THE EARLY MEDIEVAL NORTH ATLANTIC Kramer Rethinking Authority in the Carolingian Empire Rutger Kramer Rethinking Authority in the Carolingian Empire Ideals and Expectations during the Reign of Louis the Pious (813-828) Rethinking Authority in the Carolingian Empire The Early Medieval North Atlantic This series provides a publishing platform for research on the history, cultures, and societies that laced the North Sea from the Migration Period at the twilight of the Roman Empire to the eleventh century. The point of departure for this series is the commitment to regarding the North Atlantic as a centre, rather than a periphery, thus connecting the histories of peoples and communities traditionally treated in isolation: Anglo- Saxons, Scandinavians / Vikings, Celtic communities, Baltic communities, the Franks, etc. From this perspective new insights can be made into processes of transformation, economic and cultural exchange, the formation of identities, etc. It also allows for the inclusion of more distant cultures – such as Greenland, North America, and Russia – which are of increasing interest to scholars in this research context. Series Editors Marjolein Stern, Gent University Charlene Eska, Virginia Tech Julianna Grigg, Monash University Rethinking Authority in the Carolingian Empire Ideals and Expectations during the Reign of Louis the Pious (813-828) Rutger Kramer Amsterdam University Press Cover illustration: Sylvain Mazas, http://marmouzet.net Cover design: Coördesign, Leiden Lay-out: Crius Group, Hulshout isbn 978 94 6298 264 2 e-isbn 978 90 4853 268 1 doi 10.5117/9789462982642 nur 684 Creative Commons License CC BY NC ND (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0) R. D. Kramer / Amsterdam University Press B.V., Amsterdam 2019 Some rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, any part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise). The world of Louis the Pious, 813-828: important places mentioned in this book ( Credit: Erik Goosmann, http://www.mappamundi-cartography.com/) Table of Contents Acknowledgements 13 A Note on Translations, Sources and Names 17 Prologue 19 Great Expectations 1. Framing the Carolingian Reforms : The Early Years of Louis the Pious 31 Building an Empire 37 Communities and Discourse Communities 43 Between Cloister and Court 49 2. A Model for Empire : The Councils of 813 and the Institutio Canonicorum 59 The Road to 813 61 Teaching the Empire 70 ‘An Effort, not an Honour’: Bishops and Their Responsibilities 91 Church Fathers in Aachen 96 Correcting Communities 106 Communicating Correctio 111 Channelling Authority 117 3. Monks on the Via Regia: The World of Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel 123 A Life in Context 125 Directions for a King: The Via Regia 131 Explaining a Way: The Expositio in Regulam Sancti Benedicti 140 A Crowning Achievement: The Diadema Monachorum 147 The Lives of Smaragdus of Saint-Mihiel 161 4. Caesar et abba simul : Monastic Reforms between Aachen and Aniane 169 The Emperor and the Monks 174 On the Outside Looking In 185 ‘Armed with the Javelins of Debate’: Benedict of Aniane Goes to Court 198 The Death of an Abbot 208 Epilogue 215 Imperial Responsibilities and the Discourse of Reforms Bibliography 227 Manuscripts Cited 227 Primary Sources 227 Secondary Sources 234 Index 275 For Arthur, Olaf and Amanda When the time gets right I’m gonna pick you up And take you far way From trouble my love Under a big ol’ sky Out in a field of green There’s gotta be something left for us to believe Oh, I await the day Good fortune comes our way And we ride down the king’s highway – Tom Petty, ‘King’s Highway’ (Into the Great Wide Open, 1991) I watch the ripples change their size But never leave the stream Of warm impermanence And so the days float through my eyes But still the days seem the same And these children that you spit on As they try to change their worlds Are immune to your consultations They’re quite aware of what they’re going through Changes Turn and face the strange Don’t tell them to grow up and out of it Turn and face the strange Where’s your shame? You’ve left us up to our necks in it Time may change me But you can’t trace time – David Bowie, ‘Changes’ (Hunky Dory, 1971) Acknowledgements In July of 2008, Barack Obama held a campaign speech at the Siegessäule in Berlin. ‘People of the world’, he proclaimed in his closing statement, ‘the scale of our challenge is great. The road ahead will be long. But I come before you to say that we are heirs to a struggle for freedom. We are a people of improbable hope. With an eye towards the future, with resolve in our hearts, let us remember this history, and answer our destiny, and remake the world once again’. A lofty sentiment, which nonetheless inspired me in a way that may not have been the intention behind the speech: I had moved to Berlin a couple of months earlier, and had just embarked on my own journey that would – eventually – lead to this very book. Reading back his words, I remember sitting in the blistering heat of the Brandenburg summer to ponder the ‘improbable hope’ that brought me there. Indeed, I find myself thinking about it once again. The pursuit of an academic career is made of improbabilities, after all. But, even then, I knew that there was one certainty that I could count on: this book would eventually be finished. And here we are. It would be an understatement that the world of 2018 is no longer the world that Obama so optimistically encouraged to do better, but the book is here. The culmination of ten years of reading, writing, asking, answering, bleeding, sweating and crying. In the process, everybody who asked me about my progress, and everybody who had some kind words of encouragement along the way, has found their way onto these pages. In his own small way, this includes Barack Obama, who inspired me that day and unwittingly continued to do so by showing the world that the will to reform matters. Mostly, however, it includes my friends, parents, family and colleagues who have helped me reach this point, and who are therefore partially responsible for these pages. To thank all of them would easily double the size this book, but it would feel incomplete without at least acknowledging the support, constructive criticism, and friendship I have received over the years. While some people have been more closely involved with my progress than others, in the end, every single person who ever sat through one of my rants on Carolingian politics, or who listened to me patiently explain why we could still learn a thing or two from this or that ninth-century intellectual, has helped me write this book. Mayke de Jong and Stefan Esders, my two PhD supervisors, have been part of this book right from the start, and continue to exert an inspiring presence in my life. The same goes for the DFG/ANR research group ‘Hludowicus: Die Produktivität einer Krise’, which provided the framework for many of 14 RetHINKING AUTHORITY IN THE CAROLINGIAN EMPIRE the ideas that made it into this book. These ideas were allowed to grow and blossom in Vienna, thanks to the trust placed in me by Walter Pohl, who made me part of the SFB ‘Visions of Community’ (FWF F42), where I could further hone my skills and develop even more questions.The SFB VISCOM and the FWF have also made possible the conversion of the dissertation into a book, and have helped prepare this book for publication. Working at the Institute for Medieval Research has given me a proper appreciation of what a Carolingian court may have been like, in terms of sheer workload but also in terms of inspiration. For this, I have to thank Francesco Borri, Richard Corradini, Max Diesenberger, Stefan Donecker, Andreas Fischer, Clemens Gantner, Thom Gobbitt, Cinzia Grifoni (whose Latin skills have helped me escape difficult grammatical situations on more than one occasion), Ingrid Hartl, Gerda Heydemann, Marianne Pollheimer, Christina Pössel, Veronika Wieser, Katharina Winckler and Bernhard Zeller, who were always ready to help with whatever question was occupying me at the time. Graeme Ward, who has since moved on to Oxford, has been a steady fount of coffee as well as wisdom on all things Carolingian, and Giorgia Vocino (now in Paris) has been a great help in figuring out how to deal with some of the more intricate texts on my way, and also kept a close eye on my pizza consumption. During summers, the office would be livened up by the presence of Albrecht Diem and Matthieu van der Meer, whose fresh perspectives on monasticism (and life in general) helped me figure out where to go next. Finally, Veronika deserves extra credit for sharing an office with me, which means that she would usually end up being the first to have to deal with my sudden outbursts of frustration and/or creativity. Her patience, wisdom and sense of humour have pulled me through on more than one occasion, and I could not be happier with her as a colleague and a friend. You can take a student out of Utrecht, but I am happy to say that I never really left there. Robert Flierman, Sven Meeder, Rob Meens, Janneke Raaij- makers and Erik Goosmann (who also made the map inside this book) have been supportive throughout the writing process, and it was always great to catch up with them and discuss the different challenges imposed upon us by life in general.