Influencia De La Aplicación Foliar De Fósforo En La Floración De Variedades De Olivo

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Influencia De La Aplicación Foliar De Fósforo En La Floración De Variedades De Olivo FRUTICULTURA Influencia de la aplicación foliar de fósforo en la floración de variedades de olivo. M.J. Jiménez-Moreno y R. Fernández-Escobar. Departamento de Agronomía, ETSIAM, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, edificio C4, Ctra. Madrid km 396, 14071, Córdoba. Palabras clave: fertilización foliar, Olea europaea, fósforo, primera floración, olivos jóvenes. Resumen El fósforo no ha sido objeto de gran interés en la fertilización del olivar puesto que no suele presentar problemas de deficiencia en dicho cultivo. El efecto de la fertilización con P observado en olivo y otras especies frutales en la floración, aún presentando niveles suficientes en hoja, parece adquirir una importancia notable en los primeros años de floración de dichos cultivos. Para estudiar la respuesta de olivos jóvenes de diferentes variedades a la fertilización fosfórica y su influencia en la floración, se llevó a cabo un ensayo en umbráculo con plantas procedentes de nebulización de las variedades ‘Arbequina’, ‘Hojiblanca’, ‘Picual’ y ‘Koroneiki’. Se llevaron a macetas de 1L con un sustrato de arena y turba (2:1) donde permanecieron durante los once meses que duró el ensayo. Los tratamientos se llevaron a cabo a finales del verano y principios del otoño de 2010, empleando dos aplicaciones foliares semanales con ácido fosfórico (H3PO4) a las dosis de 0, 100 y 200 ppm de P, resultando un volumen total de 650 mL/planta. Se midieron varios parámetros para estudiar la floración como inflorescencias totales y fértiles, que se expresaron en porcentaje y por centímetro de ramo fructífero. Los resultados obtenidos muestran diferencias significativas entre variedades. INTRODUCCIÓN La fertilización con fósforo no suele ser habitual en árboles frutales, incluyendo el olivo (Olea europaea L.), debido a que las deficiencias nutritivas en este elemento son raras. En consecuencia hay muy poca información relativa a la fertilización fosfórica en árboles frutales. La ausencia de respuesta a la aplicación de fósforo en árboles frutales ha sido una de las causas que ha desestimado su uso en estos cultivos (Lilleland et al., 1942; Moran and Schupp, 2003; Obreza et al., 2008). Sin embargo, hay estudios donde se han puesto de manifiesto efectos beneficiosos de la aplicación de fósforo en frutales, aumentando la floración y la productividad (Sewell et al., 1988; Rickard, 2000; Wojcik and Klamkowski, 2005), o mejorando la calidad de la fruta (Johnson and Yogoratnam, 1978; Lysiak and Pacholak, 1999). Recientemente, Erel et al. (2008) encontraron que la fertilización fosfórica incrementaba la floración del olivo conforme se incrementaba el contenido de P en la hoja, alcanzando la mayor respuesta con 0.05 mol/kg P. Así pues, el número final de frutos por árbol estaba relacionado con la concentración de P en hoja, asociando valores entre 0.20 y 0.36% con una aceleración en la floración (Neilsen et al., 1990). Ensayos anteriores con aplicaciones de fósforo al suelo mediante el agua de riego dieron lugar a un incremento del porcentaje de las inflorescencias totales formadas (Jiménez-Moreno and Fernández-Escobar, 2011). Debido a estos resultados previos en olivo y, en general, a la controversia de la aplicación de fósforo en frutales para 501 ACTAS DE HORTICULTURA Nº 60 incrementar la floración, se estudió el efecto de la fertilización foliar fosfórica en la floración de olivos jóvenes con objeto de comparar la eficacia de estas aplicaciones con las realizadas mediante aplicaciones al suelo. Además, se realizaron tratamientos con P en diferentes variedades de olivo, ya que es conocido el diferente comportamiento, en cuanto a floración se refiere, entre variedades. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Se estableció un ensayo en condiciones de umbráculo para determinar el efecto de la fertilización fosfórica sobre la primera floración de olivos jóvenes de diferentes variedades. Se utilizaron estaquillas de olivo enraizadas en cámara de nebulización de unos 40 cm de altura de las variedades ‘Arbequina’, ‘Hojiblanca’, ‘Picual’ y ‘Koroneiki’, que se dispusieron en macetas de 1,1L de capacidad con un sustrato de arena y turba (en relación 2:1) en junio 2010. Se aplicaron dos o tres riegos semanales de 100 mL con agua del grifo según las necesidades, y una vez al mes se intercalaron riegos con una solución nutritiva tipo Hoagland sin fósforo que se preparó disolviendo Ca(NO3)2, KNO3, MgSO4, EDDHA, KCl y microelementos. Se seleccionaron e identificaron 120 plantas en un diseño experimental factorial con tres dosis de fósforo (0, 100 ó 200 ppm) y cuatro variedades, además de 10 repeticiones. Las aplicaciones de fósforo (con ácido fosfórico, H3PO4) se realizaron foliarmente dos veces por semana, utilizando un pulverizador hasta llegar a punto de goteo (50 mL) y, para evitar mojar el sustrato, se cubrieron las macetas con una lámina de plástico. Los tratamientos abarcaron desde el 21 de julio al 3 de noviembre de 2010, recibiendo cada planta un volumen total de tratamiento de 650 mL. Antes del comienzo de los mismos se midió la altura total y la longitud de los brotes laterales de la planta, así como en los meses siguientes hasta la finalización del ensayo. El diámetro del tronco también se midió mensualmente a una altura de 2cm por encima de la base. En mayo, al final del ensayo, se marcaron y contaron los ramos fructíferos por planta, la longitud y el número de nudos por ramo, así como el número total de inflorescencias y flores, y el número de inflorescencias fértiles (inflorescencias con al menos una flor perfecta). Por último, se separó cada uno de los órganos de la planta (hoja nueva y vieja, tallo nuevo y viejo, raíz e inflorescencias) y fueron pesados, lavados con agua destilada, secados, molidos y calcinados para su posterior análisis. La concentración de fósforo se determinó mediante el método colorimétrico descrito por Murphy y Riley (1962). Los datos fueron analizados estadísticamente con un análisis de la varianza según el diseño experimental factorial. Los datos porcentuales fueron transformados con la función arcoseno antes de su análisis. La separación de medias se llevó a cabo usando el contraste polinómico (en el caso de las diferentes dosis) y con el test de Tukey (para las variedades). RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN Al final del ensayo, la aplicación foliar de fósforo no aumentó significativamente el crecimiento en longitud ni el diámetro del tronco (datos no mostrados). Tanto la concentración de P en hoja nueva y vieja, como en la raíz e inflorescencias aumentó significativamente con dosis crecientes de P. Esta tendencia también se observó para el contenido de P en la raíz (Tabla 1). Dicha retención del fósforo en la raíz, que ya fue descrita anteriormente por otros autores (Bath, 1981), es importante por el papel que juega dicho elemento en la renovación de raíces durante los primeros años del establecimiento de una plantación frutal (Taylor and Goubran, 1975; Taylor and Nichols, 1990). No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas para los parámetros de floración al 502 FRUTICULTURA aumentar la dosis foliar de P aplicada (% inflorescencias totales y fértiles, % ramos fructíferos, flores totales y perfectas por centímetro, inflorescencias totales y fértiles por centímetro), pero sí se mostraron diferencias entre variedades. Las inflorescencias totales y fértiles expresadas por centímetro de ramo fructífero alcanzaron los mayores valores para la variedad ‘Koroneiki’, seguida de ‘Arbequina’. La misma tendencia se observó para el porcentaje de ramos fructíferos y flores perfectas/cm (datos no mostrados). El porcentaje de inflorescencias totales no aumentó significativamente con dosis foliares crecientes de P (Tabla 1) como si lo hiciera cuando estas mismas dosis de P se aplicaron al suelo en un ensayo anterior (Jiménez-Moreno and Fernández-Escobar, 2011). Sin embargo, se observaron marcadas diferencias entre variedades donde ‘Koroneiki’ presentó el mayor porcentaje de inflorescencias totales, en oposición a ‘Picual’. El porcentaje de P en hoja por encima del nivel de suficiencia establecido (Fernández- Escobar, 2008) podría explicar parcialmente el aumento significativo de la floración observado en algunas variedades como ‘Koroneiki’ o ‘Arbequina’, lo que pone de manifiesto la mayor precocidad de floración de estas variedades frente al resto. Ensayos previos realizados en campo con diferentes variedades de olivo (datos no publicados) ya indicaron una posible relación entre la concentración de P en hoja y la intensidad de floración, mostrando valores favorables para variedades, como ‘Arbequina’, frente a otras, como ‘Hojiblanca’. A la vista de los resultados se concluye que dosis foliares crecientes de P aumentan la concentración de P en hoja, así como el contenido en raíz, pero no resultan en un aumento del porcentaje de inflorescencias totales. No obstante, alcanzado el nivel de suficiencia la mayoría del fósforo se transloca y almacena en la raíz, reutilizándose el P ya existente. Habría que conseguir un aumento aún mayor de la concentración de P en hoja y/o en el contenido total de P en la planta para obtener efectos en la floración, sin embargo, las diferencias entre variedades indican que no sólo depende del P aplicado (y absorbido), sino del contenido propio de la planta. Agradecimientos Este ensayo ha sido financiado por el Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia de España, proyecto nº AGL2008-02216-C02-01, y por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). Referencias Bath, S.K.K. 1981. Nutrient inflows into apple roots. I. P32-orthophosphate uptake from solution by M9 rootstocks and Worcester Pearmain seedlings. Plant, Cell and Environment. 4:297-302. Erel, R.; Dag, A.; Ben-Gal, A.; Schwartz, A.; Yermiyahu, U. 2008. Flowering and fruit set of olive trees in response to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. 133(5):639-647. Fernández-Escobar, R. 2008. Fertilización. En: El Cultivo del Olivo. 6ª ed. D. Barranco; R. Fernández-Escobar y L.Rallo (Eds.). 846 pp. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa. Madrid. Jiménez-Moreno, M.J. and Fernández-Escobar, R.
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