linkage 5.5. Work Stored in Springs Timing of Lateral Deflection Steer Round Wire Helical Spring in Rear-Steer Effects Compression, or Torsion Rod 3.8. Straight Running 5.6. Toggles and Self-Leveling 3.9. Suspension Geometry Effects 5.7. Two Degrees of Freedom Toe-In and Camber 5.8. The Rowell and Guest Treatment Camber-Change Variations Spring Center O (Wishbone Suspension) CG of Sprung Mass Caster Pitch Stability Kingpin Angle Oscillation Centers Wheelfight 5.9. Actual Ride Frequencies 3.10. Effect of Road Surface 5.10. Height of Oscillation Centers and 3.11. Wind Handling Sprung CG Introduction 5.11. Additional Material on the Yaw Damping Due to the Tires Two-Degree-of-Freedom Ride Model Path of Car 5.12. Unsprung Weight Factors Affecting Wind Handling 5.13. Independent Suspension 3.12. Summary Chassis Design Principles and Analysis 5.14. Multiple Suspension Rear Axle Side Shake 5.15. Summary Camber Change or Swing Arm Action Roll Cambering 6. Oscillations of the Unsprung 6.15. Summary 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Shimmy Dynamics and Its Cures 7. Suspension Linkages Center-Point Steering 7.1. Introduction Kingpin in the Wheel Plane 7.2. Front Suspension with No Offsets Drag-Link Springs (First Approximation) Shimmy Shackle Camber Change Compensated Tie Rods 7.3. Steering Linkage (without Anti-Dive) Independent Suspension Mechanisms 7.4. Effect of Anti-Dive on Steering Linkage 6.3. Wheelfight Layout Introduction 7.5. Wheel Motions with Arm-Planes at an Steering Gear Resonance Angle to the Transverse Plane Wheelfight Cures 7.6. Greater Accuracy (Allowance for Offsets) Effect on Wheelfight (Schilling, Camber (Inclination) Change (γ) “Handling Factors,” 1938) Tread Change (One Wheel) 6.4. Caster Wobble (Olley) 7.7. Comparison Example–Front Suspension Case Study–Chevrolet with without and with Offsets Dubonnet IFS 7.8. Link Suspension Rear Axle Road Speed 7.9. Rear Axle Linkage with Offsets Road Surface 7.10. Ride Rates and Wheel Rates Engine Mount 7.11. Camber Thrust Summary–Caster Wobble 7.12. Toe-In–Swing Axle with Diagonal Pivot 6.5. Wheel Hop 7.13. Wheel Rates–Wishbone Suspension Introduction 7.14. Tread [Track] Change Radius Damping of the Sprung and 7.15. Effect of Camber Change on Wheel Rate Unsprung Masses 7.16. Vertical Rate of Arm and Torsion Spring Harmonic Wheel Hop Absorbers 7.17. Position of Springs Frequency of Wheel Hop 7.18. Summary Shock Absorbers 8. Roll, Roll Moments and Skew Rates 6.6. Fore and Aft Forces 8.1. Introduction 6.7. Washboard Roads 8.2. The Roll Axis 6.8. Brake Hop Axle 6.9. Reverse Power Hop Independent without Tread [Track] Note on Reverse Power Hop Change (Offset Torque Arm) Independent with Tread Change 6.10. Axle Tramp Swing Axle “Sculling Action” 8.3. Intermediate Designs of Independent 6.11. Crane-Simplex Linkage Suspension 6.12. Damping of a Swing Axle 8.4. De Dion Axles 6.13. Note on Raised Roll Center without 8.5. Skew Rates [Warp] Swing Axle 8.6. Longitudinal Interconnection– 6.14. Handling Factors (Report by Robert Compensated Suspension Schilling, GMPG, 1938) Total Roll Rate for Compensated Waddle and Side Chuck Suspension Wheelhouse Clearance Skew Rate Tire Scrub 8.7. Roll Stability Scrub Damping Scale Effects Chassis Design Principles and Analysis Roll Stabilizer Appendix A Slip Angle Sign Conventions 8.8. Roll Axis Measurement A.1 Introduction 8.9. Summary A.2 SAE Sign Convention A.3 Olley’s Sign Convention 9. Fore and Aft Forces A.4 Summary 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Maximum Traction Appendix B Fiala/Radt Nondimensional Tire Front Drive Representation Grades B.1 Introduction 9.3. Brake Distribution B.2 Derivation 9.4. Brake Dive B.3 Advantages of Tire 9.5. Anti-Dive Geometry Nondimensionalization 9.6. Power Squat Appendix C Technical Papers by 9.7. Mercedes Single-Joint Swing Arm Olley–Summaries and Reviews 9.8. Vehicles with Axles Controlled by Leaf Springs Appendix D Olley Correspondence Wind-Up of Unsymmetrical Spring Appendix E Balloon Tires and Front Wheel Note on Wind-Up Stiffness of Leaf Suspension Springs 9.9. Inclination of Leaf Springs Appendix F Sense of Direction 9.10. Anti-Dive Front Wishbone Suspension Appendix G Development of the Flat Ride 9.11. Sudden Brake Application 9.12. Summary Index 10. Leaf Springs–Combined Suspension Spring About the Authors and Linkage 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Circular Bending e 10.3. Parallel Cantilever 10.4. Theoretical Single Leaf b 10.5. Figuring a Leaf Spring a 10.6. Cantilever Spring 10.7. Equal Leaves and Equal Spacing c 10.8. Combined Spring Rate (with “Unbalanced” Springs) 10.9. Effective Torque Arm 10.10. Roll Rates 10.11. Shackle Effects–Symmetrical and d Unsymmetrical Springs f With Symmetrical Leaf Springs Shackle Effects, Unsymmetrical Springs A 10.12. Spring Testing B 10.13. Summary C D D 0 C B A.