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Magmas and Inclusions of Monte Amiata Volcano, Tuscany, Italy

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Magmas and Inclusions of Monte Amiata Volcano, Tuscany, Italy GEOLOGICA ULTRAIECTINA Mededelingen van het Instituut voor Aardwetenschappen der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht No. 37 MAGMAS AND INCLUSIONS OF MONTE AMIATA VOLCANO. TUSCANY. ITALY LX. VIII. - .. MAGMAS AND INCLUSIONS OF MONTE AMIATA VOLCANO, TUSCANY, ITALY MAGMA'S EN INSLUITSELS VAN DE VULKAAN MONTE AMIATA, TOSCANE, ITALII;', (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN DE GRAAD VAN DOCTOR IN DE WISKUNDE EN NATUURWETENSCHAPPEN AAN DE RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE UTRECHT, OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS PROF. DR. 0.1. DE lONG, VOLGENS BESLUIT VAN HET COLLEGE VAN DECANEN IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP DONDERDAG 22 MAART 1984 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 4.15 UUR DOOR MANFRED JULES VAN BERGEN GEBOREN OP 9 FEBRUARI 1950 TE 'S-GRAVENHAGE 1984 OFFSETDRUKKERIJ KANTERS B.V., ALBLASSERDAM PROMOTOR: PROF. DR. R.D. SCHUILING - E c'e chi dice che, at pari di tutte te cose toscane, nasce di sotterra, 0, come erede van gti etruschi, datt'inferno ­ (Curzio Mataparte: Matedetti toscani) Met dank aan al degenen die de totstandkoming van dit proefschrift mogelijk hebben gemaakt 6 SUMMARY Mt. Amiata, a Pleistocene volcanic complex in south Tuscany consists mainly of silicic (62-67 wt.% Si02) lavas and domes, many of which contain abundant metamorphic and mafic igneous inclusions. The results of a detailed geochemical and petrological study indicate a bimodal magmatic system where magma-mixing and wall-rock assimilation were the main pre-eruptive processes in a reservoir underlying the volcano. The metamorphic inclusions are fragments of a contact aureole that formed around the magma chamber in regionally metamorphosed rocks, predominantly schists, gneisses and minor quartzites of the pre-Meso­ zoic crystalline basement. Aluminous, silica-deficient inclusions that form the largest group, are considered to originate from quartz-poor mica-schists by complex assimilation processes involving extraction of partial melt, interdiffusion between co-existing liquids and mineral­ liquid reactions. The igneous inclusions represent blobs of hybrid magma, and form, together with some subordinate intermediate lavas and the host lavas an almost complete mixing array, as a result of the inflow of mafic magma into the acid reservoir. Processes of selective chemical exchange superimposed on mixing were probably of little importance. Consequently, the end-members can be identified as an acid Tuscan-type magma of crustal anatectic origin, and a primitive mafic Roman-type magma of the high-K series that is commonly considered to be derived from the upper mantle. This separated origin and the fact that both magmas have some chemical characteristics in common (an enrichment in potassium and a number of related elements) could imply that portions of the lower crust and upper mantle were metasomatized by the same fluid prior to melting. 7 SAMENVATTING De Monte Amiata, een Pleistoceen vulkanisch complex in zuid Toscane, bestaat voornamelijk uit zure (6Z-67 gew.% SiOZ) lava's en domes, waarvan vele rijk zijn aan metamorfe en basische magmatische insluit­ sels. De resultaten van een gedetailleerde geochemische en petrologi­ sche studie wijzen op een bimodaal magmatisch systeem waar magmavermen­ ging en assimilatie van het nevengesteente de voornaamste pre-eruptieve processen waren in een reservoir onder de vulkaan. De metamorfe in­ sluitsels zijn fragmenten van een contact-aureool dat ontstond rond de magmakamer in regionaal metamorfe gesteenten, voornamelijk schisten, gneizen en in mindere mate kwartsieten van de pre-Mesozoische kristal­ lijne ondergrond. Alumineuze, silica-deficiente insluitsels die de grootste groep vormen, worden beschouwd te zijn ontstaan uit kwarts­ arme glimmerschisten als gevolg van ingewikkelde assimilatieprocessen. Hierbij speelden extractie van partiele smelt, interdiffusie tussen smeltfasen en mineraal-smelt reacties een rol. De magmatische insluit­ sels vertegenwoordigen 'druppels' gemengd magma, en vormen tezamen met enige ondergeschikte intermediaire lava's en de gastheer lava's een vrijwel volledige mengserie als gevolg van de instroming van ba­ sisch magma in het zure reservoir. Processen van selectieve chemische uitwisseling gesuperponeerd op de vermenging waren waarschijnlijk van weinig belang. De eindleden kunnen derhalve geidentificeerd worden als een zuur magma van het Toscaanse type, ontstaan door anatexis in de korst, en een primitief basisch magma van het Romaanse type en wel van de kalium-rijke serie die algemeen beschouwd wordt afkomstig te zijn van de bovenmantel. Deze gescheiden oorsprong en het feit dat beide magma's enige chemische kenmerken gemeen hebben (een aanrijking in ka­ lium en een aantal verwante elementen), kunnen een aanwijzing zijn dat delen van de onderkorst en bovenmantel veer opsmelting een metasomato­ se hebben ondergaan door een en dezelfde fluide fase. 8 INDEX CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION 13 regional setting 13 Mt.Amiata 17 previous studies 19 starting points and scope of this study 22 note on rock-nomenclature 24 references 25 CHAPTER II - POLYPHASE METAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARY XENOLITHS FROM MT.AMIATA VOLCANICS (CENTRAL ITALY); EVIDENCE FOR A PARTIALLY DISRUPTED CONTACT AUREOLE 27 abstract 27 introduction 27 geological setting 28 the inclusions 30 petrography 31 macroscopic appearance 31 microscopic petrography 32 silica-poor subgroup AI 32 silica-poor subgroup A2 41 silica-rich group B 42 metamorphic events and conditions 43 regional metamorphism M 45 O thermometamorphism M 45 1 thermometamorphism M 47 2 causes of the events 52 P-T conditions 52 discussion on origin and conclusions 53 acknowledgements 56 references 56 CHAPTER III - COMPLEX INTERACTION OF ALUMINOUS METASEDIMENTARY XENOLITHS AND SILICEOUS MAG}~; AN EXAMPLE FROM MI'.AMIATA (CENTRAL ITALY) 61 abstract 61 9 introduction 61 petrography 62 xenoliths 62 enclosing lavas 63 zoning of xenoliths 64 xenolith MA 15.14 65 analytical procedure 68 mineral and glass chemistry 68 whole-rock chemistry 75 discussion 76 extraction of partial melt 77 mineral-liquid disequilibrium 82 diffusive interaction with the magma 83 possible evidence for contamination 84 conclusions 86 acknowledgements 87 references 88 CHAPTER IV - MINETTE INCLUSIONS IN THE RHYODACITIC LAVAS OF MT. AMIATA (CENTRAL ITALY): MINERALOGICAL AND CHEMICAL EVIDENCE OF MIXING BETWEEN TUSCAN AND ROMJu~ TYPE MAG~IAS 91 abstract 91 introduction 92 geological setting 93 petrography and mineralogy 95 rhyodacitic host lavas 95 igneous inclusions 96 final mafic latitic lavas 97 clinopyroxene 97 orthopyroxene 101 biotite 103 olivine lOS feldspars 107 whole-rock chemistry 108 discussion and conclusions 109 10 acid end-member 117 mafic end-member 117 enrichment in volatiles and other incompatible elements 120 implications for the origin of Roman and Tuscan magmas 122 concluding remarks on the evolution of Mt.Amiata 124 acknowledgements 125 references 126 CHAPTER V - COMMON TRACE ELEMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF CRUSTAL AND MANTLE DERIVED K-RICH MAGMAS AT MT.AMIATA (CENTRAL ITALY) 131 abstract 131 introduction 131 geological and petrographical remarks 133 results 135 discussion and conclusions 137 end-members 137 selective enrichment 139 possible petrogenetic implications 142 acknowledgements 144 references 144 APPENDIX A - GRANDIDIERITE FROM ALUMINOUS METASEDIMENTARY XENO­ LITHS WITHIN ACID VOLCANICS; A FIRST RECORD IN ITALY 149 summary 149 introduction 149 petrography 150 mineral chemistry 155 genesis of the grandidierite 157 comparison with other occurrences 158 stability of grandidierite 161 acknowledgements 162 references 162 APPENDIX B - PERRIERITE IN SILICEOUS LAVAS FRO~f MT.AMIATA (CENTRAL ITALY) 165 acknowledgements 170 references 17I II CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION REGIONAL SETTING The northern part of the young magmatic belt that extends along the Tyrrhenian side of the Italian peninsula comprises rock-types that belong to the two magmatic provinces that are commonly distinguished in Central Italy (fig. 1). In Tuscany, northern Lazio and on islands of the Tuscan archipelago, predominantly acid intrusive, subvolcanic and volcanic occurrences form the Tuscan Magmatic Province (TMP), whereas large potassic-alkaline volcanic centres in Lazio belong to the Roman Magmatic Province (RMP) which st~etches further southwards to still active centres such as Vesuvius in the Campanian region. The Pleistocene complex of Mt. Amiata is the youngest of the TMP,occurren­ ces. These have mostly Pliocene ages that decrease from west to east, while the neighbouring Roman centres are Pleistocene and younger. The magmatic activity developed in the internal parts of the North­ ern Apennines which are characterized by a pile of nappes transported in northeastern and eastern directions during the Miocene compressional stage of the Apennine orogenesis. As a rule, more external Umbro­ Tuscan units that consist of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments typical for deeply submerged continental platforms ('miogeosynclinal' facies) underly more internal Ligurian units of 'oceanic' sediments and ophio­ lites ('eugeosynclinal' facies) of the same age. On the Tyrrhenian side, the substratum of these more or less allochtonous units is known to be formed by a Hercynian or older crystalline basement. Although compressional movements are presumably still active in the easternmost part of the Northern Apennines, the internal areas have been subject to distensive tectonics with strong vertical movements since the end of Miocene times, which led to the development of horst­ J3 ,------------------------------------, Tuscan Province my ~ intrusives
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