Kathleen S. Smith U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, CO, [email protected] CLU-IN Webinar Series on Hardrock Mining Geochemistry and Hydrology Sampling, Monitoring, and Remediation at Mine Sites Workshop 3, March 5, 2013

References for Sampling Considerations at Mining Sites (yellow highlight indicates paper provided in CLU-IN Additional Resources)

Al-Abed, S.R., Hageman, P.L., Jegadeesan, G., Madhavan, N., and Allen, D., 2006, Comparative evaluation of short-term leach tests for heavy metal release from mineral processing waste: Science of the Total Environment, v. 364, p. 14–23.

Bencala, K.E., 2005, Hyporheic exchange flows, in M.G. Anderson (ed.), Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences, v. 3(10): New York, Wiley, p. 1-7. (Available online at http://water.usgs.gov/nrp/proj.bib/Publications/2005/bencala.2005.pdf)

Braaten, R., and Gates, G., 2002, Groundwater-surface water interaction in NSW: a discussion paper. NSW DLWC (Sydney).

Chapin, T.P., and Todd, A.S., 2012, MiniSipper: A new in situ water sampler for high-resolution, long-duration acid mine drainage monitoring. Science of the Total Environment, v. 439, p. 343-353.

Diehl, S.F., Hageman, P.L., and Smith, K.S., 2006, What’s weathering? Mineralogy and field leach studies in mine waste, Leadville and Montezuma mining districts, Colorado, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD 7), St. Louis, Missouri, March 26-30, 2006, p. 507-527. (Available online at http://www.imwa.info/docs/imwa_2006/0507-Diehl-CO.pdf)

Diehl, S.F., Hageman, P.L., Smith, K.S., Koenig, A.E., Fey, D.L., and Lowers, H.A., 2006, What’s weathering in mine waste? Mineralogic evidence for sources of metals in leachates, in Proceedings of the Hard Rock Mining 2006 Conference, Tucson, Arizona, November 14-16, 2006.

Diehl, S.F., Hageman, P.L., and Smith, K.S., 2008, What is weathering in mine waste? Mineralogic evidence for sources of metals in leachates, Chapter A., in P.L. Verplanck (ed.), Understanding contaminants associated with mineral deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1328, p. 4-7. (Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1328/)

Ficklin, W.H. and Mosier, E.L., 1999, Field methods for sampling and analysis of environmental samples for unstable and selected stable constituents, in Plumlee, G.S., and Logsdon, M.J., eds., The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits, Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues, Reviews in Economic Geology, vol. 6A: Littleton, Colorado, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc., p. 249–264.

Gammons, C.H., and Nimick, D.A., 2010, Presentation at the SEG Environmental Geochemistry for Modern Mining Short Course, Denver, Colorado, October 29-30, 2010.

Gammons, C.H., Nimick, D.A., Parker, S.R., Cleasby, T.E., and McCleskey, R.B., 2005, Diel behavior of iron and other trace metals in a mountain stream with acidic to neutral pH: Fisher Creek, Montana, USA: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, v. 69, p. 2505–2516.

Gammons, C.H., Milodragovich, L., and Belanger-Woods, J., 2007, Influence of diurnal cycles on monitoring of metal concentrations and loads in streams draining abandoned mine lands: An example from High Ore Creek, Montana: Environ. Geol., v. 53, p. 611–622.

Hageman, P.L., 2007, U.S. Geological Survey Field Leach Test for Assessing Water Reactivity and Leaching Potential of Mine Wastes, Soils, and Other Geologic and Environmental Materials: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods, book 5, chap. D3. Reston, VA. (Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2007/05D03/pdf/TM5-D3_508.pdf)

Hageman, P.L., and Briggs, P.H., 2000, A simple field leach for rapid screening and qualitative characterization of mine waste material on abandoned mine lands, in Proceedings, 5th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD 2000). Littleton, CO: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration. p. 1463–1475. (Available online at http://crustal.usgs.gov/projects/minewaste/pdfs/hageman1.pdf)

Hammarstrom, J.M., and Smith, K.S., 2002, Geochemical and mineralogic characterization of solids and their effects on waters in metal-mining environments, Ch. B, in Seal, R.R., II, and Foley, N.K., eds., Progress on Geoenvironmental Models for Selected Mineral Deposit Types: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-0195, p. 8-54. (Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/)

Jambor, J.L., and Blowes, D.W., 1998, Theory and applications of mineralogy in environmental studies of sulfide-bearing mine wastes, in Modern Approaches to Ore and Environmental Mineralogy. Short Course Handbook, Vol. 27. Ottawa, Ontario: Mineralogical Association of Canada. p. 367-401.

Kimball, B.A., 1997, Use of tracer injections and synoptic sampling to measure metal loading from acid mine drainage: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 245-96, 4 p. (Available online at http://ut.water.usgs.gov/publications/fs245-96/)

Kimball B.A., Runkel R.L., Walton-Day K., and Bencala K.E., 2002, Assessment of metal loads in watersheds affected by acid mine drainage by using tracer injection and synoptic sampling: Cement Creek, Colorado, USA: Appl. Geochem., v. 17, p. 1183–1207.

Kimball, B.A., Walton-Day, K., and Runkel, R.L., 2007, Quantification of metal loading by tracer injection and synoptic sampling, 1996–2000, chap. E9, in Integrated Investigations of Environmental Effects of Historical Mining in the Animas River Watershed, San Juan County, Colorado. Edited by S.E. Church, P. von Guerard, and S.E. Finger. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1651. (Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1651/)

Kwong, Y.T.J., 1993, Prediction and Prevention of Acid Rock Drainage from a Geological and Mineralogical Perspective. MEND Project 1.32.1. Ottawa, Canada: Environment Canada. 47 p. (Available online at www.mend-nedem.org/reports/files/1.32.1.pdf)

Langmuir, D., and Mahoney, J.J., 1984, Chemical equilibrium and kinetics of geochemical processes in ground water studies, in B. Hitchon and E. Wallick, eds., Practical applications of ground water geochemistry: National Water Well Association, Dublin, Ohio, p. 69–95.

Lee, L., and Helsel, D., 2005, Baseline models of trace elements in major aquifers of the United States: Applied Geochemistry, v. 20, p. 1560–1570, doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2005.03.008.

Maest, A.S., Kuipers, J.R., Travers, C.L., and Atkins, D.A., 2005, Predicting water quality at hardrock mines: methods and models, uncertainties, and state-of the-art: Buka Environmental and Kuipers & Associates, 77 p. (Available online at http://www.earthworksaction.org/library/detail/predicting_water_quality_at_hardrock_mi nes)

McLemore, V.T., Russell, C.C., Smith, K.S., and the Sampling and Monitoring Committee of the Acid Drainage Technology Initiative-Metal Mining Sector (ADTI-MMS), 2004, Sampling and monitoring for closure, in Proceedings, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Preprint No. 04-62, 7 p.

McLemore, V.T., Smith, K.S., Russell, C.C., and the Sampling and Monitoring Committee of the Acid Drainage Technology Initiative-Metal Mining Sector (ADTI-MMS), 2007, Sampling and monitoring for closure, Chapter 11, in DeGraff, J.V., ed., Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 17, Understanding and Responding to Hazardous Substances at Mine Sites in the Western United States: Geological Society of America, p. 171-180. (doi:10.1130/2007.4017(11))

McLemore, V.T., Russell, C.C., and Smith, K.S., 2009, ADTI-MMS sampling and monitoring for the mine-life cycle, in Proceedings of Securing the Future and 8th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD), Skellefteå, Sweden, June 22-26, 2009, 10 p. (Available online at http://www.proceedings-stfandicard- 2009.com/pdfer/Virginia_McLemore_B4_T3_ADTI-MMS-Sampling-and-Monitoring- for-the-Mine-life-Cycle.pdf)

Nagorski, S.A., Moore, J.N., McKinnon, T.E., and Smith, D.B., 2003, Scale-dependent temporal variations in stream water geochemistry: Environ. Sci. Technol., v. 37, p. 859-864.

Nimick, D.A., Gammons, C.H., Cleasby, T.E., Madison, J.P., Skaar, D., and Brick, C.M., 2003, Diel cycles in dissolved metal concentrations in streams: occurrence and possible causes: Water Resour. Res., v. 39, p. 1247.

Nimick, D.A., Gammons, C.H., and Parker, S.R., 2011, Diel biogeochemical processes and their effect on the aqueous chemistry of streams: A review: Chemical Geology, v. 283, p. 3-17.

Nordstrom, D.K., 2004, Modeling low-temperature geochemical processes, in J.I. Drever (Editor), Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, and Soils: Treatise on Geochemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 37-72.

Nordstrom, D.K., 2011, Hydrogeochemical processes governing the origin, transport, and fate of major and trace elements from mine wastes and mineralized rock to surface waters: Applied Geochemistry, v. 26, p. 1777-1791.

Parbhakar, A., Edraki, M., Bradshaw, D., and Walters, S., 2009, Development of mineralogical characterisation techniques for predicting Acid Rock Drainage: a case study from an abandoned Au-mine, North Australia, in Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD 8), Skellefteå, Sweden, June 23-26.

Pitard, F.F., 1993, Pierre Gy's sampling theory and sampling practice (2nd ed.): Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press, 488 p.

Plumlee, G.S., Smith, K.S., Montour, M.R., Ficklin, W.H., and Mosier, E.L., 1999, Geologic controls on the composition of natural waters and mine waters draining diverse mineral- deposit types, Chapter 19, in Filipek, L.H., and Plumlee, G.S., eds., The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits, Part B: Case studies and research topics, Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 6B: Littleton, Colorado, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc., p. 373-432.

Price, W.A., 2005, List of potential information requirements in metal leaching and acid rock drainage assessment and mitigation work, MEND Report 5.10E: Ottawa, Natural Resources Canada, 23 p. (Available online at http://www.mend- nedem.org/reports/details-e.aspx?pub_id=5.10E)

Price, W.A., 2009, Prediction Manual for Drainage Chemistry from Sulphidic Geologic Materials: MEND Report 1.20.1, Natural Resources Canada. (Available online at http://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5336546.pdf)

Price, W.A., and Errington, J.C., 1998, Guidelines for metal leaching and acid rock drainage at minesites in British Columbia: British Columbia Ministry of Energy and Mines. (Available online at http://www.empr.gov.bc.ca/Mining/Permitting-Reclamation/ML- ARD/Pages/Guidelines.aspx)

Ramsey, C.A., and Hewitt, A.D. 2005. A methodology for assessing sample representativeness: Environ. Forensics, v.6, p. 71–75.

Runnells, D.D., Shields, M.J., and Jones, R.L., 1997, Methodology for adequacy of sampling of mill tailings and mine waste rock, in Proceedings, Tailings and Mine Waste ’97. Rotterdam: Balkema. p. 561-563.

Sauvé, S., 2002, Speciation of metals in soils, in Allen, H.E., ed., Bioavailability of metals in terrestrial ecosystems: Importance of partitioning for bioavailability to invertebrates, microbes, and plants: SETAC Press, Pensacola, Florida.

Schmiermund, R.L. and Drozd, M.A., eds., 1997, Acid mine drainage and other mining- influenced waters (MIW), in Marcus, J.J., ed., Mining environmental handbook: London, Imperial College Press, Chapter 13, p. 599–617.

Seal, R.R. II and Hammarstrom, J.M., 2003, Geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits: Examples from massive sulfide and gold deposits, in Jambor, J.L., Blowes, D.W., and Ritchie, A.I.M., eds., Environmental aspects of mine wastes, Short Course Handbook, vol. 31: Ottawa, Mineralogical Association of Canada.

Shaw, S., and Mills, C., (Infomine), Petrology and mineralogy in ARD prediction. Infomine. http://technology.infomine.com/enviromine/ard/mineralogy/petrology%20and%20minera logy.htm

Smith, K.S., 1999, Geoavailability, in Marshall, C.P., and Fairbridge, R.W., eds., Encyclopedia of geochemistry: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, p. 262–263.

Smith, K.S., 1999, Metal sorption on mineral surfaces: an overview with examples relating to mineral deposits, Chapter 7, in Plumlee, G.S., and Logsdon, M.J., eds., The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits, Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues, Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 6A: Littleton, Colorado, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc., p. 161-182.

Smith, K.S., 2007, Strategies to predict metal mobility in surficial mining environments, Chapter 3, in DeGraff, J.V., ed., Reviews in Engineering Geology, v. 17, Understanding and Responding to Hazardous Substances at Mine Sites in the Western United States: Geological Society of America, p. 25-45. (doi:10.1130/2007.4017(03))

Smith, K.S., 2011, Approach for environmental baseline water sampling, in Proceedings of the 2011 Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration Annual Meeting and Exhibit, Denver, CO, February 27 - March 2, 2011, Preprint 11-157, 6 p.

Smith, K.S., and Huyck, H.L.O., 1999, An overview of the abundance, relative mobility, bioavailability, and human toxicity of metals, Chapter 2, in Plumlee, G.S., and Logsdon, M.J., eds., The environmental geochemistry of mineral deposits, Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues, Reviews in Economic Geology, Vol. 6A: Littleton, Colorado, Society of Economic Geologists, Inc., p. 29-70.

Smith, K.S., Ramsey, C.A., and Hageman, P.L., 2000, Sampling strategy for the rapid screening of mine-waste dumps on abandoned mine lands, in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD 2000), Denver, Colorado, May 21-24, 2000, Volume II: Littleton, Colorado, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., p. 1453-1461. (Available online at crustal.usgs.gov/projects/minewaste/pdfs/kathy.pdf)

Smith, K.S., Walton-Day, Katherine, and Ranville, J.F., 2000, Evaluating the effects of fluvial tailings deposits on water quality in the Upper Arkansas River Basin, Colorado: Observational scale considerations, in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD 2000), Denver, Colorado, May 21-24, 2000, Volume II: Littleton, Colorado, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc., p. 1415-1424. (Available online at crustal.usgs.gov/projects/minewaste/pdfs/kathy2.pdf)

Smith, K.S., Campbell, D.L., Desborough, G.A., Hageman, P.L., Leinz, R.W., Stanton, M.R., Sutley, S.J., Swayze, G.A., and Yager, D.B., 2002, Toolkit for the rapid screening and characterization of waste piles on abandoned mine lands, Ch. C, in Seal, R.R., II, and Foley, N.K., eds., Progress on Geoenvironmental Models for Selected Mineral Deposit Types: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 02-0195, p. 55-64. (Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2002/of02-195/)

Smith, K.S., Wildeman, T.R., Choate, L.M., Diehl, S.F., Fey, D.L., Hageman, P.L., Ranville, J.F., Rojas, R., and Smith, B.D., 2003, Determining the toxicity potential of mine-waste piles: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 03-210. Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2003/ofr-03-210/

Smith, K.S., Hageman, P.L., Ramsey, C.A., Wildeman, T.R., and Ranville, J.F., 2006, Reconnaissance sampling and characterization of mine-waste material, in Proceedings of the Hard Rock Mining 2006 Conference, Tucson, Arizona, November 14-16, 2006.

Smith, K.S., Hageman, P.L., Briggs, P.H., Sutley, S.J., McCleskey, R.B., Livo, K.E., Verplanck, P.L., Adams, M.G., and Gemery-Hill, P.A., 2007, Questa baseline and pre-mining ground-water quality investigation: 19. Leaching characteristics of composited materials from mine waste-rock piles and naturally altered areas near Questa, New Mexico: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006-5165, 49 p. (Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2006/5165/)

Smith, K.S., Ranville, J.F., Diedrich, D.J., McKnight, D.M., and Sofield, R.M., 2009, Consideration of iron-organic matter interactions when predicting aquatic toxicity of copper in mineralized areas, in Proceedings of Securing the Future and 8th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD), Skellefteå, Sweden, June 22-26, 2009, 9 p. (Available online at http://www.proceedings-stfandicard- 2009.com/pdfer/Kathleen_Smith_B5_T6_Consideration-of-Iron-Organic-Matter- Interactions-when-Predicting-Aquatic-Toxicity-of-Copper-in-Mineralized-Areas.pdf)

Smith, K.S., Walton-Day, K., Hoal, K.O., Driscoll, R.L., and Pietersen, K., 2012, Pre- and post- remediation characterization of acid-generating fluvial tailings material, in Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD9), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, May 20–26, 2012, 10 p.

Smith, K.S., Hoal, K.O., Walton-Day, K., Stammer, J.G., and Pietersen, K., 2013, Automated quantitative micro-mineralogical characterization for environmental applications: Proceedings, 2013 Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME) Annual Meeting and Exhibit, Paper 13-140, 7 p.

Stewart, W.A., Miller, S.D., and Smart, R., 2006, Advances in acid rock drainage (ARD) characterization of mine wastes, in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage (ICARD 7), St. Louis, Missouri, March 26-30, 2006, p. 2098- 2119.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001, Abandoned mine site characterization and cleanup handbook, EPA 530-C-01-001: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002, Guidance on choosing a sampling design for environmental data collection (EPA QA/G-5S), EPA/240/R-02/005. (Available online at http://www.epa.gov/QUALITY/qs-docs/g5s-final.pdf)

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007, Aquatic life ambient freshwater quality criteria— Copper: 2007 revision: EPA-822-R-07-001, Washington, D.C. (Available online at http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/aqlife/copper/index.cfm

Walton‐Day, K., Runkel, R.L., and Kimball, B.A., 2012, Using Spatially Detailed Water‐Quality Data and Solute‐Transport Modeling to Support Total Maximum Daily Load Development: JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, v. 48, p. 949-969.

Wanty, R.B., Berger, B.R., and Tuttle, M.L., 2001, Scale versus detail in water-rock investigations, 1: A process-oriented framework for studies of natural systems, in Water- rock interaction 2001: Lisse, Swets & Zeitlinger, p. 221–225.

Wildeman, T.R., Smith, K.S., and Ranville, J.F., 2007, A simple scheme to determine potential aquatic metal toxicity from mining wastes: Environmental Forensics Journal, v. 8, p. 119-128. (doi:10.1080/15275920601180651)

Winter T.C., Harvey, J.W., Franke, O.L. and Alley, W.M., 1998, Ground water and surface water - a single resource: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139, 79 p. (Available online at http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/circ1139)

Yager, D.B., Johnson, R.H., Rockwell, B.W., Caine, J.S., and Smith, K.S., 2013, A GIS and statistical approach to identify variables that control water quality in hydrothermally altered and mineralized watersheds, Silverton, Colorado, USA: Environmental Earth Science (doi 10.1007/s12665-013-2229-y)

SOME GENERAL REFERENCES AND WEBSITES

Acid Drainage Technology Initiative (ADTI) Metal Mining Sector http://ese.mines.edu/adti/ Coal Mining Sector www.aciddrainage.com/

ASTM International (formerly known as the American Society for Testing and Materials) www.astm.org/

Eaton, A.D., Clesceri, L.S., Rice, E.W., Greenberg, A.E., and Franson, M.A.H. (eds.), 2005, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21st ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, and Water Environment Federation.

Global Acid Rock Drainage (GARD) Guide www.gardguide.com/

Hem, J.D., 1989, Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water (3rd edition): U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2254, 263 p. (Available online at http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/wsp/wsp2254/)

Horowitz, A.J., Demas, C.R., Fitzgerald, K.K., Miller, T.L., and Rickert, D.A., 1994, U.S. Geological Survey Protocol for the Collection and Processing of Surface-Water Samples for the Subsequent Determination of Inorganic Constituents in Filtered Water: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report 94-539. (Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1994/0539/report.pdf)

Jambor, J.L. and Blowes, D.W., eds., 1994, Mineralogical Association of Canada short course on environmental geochemistry of sulfide mine wastes, vol. 22: Mineralogical Society of Canada.

Jambor, J.L., Blowes, D.W., and Ritchie, A., eds., 2003, Environmental aspects of mine wastes, Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, vol. 31: Mineralogical Association of Canada.

MEND Manual (summarizes the work completed by Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) in Canada www.mend-nedem.org/reports/categories-e.aspx?cat_id=10

Tremblay, G.A., and Hogan, C.M. (eds.), 2001a, MEND Manual, Vol. 2—Sampling and Analysis. MEND document 5.4.2b. Ottawa, Canada: Natural Resources Canada, Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Program.

Tremblay, G.A., and Hogan, C.M. (eds.), 2001b, MEND Manual, Vol. 6—Monitoring. MEND document 5.4.2f. Ottawa, Canada: Natural Resources Canada, Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND) Program.

National Academies’ Water Information Center http://water.nationalacademies.org/drink_wat_qual.php

National Water Quality Monitoring Council http://acwi.gov/monitoring/

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Framework for Metals Risk Assessment http://www.epa.gov/raf/metalsframework/

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Abandoned Mine Site Characterization and Cleanup Handbook www.epa.gov/superfund/policy/remedy/pdfs/amscch.pdf

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Abandoned Mine Lands http://www.epa.gov/aml/

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Surface Water Field Sampling Procedures http://www.epa.gov/region9/qa/fieldsamp.html#surface

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Risk Assessment: Environmental Sampling http://www.epa.gov/region8/r8risk/sampling.html

U.S. Geological Survey, variously dated, National field manual for the collection of water- quality data: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 9, chaps. A1-A9. (Available online at http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/)

U.S. Geological Survey, variously dated, Applications of hydraulics: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 3, chaps. A1-A21. (Available online at http://pubs.usgs.gov/twri/)

U.S. Geological Survey, Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, Watershed Contamination from Hard Rock Mining http://toxics.usgs.gov/regional/mining/

U.S. Geological Mine Drainage Activities http://mine-drainage.usgs.gov/

Water on the Web www.waterontheweb.org/