Journal of Leadership in Organizations, ISSN 2656-8829 (Print), ISSN 2656-8810 (Online) Vol.3, No. 1 (2021) 58-71 JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP IN ORGANIZATIONS Journal homepage: https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/leadership

EXPATRIATION AFTER THE TERROR ATTACK: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY FROM HR PERSPECTIVE

Silvia Akter 1 , Shamsul Huq Bin Shahriar 2, Md. Abdul Momen 3, Nayeema Sultana 4 1,3,4 East West University, Jahurul Islam City Gate, A/2 Jahurul Islam Ave, , 2 American & Efird Bangladesh Ltd., The Glass House, Gulshan Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Introduction and Main Objective: This study attempted to Keywords: explain the anxieties from the insights of expatriates and Expatriates, Bangladesh, their views related to international assignments in Terror attack, ‘Holey Bangladesh after the Holey Artisan attack in 2016, this study Artisan Bakery’, Qualitative approach also discusses the immediate and current status of expatriation in Bangladesh. Background Problems: The host Article History: countries’ environment plays an important role in accomplishing any overseas assignment. Bangladesh with its Received 2020-12-15 ethnicity of warm hospitality has always been an ideal place for expatriates from both novel and similar cultures and Received in revised from 2021-02-22 environments. Conversely, the recent incidents of terror attacks, notably the major attack at ‘Holey Artisan Bakery’ in Received in revised from 2016 have changed many calculations. Research Method: 2021-03-06 This qualitative research is a combination of narrative Accepted situational analysis and longitudinal study. Primary data 2021-03-24 was collected through interviews. Findings/Results: DOI: Research findings revealed some aftermaths of the attack https://doi.org/10.22146/jlo.62247 related to the actions taken by the authority of the state. And

how this incident hampered the assignments and work-life balance of the expatriates. Novelty: This particular study contributes to the existing literature of international human resource management with the tools and technics of effective crisis management from the real-life experiences of the expatriates. Conclusion: This study suggests that this is high time for organizations to work on their people and culture management strategies to increase interfaith, intercultural, and multiracial harmony. ______* Corresponding Author at Human Resource, American & Efird Bangladesh Ltd., The Glass House, Gulshan Avenue, Dhaka, Bangladesh. E-mail address: [email protected]

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This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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1. Introduction of transferring leadership and core organizational values to the region. Along with the local investment, the With previous experience, expertise and potential success of any emerging economy well premeditated international to a great extent depends on international assignments; even within a short period of investments, successful global collaborations time expatriates can gain a good hold over and foreign aids. At the same time, global the subject matter and contribute to collaboration and support from international organizational survival and competitive communities help business organizations to growth. Sometimes they even play a design better and sustainable strategies, significant role to develop the conditions and achieve operational excellence, transfer relations between the host and parent technology, knowledge and leadership. countries, in the course of working as an Where, the operation, market orientations agent of development partners. and even the employment have become Day by day the purposes and the nature matters of free geographical boundaries or of these kinds of international assignments margins; globalization is creating huge are becoming more and more challenging opportunities for overseas jobs; international and intricate (Mayerhofer, et al., 2004). It assignments and expatriation (Brewster and becomes more difficult when the host Harris, 1999). country faces any threat of terrorism and Due to the fact of internationalization of foreign delegates are the main target of the businesses and increasing concerns related to militants. implementing the ‘best practice’ in the Bangladesh, a South Asian lower- subsidiaries and partner organizations; it has middle-income- developing country, which become a common practice for various gained independence in 1971 after nine multinational companies, international joint months ‘liberation war; the country and its ventures and even for the local companies to people know the value of peace, love, build and maintain global partnerships. secularism and hospitality. Bangladesh has Nevertheless, the success of international been a perfect place for expatriates from both projects critically depends on the host novel and similar cultures. However, this country, its economic condition, culture, recent incident of extremism and terror natural resources, manpower, political attack at ‘Holey Artisan Bakery’ in 2016 has situation, market size, environment, safety, changed more than a few calculations etc. regarding its image and put a question mark In the literature of international human on the country’s security measures for the resource management expatriation has been foreign delegates and expatriates. Although explained as an essential foundation to the attack was on some targeted people become global leaders (Black, et al., 1999) as (mostly non-Muslim foreigners), it was a during these varieties of international major blow to Bangladesh's overall security assignments; an employee gets a prospect to system, as well as a major plot to tarnish the experience the comprehensive conditions of country's image in the international arena. international business, its challenges, The attack could have had far-reaching opportunities, and actions. It is also a process negative effects on the country's business, trade, international investment and 59

Akter, et al. Journal of Leadership in Organizations Vol.3, No. 1 (2021) 31-44 development sector. Consequently, this and salvation from sins; through the incident had created a negative perception observance of a whole month of fasting, towards expatriation in Bangladesh as the Muslims urge for mercy and peace. On that main target of these attacks were the night everything was going as usual, after the foreigners. iftar people were taking a rest or performing Therefore, the government with its Taraweeh prayer. At around 9:20 pm (local supreme priority took all essential counter- time), a group of militants stormed a popular terrorism measures to ensure the security of restaurant named Holey Artisan Bakery in a the country, its people, and the citizens of filmy style and took around thirty people, other countries living in Bangladesh. hostage in the café (Bdnews24.com, 2016). Nevertheless, very little was known Holey Artisan Bakery, the restaurant located regarding the immediate reactions of the in Gulshan 2, Dhaka is a sister concern of expatriates and their families who were Izumi was a very popular gathering place living in Bangladesh at that time, their among the foreigners. Dhaka's high-class evaluation on the efforts of the Bangladesh area Gulshan is a diplomatic zone. government and whether they had to face Nevertheless, the attackers knew that very any problem staying in Bangladesh after this well, they targeted the place so that they can incident. In this study authors focused on the get the attention of the government and effect of the Holey Artisan Attack on foreign international media immediately. delegates and expatriates working in A total number of twenty-nine were Bangladesh. killed, extremists brutally killed twenty-two This study aims to enlighten the hostages among them eighteen were literature of international human resource foreigners and four (including management in the context of challenges, three guests and bakery staff); on the other anxieties from the insights from the hand, two police officers and five extremists expatriates after a major terror attack at the were also killed during the operation for Holey Artisan Bakery, Dhaka, Bangladesh. retrieval of the control (M. Billah, 2017; BBC Additionally, the study also tried to answer News, 2016a; The Daily Star, 2016a, the question such as how the expatriates are Bdnews24.com, 2016) and at least fifty were currently working in Bangladesh and their injured; at Holey Artisan Bakery. views related to international assignments in The government gave its supreme Bangladesh in the present circumstances. priority to rescue the hostages and regain control over the situation. The major 2. Literature Review operation was conducted by the Bangladesh Army; it was named ‘Operation 2.1. Background Analysis- ‘Holey Thunderbolt’. However, different defender Artisan Attack’ forces, i.e., Para-Commando Battalion, July 1, 2016, was a regular night of the month Bangladesh Air force, Bangladesh Navy of holy Ramadan. For the Muslims, Ramadan SWADS, Border Guards Bangladesh (BGB), is one of the most important time for self- Bangladesh Ansar, improvement and heightened devotion. It is (RAB), SWAT, Bangladesh Fire Service and the ninth month of the Islamic calendar and Civil Defense, , Armed considered as the month of blessings, mercy Police Battalion, Special branch, and 60

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Detective Branch took part in the operation. Holey Artisan Bakery put a question Bangladeshi forces stormed the restaurant mark on its efforts and has created a the next morning around 10 am to end the negative perception of towards ten-hour standoff. Thirteen hostages, expatriation in Bangladesh; the including three foreigners, were rescued. expatriates were in a dilemma incident The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant e.g. What should they do? Whether they (ISIL, or ISIS) and Al Qaeda simultaneously should continue the job in Bangladesh or announced the responsibility for the not? What will happen to the security attack (The Daily Star, 2016b; Khan, measurements after the incident? This 2016). Later on, the government denied research tried to explain their views, the claims (Dhaka Tribune, 2016). Some apprehensions while working in still argued that the style of the attackers Bangladesh after the incidents. bears the seal of IS (Khan, 2016). The government pointed the finger at local 2.2. The Current Landscape groups and even denied the presence of Bangladesh with its ethnicity and tradition of ISIL in Bangladesh. very warm hospitality has always been an When officially the nationalities of the ideal place for expatriates not only from any victims, who were senselessly and similar culture but also for people from the brutally murdered on that night, were diverse or novel environment and culture. reviled it confirmed that among twenty, But overnight this incident changed more nine victims were Italian, seven were than a few calculations related to Japanese, three were Bangladeshi and expatriation in Bangladesh. Through these one was an Indian (The Daily Star, 2016c). types of attacks, terrorist groups try to give a In the meantime, the US State clear message of their intention and try to get Department claimed that one of those maximum attention from the media for example 9/11 attack attackers targeted the victims was a US citizen; however, they powerful icons of the US economy, which did not give any further details about that makes Al Qaeda as a center of attention for victim (The Daily Star, 2016c). In the the world media overnight. meantime, the United States of America In the case of this well-planned Holey and the United Kingdom issued alerts to Artisan attack, the attackers were quite their citizens (The Daily Star, 2016b). successful to get the attention of the world It was quite clear that the main target media but somehow, they underestimated of this attack was non-Muslims, the strategic mapping of the government and foreigners, or expatriates. Reports said law enforcement agencies of Bangladesh. that most of the Italian victims were On July 16th, 2016, 15 days after the attack working in the garment industry (BBC police arrested three people including an acting pro-vice-chancellor of one of the top News, 2016a; BBC News, 2016b). Though private universities, his relative and the the government of Bangladesh has been manager of that building where the attackers very concerned on the subject of ensuring were staying nearly for two months before the security of foreigners; the incident of 61

Akter, et al. Journal of Leadership in Organizations Vol.3, No. 1 (2021) 31-44 the attack. They were arrested from particular situation, in that sense, the first Bashundhara Residential Area, Dhaka; for phase can be labeled as situational analysis. renting out a flat to the militants (The Daily Complying with the concept of Hendricks, Star, 2016d; Dhaka Tribune, 2016b). Police Blanken and Adriaans (1992) that the suspected that attackers drafted their plan at snowball sampling technique provides that place. advantages to the qualitative and explorative On July 26th 9 militants were killed and 2 studies, the informants were selected via the were arrested in Kallyanpur, Dhaka in an snowball sampling technique. operation named ‘Storm 26’, The police Primary data for the research were confirmed that the operation was conducted collected in the course of qualitative to find the masterminds of the Holey Artisan interviews (Seidman, 2006; Rubin & Rubin, attack (The Daily Star, 2016e). The 2005), mostly in-depth interview sessions. As Government and Bangladesh Police the situation was complex and some of the continued the investigation with top priority respondents were not comfortable sharing and many others were arrested later for their exact views at the first interview, being involved in the attack. therefore, seventeen respondents were A trial began on December 3rd, 2018, and interviewed twice. Due to the sensitivity of ended on November 17th, 2019. Anti- the issue, none of the interview sessions were Terrorism Special Tribunal of Dhaka court recorded. However, notes were taken sentences seven to hang till death and fine cautiously during the interviews. them 50,000 BDT each (Tipu, et. al., 2020). In the second phase of the research, the authors collected the data from the same 3. Research Method group of respondents from April 2020 to September 2020. However, this time only As the study is exploratory and narrative in sixteen expatriates were interviewed, among nature with less knowledge regarding the the rest six respondents four were significance, depth of this decisive unreachable as they returned to their stipulation and incident so researchers found countries and not available on emails and it more appropriate to employ the qualitative other social networking sites, one was approach for the study. Besides, researchers transferred to another country and due to the found a greater scope in support of using COVID-19 situation in 2020, he could not qualitative research for deeper manage time for the interview session. And understanding (Moore, 2000; Silverman, the other two lost their interest in the 1999) of the critical consequences and research so did not participate in the second insights of the incident. This qualitative phase yet she permits us to use her interview study is basically a combination of narrative data collected in the first phase. situational analysis and longitudinal study. For the secondary data, researchers had to In the first phase, a total number of twenty- depend on local and international newspaper two expatriates working in different articles greatly as scholarly articles on the organizations were interviewed from August incident were not available. 2016 to January 1017. At that time, the authors tried to collect the expatriates’ views and their immediate responses to that 62

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Table 1: Details of Data collection Particulars Initial Interview (2016-2017) Second Phase Interview (2020) Number of respondents 22 16 Mode of interview Direct or Face-to-face interviews Telephone and Online: email, WhatsApp, Skype, Zoom Type of interview In-depth, open-ended and semi-structured Semi-structured Source: Authors, from respondents’ profile and interview data analy

Table 2: Respondents’ profile and interview mode and frequency Mode of First_Phase Interview Mode of Second_Phase SL Respondent Code Sex Industry Interview Initial Interview Second Interview Online Interview 1 Respondent_RMG_M01 Male RMG In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Unreachable 2 Respondent_RMG_M02 Male RMG In-depth Interview Not Required Email 3 Respondent_RMG_M03 Male RMG In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Email 4 Respondent_RMG_M04 Male RMG In-depth Interview Telephone Interview Email 5 Respondent_RMG_M05 Male RMG In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Email 6 Respondent_RMG_M06 Male RMG In-depth Interview Telephone Interview Unreachable 7 Respondent_RMG_M07 Male RMG In-depth Interview Telephone Interview Email and Skype Interview 8 Respondent_RMG_M08 Male RMG In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Email 9 Respondent_RMG_M09 Male RMG In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Unreachable 10 Respondent_RMG_M10 Male RMG In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Zoom Interview 11 Respondent_RMG_M11 Male RMG In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Email 12 Respondent_RMG_M12 Male RMG In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Zoom Interview 13 Respondent_RMG_F01 Male RMG In-depth Interview Not Required Unreachable 14 Respondent_RMG_F01 Female RMG In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Did not participate 15 Respondent_Edu_F01 Female Education In-depth Interview In-depth Interview WhatsApp Interview 16 Respondent_Edu_M01 Male Education In-depth Interview Not Required Email and Skype Interview 17 Respondent_Edu_M01 Male Education In-depth Interview Telephone Interview Email 18 Respondent_NGO_F01 Female NGO In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Email 19 Respondent_NGO_F01 Female NGO In-depth Interview Not Required Email 20 Respondent_NGO_M01 Male NGO In-depth Interview In-depth Interview Unreachable 21 Respondent_NGO_M02 Male NGO In-depth Interview Telephone Interview Email

22 Respondent_NGO_M02 Male NGO In-depth Interview Not Required Email Source: Authors, from respondents’ profile and interview data analysis

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4. Findings and Analysis: Impact building, develop management talent, create of the Attack on Expatriation global leaders and knowledge transfer (Minbaeva, and Michailova, 2004; Bonache, Foreign investment and global collaborations and Brewster, 2001; Bender and Fish, 2000; play important role in creating new Downes, and Thomas, 2000; Gupta and employment opportunities, develop capacity Govindarajan, 2000) are closely related to the and productivity for the economy of any international assignments. A significant developing country. It helps to design, number of studies have also been conducted produce and deliver better products, services to examine different aspects related to and solutions. Collaborations are considered expatriation; e.g., expatriate selection as the key to sustainable benefits therefore, (Caligiuri, 2000), training (Lee and Croker, the number of global collaborations is 2006; Black and Gregersen, 2000), increasing day by day. Global investors, compensation (McNulty, 2016; Bonache, and multinational companies, transnational Fernandez, 1997). Researchers have also tried enterprises, international regulatory to conceptualize the succession of organizations and international NGOs try to expatriates’ careers considering it as a form design effective design expansion plans of dynamic international career (McNulty considering the host countries’ economic and and Vance, 2017). Adjustments to political situation. While implementing the international assignments (Bhatti, et al., 2014; expansion process global companies need to Herman and Tetrick, 2009; Peltokorpi and transfer global values and leadership style Froese, 2009; Aryee and Stone, 1996), along with the production and delivery adjustments for women expatriates (Joshi, standards. Therefore, they send expatriates Caligiuri and Lazarove, 1999), the with long or short-term business consequences of adjustments (Hechanova, assignments. Beehr and Christiansen, 2003) have also been Nevertheless, from the perspective of a center of attention of various researchers, as human resource management, the main the accomplishment of an international purpose of expatriation or international assignment greatly depends on the assignments is to ensure the ‘best practice’ in successful adjustment at the host country, its the subsidiary and partner organizations, nature and working environment. Some transfer technology, leadership and issues, e.g., expatriate management (Black knowledge. As global leaders, expatriates and Gregersen, 1999) their job satisfaction help to make certain positive changes in (Birdseye, 1990) and job burnout managerial practices. They ensure the best (Bhanugopan and Fish, 2006) significantly organizational working environment and contributed to the literature of international create a better impact to meet international human resource management to understand standards. the dimensions of overseas assignments. For some other important aspects, i.e., From a host country’s perspective install organizational culture, standardized expatriates help to transform the human business functions, establish direct control, capital of the host country. Bangladesh also socialization, globalization, network welcomes expatriates and admires their 64

Akter, et al. Journal of Leadership in Organizations Vol.3, No. 1 (2021) 31-44 contribution. According to a report of a local overcame the problem quickly but she newspaper Bangla Tribune and data mentioned that organizations should include collected from the immigration department employee mental health checkups in the sources, Sarwar (2018) nearly 86,000 citizens employee regular health checkups. of 44 countries are legally working at over …….‘I know who one thousand local and multinational difficult it was for me; I was very lucky that my companies in Bangladesh and over the time organization arranged a psychologist…. with the support of my organization, collages and the number is also increasing. family…. But not everyone was that much, even Interview analysis from both phases some of my friends used to consult with me at that revealed that, though the government time. Some even used to consult with doctors handled the situation very effectively the personally” (Respondent_Edu_F01) respondents mentioned that at the initial stage, more specifically the following six In their research Shaffer and Harrison months after the attack the expats and their (1998) also mentioned that anxieties may families living here had gone through a hard result in unfathomable negative time. At that time, they were more concerned consequences such as psychological about the security of their families. As the withdrawal from the assignment. In the first attackers at ‘Holey Artisan Bakery’ mainly phase, when we ask the participant about targeted the non-Muslim foreigners, so the their conditions, two participants non-Muslim expatriates had to undergo a (Respondent_RMG_M06 and Respondent_ serious fright of family security. Some said NGO_M02) at that point mentioned that they that they were so much worried and wanted had such feelings of psychological to go back to their countries for some time. withdrawal from their duties. In the second Some even took leave, went back to their phase, none of among sixteen participants countries with their families and when they (including Respondent_NGO_M02) reported found that the situation was under control such issues as they mentioned that they feel they came back again. safe and satisfied with the safety follow-up As the family also plays an important role law enforcement agencies of the Bangladesh for successful expatriation and sometimes government. also influences on acceptance of these types During the first phase interview, two of international assignments (Richardson, respondents (Respondent_RMG_M02 and 2006) but the anxiety related to insecurity is Respondent_RMG_M10) blamed the exceedingly distressing their psychological organizations, not the local government for condition at that time. from the second phase being uncaring to handle the situation more interview analysis respondents confirmed cautiously; in other words, they complained that anxieties hampered their work, family about organizational injustice. Some life and work-life balance for a long time. previous researches such as Cohen-Charash One of the respondents and Spector (2001) and Forstenlechner (2010) (Respondent_Edu_F01) even complaint mentioned that this is a common about mental health problems during the phenomenon faced by expatriates mostly in first phase of the interview, though, she the host countries. Another three 65

Akter, et al. Journal of Leadership in Organizations Vol.3, No. 1 (2021) 31-44 respondents from the RMG Industry sector session, Respondent_RMG_M12 revealed also mentioned that at that time situation that things were tough for him for the first six expatriation in Bangladesh was more months to maintain regular office work, challenging than those of being in some other client meetings along with family Asian countries i.e. China, India and Vietnam engagements. Therefore, he had to send his and some of their colleagues were so family back to his country in September 2016. desperate that some companies had to offer Many embassies, for example, the USA and them more attractive compensation and UK immediately issued alerts for their benefits packages. According to the citizens in and around the Gulshan area (The respondents in Bangladesh’s RMG sector, the Daily Star, 2016b). And other embassies compensation packages are mostly designed followed them and also provided travel in accordance with the Balance sheet advisory to their citizens. Some also approach. This approach refers to upholding mentioned that they were now not free to the home country’s minimum standard by attend any social gatherings, parties and way of inducement in favor of an expatriate cultural functions due to feelings of on compensations and benefits issues. Every uncertainty. Intended for long-term so often, they have been provided with assignments or expatriation, it is very various additional benefits, other a few important to know the host country, culture services and sufficient support from the not only for the official purpose but for Bangladeshi companies for them and their cultural adjustments (Welch, 2003), families. As summarized in their statements psychological attachments, recreations and it can be specified that their job expectations grater, and excellent diplomacy. However, in the context of compensation and benefits, the processes were disrupted, and it took at leadership practice, and motivational least three to six months for things to get policies designed by the companies are fairly normal. adequate to meet job expectations. Any terror attack has a negative impact During the first phase interview session on the economy, as the counties which lost five of the respondents working at RMG and their citizens at that attack were the key trade NGO sector company mentioned that their and development partners of Bangladesh, so friends and families advised them to work initially, many experts predicted that there from home so they used to do so for at least will have to deal with a massive loss in RMG the first three months after the attack, the HR and development sector. Bangladesh was teams of their organizations helped with all also trying too hard to restore its business required support. prospects and economic growth, so it took all The first phase interview data showed necessary actions to regain the confidence of that throughout the first two months after the global investors, its development partners, attack most of the respondents (17 among 22 and the international community. The respondents) did not attend any public Authority of the state declared a ‘zero gathering, they and their families avoided tolerance’ policy to terrorism and their efforts shopping, visiting restaurants during that were also very much visible. As a committed time. During the second phase interview supporter of the global war on terror 66

Akter, et al. Journal of Leadership in Organizations Vol.3, No. 1 (2021) 31-44 government took all measures and tried its organizations. As companies generally send best to reinstate the peaceful political order, the most competent employees to police and law enforcers were on the highest demonstrate their technical, managerial and alert and taking major actions to prevent the leadership skills. However, companies also extremists, tracking their financing, expect to get maximum output from these undertaking many operations to capture and global assignees; as expats cost much higher. imprison the extremists or terrorists; and of As day by day, the demand for expatriations the extremists have been killed in the several or international assignments is increasing operations. (Bhatti, et al., 2014), complexity and real-life At the same time, most of the problems related to expatriation also coming organizations provided managerial support into the spotlight. Therefore, researchers and effective advisory related to the have also focused on the family life of assignments. Some respondents mentioned expatriates, as families also play an essential that organizations also provided the work role in the expatriates’ work-life balance and from home and flexible office hour facilities notably in the success of their assignments. at that hard time. Some companies revised Researchers even tried to find out the the project timeline with easy targets for the influences of the family for international following months after the incident (for long- assignees’ (Richardson, 2006) emotional or term target-based projects). Organizations in psychological extraction from their some cases even shortened project assignments (Shaffer and Harrison, 1998) completion time or appointed local project analysis of career from the perception of managers to assist the expatriates and reduce expatriates and their spouses (Riusala and their workload. Suutari, 2000). Most of the companies have The study also revealed that the inter- their own set of policies and strategies for faith dialogues and programs promoting handling such problems related to inter-cultural harmony organized by expatriation, but need to work on more on it. government and non-government A large portion of the organizational success organizations, universities and some other in the global marketplace depends on the cultural and religious organizations helped expats and their leadership styles. them to understand the people of Any terror attack not only presents a Bangladesh. The warm and helpful behavior serious threat to national security but also of local people, emotional support from the slows down the pace of economic local friends and continuous support from development. Terror attacks such as Holey law enforcers helped the expatriates to get Artisan Attack where foreigners were the back the mental strength to work in main targets create tension among the Bangladesh. expatriates. Certainly, it can also have a negative impact on the mental health of the 5. Conclusion expatriates. Nevertheless, expatriates’ According to Caligiuri and Cascio, (1998) perceptions regarding any critical situation selection of such candidates with appropriate such as a terror attack that took place in competencies is another challenge for the Dhaka on July 1, 2016 (Billah, 2017; BBC 67

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News, 2016a; Bdnews24.com, 2016; The Daily lead towards the effective transfer of Star, 2016a) never came under the spotlight knowledge, technology, leadership and of academic discussions. This is a small value in organizations. attempt to discover the fact through an in- depth study. Acknowledgments As the study revealed that the attack had The authors would like to thank the some immediate impacts which created huge participants for their time and insight during tension among all. Expatriates working in the study. Bangladesh were facing several challenges and anxieties concerning self and family References security after the major attack at the ‘Holey Aryee, S. and Stone, R.J. (1996), Work Artisan Bakery’, which as a result was experiences, work adjustment and essentially hampered their assignments and psychological well-being of expatriate work-life balance as well. However, through employees in Hong Kong, International immediate and strategic actions, the Journal of Human Resource Management, authority of the state overcame the situation 7(1), 150-63. within a short period of time. at the same BBC News. (2016a) Bangladesh siege: time organizations also took necessary steps Twenty killed at Holey Artisan Bakery in to motivate the expatriates with managerial Dhaka, Retrieved from support, flexible office hours and work from https://www.bbc.com/news/world- home facilities and better compensation asia-36692613 packages. BBC News. (2016b) Bangladesh cafe siege:

The victims, Retrieved from 6. Recommendations https://www.bbc.com/news/world- This study also suggests that government, asia-36693968 non-government or other institutions and Bdnews24.com, (2016) Terror-hit Holey even organizations should encourage the Artisan Bakery handed over to property practice such as interfaith dialogue and owner following a court order. Retrieved programs promoting intercultural and from multicultural harmony for the expatriates, http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016 their families. Departments related to people /11/14/terror-hit-holey-artisan-bakery- and culture need to make some more specific handed-over-to-property-owner- strategies to increase the multicultural following-a-court-order harmony within the organizations, Bender, S. and Fish, A.J. (2000), The transfer industries and society. These programs will of knowledge and the retention of essentially help the host country and expertise: the ongoing need for global organizations to increase a cooperative assignments, Journal of Knowledge culture. These programs will also help the Management, 4(2),125-37. organizations to understand their expatriate Bhanugopan, R. and Fish, A. (2006), An employees and facilitate building strong empirical investigation of job burnout cultural collaboration. Which will eventually 68

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