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Hajek CBC Pathogens List 2020.Pdf 1 Classical biological control of insects and mites: A comprehensive list of pathogen and nematode introductions (2020) Ann E. Hajek, Sana Gardescu, and Italo Delalibera Júnior (Hajek & Gardescu: Cornell University, Dept. of Entomology, Ithaca NY USA; Delalibera: ESALQ-University of São Paulo, Dept. of Entomology & Acarology, Piracicaba, Brazil) Prepared 2020, based primarily on: Classical biological control of insects and mites: A worldwide catalogue of pathogen and nematode introductions (2016) USDA FHTET-2016-06. (See that publication for explanations of categories and details.) This list is summarized in an article submitted in 2020 to the journal BioControl by Hajek, Gardescu, and Delalibera: "Summary of classical biological control introductions of entomopathogens and nematodes for insect control." Pathogen and nematode groups of biological control agents are presented in the following order: Virus, Bacteria, Fungus, Microsporidia, Oomycota, Nematoda. Within each agent group, the list is alphabetical by (1) Biological control agent released, then (2) Target pest order, family, and species (insect or mite host), and then (3) Release country. Release countries are categorized here into 8 major global regions. Agent establishment (persistence for at least 1 year) of the pathogen or nematode in the area of release is based on interpretation of the cited publications; not all references provided such information. Control success, for the agents that were considered to have established, is defined as follows: control = pest populations decreased below a density that causes damage or problems; for agricultural systems, this would be the economic injury level; partial control = had an impact on pest populations but other control measures were still needed to reach acceptably low pest population densities; negligible control = agent establishment continued but had little effect on the pest population. Additions made after the Hajek et al. (2016) catalogue are shown in red text. A numbered list of citations is provided at the end: numbers 1-217 are as in Hajek et al. 2016; 1A-1C are from the addendum in Hajek et al. 2016; and 218-225 are references added here in 2020. Agent group Biological control Biological control agent species Source of biological Pest Order Pest Family Target pest species Year(s) of Release country Pest origin in Release Islands Agent Control Results from introduction Citations agent (Family: Genus) control agent 1st release release area Region establishment success Virus Agrotis segetum Agrotis segetum granulovirus Austria Lepidoptera Noctuidae Agrotis segetum (Denis & 1975-80 DENMARK Native Europe continent established negligible Released in Lammefjord. Caused 65-70% reduction in 211, 212, 217 granulovirus (AsGV); (Baculoviridae: Schiffermüller); Turnip moth control damage soon after release and thought to have Betabaculovirus) spread 10 m from release. One year after release, ca. 99% of infectivity of virus applied to soils had been lost. Virus Anticarsia Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple Brazil Lepidoptera Erebidae Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner; 1990-91 USA: Louisiana Native North America continent established partial Released in soybean fields. Established, causing 25- 54 gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV); Velvetbean caterpillar control 100% infection the year of release and 4-49% multiple NPV (Baculoviridae: Alphabaculovirus) infection for years 2-4 after release, even in rotated fields. Virus Anticarsia Anticarsia gemmatalis multiple Santa Catarina, Brazil Lepidoptera Erebidae Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner; 1979-80 USA: South Native North America continent not 59-86% infection the season of release but no 10, 27 gemmatalis nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV); Velvetbean caterpillar Carolina infections found 1 year after release. multiple NPV (Baculoviridae: Alphabaculovirus) Virus Gilpinia hercyniae Gilpinia hercyniae mainland Canada Hymenoptera Diprionidae Gilpinia hercyniae (Hartig) [= 1943-45 CANADA: Non-native North America island established control Established and by 1946 reported as prevalent over 6, 41, 119 NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus (GhNPV); Diprion hercyniae Hartig]; Newfoundland considerable areas surrounding release areas. (Baculoviridae: Gammabaculovirus) European spruce sawfly Virus Gilpinia hercyniae Gilpinia hercyniae New Brunswick, Hymenoptera Diprionidae Gilpinia hercyniae (Hartig) [= 1950 CANADA: Non-native North America continent established control Released in an isolated host population in Sault Ste. 24, 41 NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus (GhNPV); Canada Diprion hercyniae Hartig]; Ontario Marie, 160 km (100 miles) beyond western distribution (Baculoviridae: Gammabaculovirus) European spruce sawfly of insect. Established and spread rapidly through infested area. Epizootics occurred yearly (1950-1959), hosts kept below economic damage level. Virus Harrisina brillians Harrisina brillians granulovirus Mexico & Arizona Lepidoptera Zygaenidae Harrisina brillians Barnes & 1981-82 USA: California Non-native North America continent established control Released in Tulare County in central California. 182, 224 granulovirus (HbGV); (Baculoviridae: USA McDunnough; Western grapeleaf Established; epizootics develop in high density host Betabaculovirus) skeletonizer populations. Overall, lowers general equilibrium density of host populations. Virus Lymantria dispar Lymantria dispar multiple Serbia, Yugoslavia Lepidoptera Erebidae Lymantria dispar (L.); Gypsy 1972 SARDINIA Native Europe island established control Established; high levels of larval mortality year of 114 multiple NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV); moth release, > 40% infection the next year and spread (Baculoviridae: Alphabaculovirus) over 300 hectares. Virus Lymantria Lymantria monacha Sweden & West Lepidoptera Erebidae Lymantria monacha L.; Nun moth 1973-74 DENMARK Native Europe continent established ? (unclear) Released in Silkeborg in 1973: 90% infection year of 210 monacha NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus (LmNPV); Germany release and, in 1974, no serious defoliation within and (Baculoviridae: Alphabaculovirus) directly around virus-release stands while insecticides had to be applied to other areas. In 1975, no virus was found in the few larvae collected. Released in Grindsted in 1974: the population collapsed that year but it is suggested that other factors, including the native virus, played important parts. Virus Neodiprion sertifer Neodiprion sertifer Sweden Hymenoptera Diprionidae Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffrey); 1950+ CANADA: Non-native North America continent established control Released in southern Ontario near Strathroy. Over 23, 40, 45, NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeseNPV); European pine sawfly Ontario 90% mortality 14 days after release and virus 119 (Baculoviridae: Gammabaculovirus) persisted. Widely distributed for release in pine plantations, e.g., one introduction in 1951 controlled an infestation over 100 acres within 3 years. After introduction, this virus replaced insecticides for controlling hosts and provided long term control. Today, host is a minor pest of plantations and ornamentals but occasionally can increase locally as natural spread and effectiveness of the virus is much reduced at low host densities. Virus Neodiprion sertifer Neodiprion sertifer Canada Hymenoptera Diprionidae Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffrey); 1961 UK: SCOTLAND Native Europe island established ? (unclear) 85% of colonies had infected individuals 24 days after 41, 163, 221 NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeseNPV); European pine sawfly release, resulting in very good control. In 1962, found (Baculoviridae: Gammabaculovirus) to persist in treated areas but minimal spread. (The virus is potentially also native there.) 2 Agent group Biological control Biological control agent species Source of biological Pest Order Pest Family Target pest species Year(s) of Release country Pest origin in Release Islands Agent Control Results from introduction Citations agent (Family: Genus) control agent 1st release release area Region establishment success Virus Neodiprion sertifer Neodiprion sertifer New Jersey USA; Hymenoptera Diprionidae Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffrey); 1952 USA: Illinois Non-native North America continent established control By 19 days after treatment, 82-100% control. In 1953, 20, 45 NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeseNPV); originally Canada European pine sawfly spread was up to 80 m from treated area. Excellent (Baculoviridae: Gammabaculovirus) control achieved. Virus Neodiprion sertifer Neodiprion sertifer Canada Hymenoptera Diprionidae Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffrey); 1953 USA: Indiana Non-native North America continent established control Reported as maintaining adequate control over 168 NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeseNPV); European pine sawfly several years through recurring epizootics after (Baculoviridae: Gammabaculovirus) establishment. Virus Neodiprion sertifer Neodiprion sertifer Canada Hymenoptera Diprionidae Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffrey); 1951-52 USA: New Jersey Non-native North America continent established control Established and spread (ca. 300 m from individual 45 NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus (NeseNPV); European pine sawfly trees after release). Released also in 1952. Provided (Baculoviridae: Gammabaculovirus) complete control. Virus Oryctes rhinoceros Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus Samoa Coleoptera Scarabaeidae Oryctes monoceros (Olivier); 1973 SEYCHELLES (in Native Indian Ocean island established control Released on Mahé, Praslin Island group and La 112, 113 nudivirus (OrNV) [= Rhabdionvirus oryctes African rhinoceros beetle or the Indian Ocean) Digue.
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