Answers Research Journal 8 (2015):13–20. www.answersingenesis.org/arj/v8/creationist-cosmogony.pdf A Biblical Creationist Cosmogony
John G. Hartnett, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. johnhartnett.org
Abstract According to the Bible the universe is about 6000 years old. It follows from all standard assumptions that we have a starlight-travel-time problem. With the universe being billions of light-years in extent how does light travel across the universe to earth within the timescale of only about 6000 years as laid out by summing up the years represented by the genealogies in Genesis 5 and 11? This problem has been a stumbling block to many simply to believe the inerrant Word of God. Others have attempted to UHLQWHUSUHWWKH6FULSWXUHVWRIRUFHWKHPWRÀWLQZLWKVRFDOOHGPRGHUQVFLHQWLÀFGDWLQJRIWKHDJHRIWKH universe. But is this really necessary? I take another look at the problem and ask the following questions: :KDW LV DEVROXWHO\ QRQQHJRWLDEOH" :KDW FDQ ZH VD\ IRU VXUH" :KDW GHÀQHV RXU XQLYHUVH" $QG LV that consistent from a biblical creationist perspective? The cosmogony I propose involves Lisle’s ASC (Anisotropic Synchrony Convention) model in a static universe with added features and a mechanism for cosmological redshifts, which is consistent with all creationist understandings of the biblical texts, and no light-travel time problem.
Keywords: universe, cosmogony, tired light, ASC model, starlight travel time problem Introduction WKH galaxies (mostly via type Ia supernova What do we know from science about the size and measurements). nature (the physics) of the universe? In the following 2. The speed of light (represented by the universal I list what I believe we know, but there are some constant c is constant throughout history. Biblical necessary, and I think reasonable, assumptions creationists have extensively discussed the included. possibility of an historically much faster speed of 1. The universe is extremely large in size—billions of light but there are no reasonable physical light-years to the most distant observable galaxies. explanations for a much higher speed of light in theSDVW Parallax alone, using space-based telescopes, gives )XUWKHUPRUH WKHUH DUH VRPH GLIILFXOWLHV IRU this distances to stars out to about 200 parsecs.1 Thatis approach. For example, the energy lost from the a distance of DERXW 700 light-years and well within shrinking orbits of the Hulse-Taylor binary matches the the galaxy. Then there are distance measurement predictions of general relativity with exquisite techniques based on Cepheid variable stars, with accuracy. This system consists of two neutron stars,one their absolute brightness determined from their being a pulsar. The neutron stars are drawing closer period of pulsation, which have allowed measures together as they lose energy via the emission of outside the galaxy to distances of millions of gravitational UDGLDWLRQ If the speed of light F in the light-years. Beyond that Tully-Fisher luminosity of pastwas different to that we measure locally todaythat galaxies2 have permitted determinations to tens would be evident. Its current ORFDO value is always of millions of light-years. But after that assumed in the Hulse-Taylor binary analysis, astronomers essentially rely on the Hubble law— and since the binary system is 21,000 light-years that is, the redshift of the light from a galaxy is from earth it would invalidate the results (Taylor, related to its distance.3 And whether or not this )RZOHU DQG :HLVEHUJ :HLVEHUJ 7D\ORU DQG redshift implies expansion of the universe, it may Fowler 1981). This is because notionally its distance from well be a reasonable assumption that there is at earth would imply 21,000 years of travel time,assuming least a linear relationship between redshift of a constant speed of light, therefore we see into a past galaxy and its distance from earth. The latter is when the value of c should have been different determined from the redshift and luminosityRI DFFRUGLQJWRWKHLGHDWKDWLWKDVGHFD\HGRYHUWLPH.
1 That means the star has a parallax of 0.005 seconds of arc, i.e. it shifts against the more distant background stars by that much. Parallax and Distance Measurement. http://lcogt.net/spacebook/parallax-and-distance-measurement. 2 It was noticed that the rotation speed of spiral galaxies is proportional to it luminosity. This is derived from the Tully-Fisher law, which establishes a rotation speed vs. luminosity relation. More accurately, it is a relationship between dispersion in radial YHORFLW\DQGOXPLQRVLW\%\FRPSDULQJWKHLQIHUUHGOXPLQRVLW\IURPWKLVUHODWLRQVKLSWRWKHREVHUYHGEULJKWQHVVRQHFDQÀQGWKH distance to the galaxy. 3,QUHDOLW\VSHFLÀFFRVPRORJ\LVWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWZLWKGDUNHQHUJ\DQGGDUNPDWWHUFRPSRQHQWVDQGHYROXWLRQRIWKH+XEEOH parameter H(z) as a function of redshift is involved. Type Ia supernovae are used as a standard light source to determine distance YVUHGVKLIW1HYHUWKHOHVVDVLPSOH+XEEOHODZLVTXLWHDJRRGÀWWRWKDWGDWD
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The views expressed are those of the writer(s) and not necessarily those of the Answers Research Journal Editor or of Answers in Genesis. 14 J. G. Hartnett
3. We see the light from distant galaxies billions of Day 1, with a 24hour period, as measured by HDUWK light-years away. This is not the same as point 1 FORFNV *RG ILQLVKHG DOO KLV FUHDWLQJ E\ FORVH RI 'D\ though related. My meaning is that it is the light WKLVLQFOXGHGDOOWKHVWDUV KRVWRIKHDYHQGenesis 2:1). that left those sources, not some sort of fake light 5. God does not necessarily describe an expanding FUHDWHGE\*RGWRÀOOWKHLQWHUYHQLQJVSDFH7KH universe in the oftquoted Scriptures (Hartnett light carries real information with it. Of course, 2011a), therefore it could be static, expanding or this point carries a very strong assumption. We collapsing. The Scriptures speak of God creating can’t know if that is actually true, the universe is the host of heaven like putting up a tent (Isaiah too large. But God does not lie and we must believe 40:22,uses both tent and curtain similes). And the +HGRHVQRWGHFHLYHXV 7LWXV 1XPEHUV fabric of a tent doesn’t stretch very much. 4. In the light from distant galaxies we see a Secondly the Hebrew word ʧʺʔʮʕ mathach systematic redshift of the spectral lines, which translated “spreads” in Isaiah 40:22 has the KDV EHHQ FRQILUPHG DW ORZHU UHGVKLIWV ZKHUH a meaning “to spread out orover” as is the case with measure of galaxy distanceV was possible by beaten metal. Another example is ʲʷʸʔ ʕ raqa` independent means. This is the Hubble law. But it translated “spread” has the meaning “hard as a GRHV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ LQGLFDWH either cosmological molten looking glass” (aPLUURU -RE 7KLV expansion of space or a Doppler recession RIJDOD[LHV LV KDUGO\ OLNH WKH UXEEHU balloon analogy often (Hartnett 2011d, e). The evidence is equivocal on used in cosmology. whether the universe is static or expanding. 6. The argument can be made that from Scriptures, 5. There is evidence in support of, not geocentrism OLNH3VDOP WKHXQLYHUVHLVÀQLWHLQVL]H7KH (Hartnett 2014a), but near-galactocentrism. This Creator counts the number of stars and He knows means that our galaxy cosmologically speaking WKHPDOOE\QDPH$ÀQLWHQXPEHULVLPSOLHGEXW is somewhere near the centre of the universe not proven. (Hartnett 2014b). However the data could be equally well interpreted to mean oscillations in The Starlight-Travel Time Problem the expansion rate of an expanding universe, if Using the basic equation: the universe is expanding (Hartnett and Hirano Travel time = Distance ÷ Speed, 2008). applied to a Distance = 1 billion light-years with light What do we know from the Scriptures? travelling at the Speed of light = 1 light-year per year 1. God said that He created all the stars on Day 4 E\ GHÀQLWLRQ WKHQ ZH DXWRPDWLFDOO\ JHW D Travel of Creation Week (Genesis 1:16) which according time = 1 billion years for the light from the distant to the genealogies in Genesis 5 and 11 was about source. So how do you reconcile that with only about 6000 years ago. Therefore counting with biblical 6000 years available from the biblical chronologies? clocks the universe is only about 6000 years old. 9DULRXVDSSURDFKHVKDYHEHHQWDNHQE\FUHDWLRQLVWV 2. The light from the stars in the heavens must including myself. They include a much faster speed RI have been visible on Day 4 of Creation Week. In OLJKW LQ WKH SDVW 1RUPDQ DQG 6HWWHUILHOG light speaking of creating the sun and the moon on Day 4, created in transit ('HYoung 2010), a miraculous event God says “he made the stars also” (Genesis rather than a physical process (Faulkner 2013), .-9 RQ WKH IRXUWK GD\ 7KHUHIRUH E\ DQ\ time dilation relativistic models (Hartnett GHÀQLWLRQ DOO DVWURQRPLFDO REMHFWV LQ RXU VRODU E +XPSKUH\V DQG D system and beyond were created on Day 4. WLPLQJ FRQYHQWLRQ PRGHO /LVOH 1HZWRQ 2001). 3. God said He created heaven and earth and all that Most involve a mature creation in the cosmos WR is in them in six ordinary days (Exodus 20:11). He JUHDWHU RU OHVVHU GHJUHHV 'H 4 7KH IROORZLQJ LV IURP +XJK 5RVV·V ZHEVLWH Reasons to Believe.“Does the idea of a billions-of-years-old universe contradict a OLWHUDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKH%LEOH"1R7KH+HEUHZZRUGIRU¶GD\·KDVWKUHHOLWHUDOGHÀQLWLRQV KRXUVKRXUVRUDORQJWLPH SHULRGµ KWWS ZZZUHDVRQVRUJDERXWIDTV DQGFLWHV+XJK5RVV·VERRNA Matter Of Days (2004). But when the Scriptures use the expression “an evening and a morning” only one literal meaning is available. It is disingenuous to say otherwise. Normal speech uses the language of a 24-hour day as a literal day. A long period of time is not a literal day but a non-literal day, a period of time XQVSHFLÀHG7KHZRUG´XQVSHFLÀHGµGRHVQRWPHDQ´OLWHUDOµ 5 The two-way speed of light is represented by the symbol c7KLVLVZKHQWKHVSHHGLVPHDVXUHGE\DUHÁHFWLRQWHFKQLTXH2QHZD\VSeed of light measurements have been also attempted but it was that without assumptions about the necessary synchronisation of the two clocks needed it physically cannot be done. This, as it turns out, means the one-way speed of light is not a physically realizable quantity. 6$VVXPLQJRQO\ZHDNJUDYLWDWLRQDOÀHOGV 7&DOOHGWKHWZRZD\VSHHGRIOLJKWE\WKHZD\LWLVPHDVXUHGXVLQJDUHÁHFWRUDQGDVLQJOHFORFNDWWKHSRLQWRIHPLVVLRQDQG reception of the light signal under test. See discussion in Lisle (2010). 8 Our worldline is the spacetimeWUDMHFWRU\GHVFULELQJRXUORFDWLRQLQVSDFHRYHUXQIROGLQJWLPH 16 J. G. Hartnett For example, in an expanding universe two points past.10 7KDW PHDQV VRPH SDVW HYHQW LQ RXU XQLYHUVH could separate from each other faster than the speed PD\ KDYH DIIHFWHG WKH XQLYHUVH RI WKRVH HYHQWV ZKLFK of light, which would break their causal contact (i.e. LVDSUREOHPWKHELJEDQJKDVFDOOHGWKH KRUL]RQ they could no longer communicate with each other) SUREOHP 7KDW SUREOHP UHVXOWV IURP WKH WHPSHUDWXUH and hence an event at one point would not lie in the RI WKH &0% UDGLDWLRQ RVWHQVLEO\ IURP WKH ELJEDQJ ´XQLYHUVHµ RI WKH RWKHU DV GHÀQHG E\ LWV OLJKWFRQH ILUHEDOO EHLQJ WRR XQLIRUP WKURXJKRXW DOO YLVLEOH VSDFH 7KLV QRZ LQYROYHV RXU GHÀQLWLRQ RI WKH XQLYHUVH That means the temperature measured LQ all directions (YHQWV RU LQÁXHQFHV WKDW OD\ RU RFFXU RXWVLGH DQ\ in the CMB radiation is nearly identical, but those causal contact with our causally connected universe points have not communicated with each other, so how cannot be part of this universe. did they equilibrate? (Lisle 2003) $OWHUQDWHO\ LPDJLQH D VWDWLF XQLYHUVH RI ÀQLWH $ GLIIHUHQW ZD\ RI GHÀQLQJ WKH XQLYHUVH FRPHV VL]H WKHQ JLYHQ VXIÀFLHQW WLPH DQ HYHQW DW DQ\ from the proposal of Lisle and the Anisotropic point could eventually be seen at any other point in Synchrony Convention (ASC) (Lisle 2010) where that universe. Though this would necessarily be in the light-cone is shown in Fig. 2. The spacetime of the future of that original event. The only way that the past light-cone occupies all the region below could be avoided is if the two points were separated the space axis. This is because the incoming speed E\DQLQÀQLWHGLVWDQFH,QDÀQLWHVSDFH ZLWKZKDW RIOLJKWWRZDUGVWKHREVHUYHULVLQÀQLWH$OOHYHQWV we would call normal topology—space is Euclidean regardless of their location in space are observed at RU´ÁDWµ \RXFRXOGVD\DOOSRLQWV DQGKHQFHHYHQWV the earth. DUH LQ RXU XQLYHUVH :KHUHDV LQ DQ LQÀQLWH VSDFH points could be separated such that events occur at one location that can never be seen by another. So we Future need to learn to speak about events being in or not in the universe. Thus the universe now comprises space and time, not of space alone. In the normal language of relativity theory, the Time axis past light-cone, the spacetime represented by the FRQH on WKH ERWWRP in Fig. 1, is in our universe. The light-cone there is drawn under the assumption of the Einstein Synchrony Convention (ESC) (Hartnett 2013a /LVOH 1HZWRQ with the universal limiting speed of light at c. The VORSH RI WKH HGJHV RI WKH FRQH LQGLFDWH WKLV ILQLWH speed. The point at the origin, labelled “Now” also is in our universe.9 In Fig. 1, I show two groups of explosions: one is Now inside our past light-cone (1) and the other outside Space axis (2). The explosions inside (1) can be seen “Now” but the other (2) cannot. If the space separating the two points where the explosions (events) occurred is not expanding faster than c, then the explosions (1) outside our past light-cone (2) could intersect with Past our worldline sometime on our future light-cone. The GHÀQLWLRQ RI ´WKH XQLYHUVHµ FDQ EH PDGH WR LQFOXGH only events in our past light-cone. 8QGHU WKLV GHÀQLWLRQ WKH VHFRQG JURXS RI HYHQWV Fig. 2. Light-cone drawn in 2D where the Anisotropic (2) is beyond our visible horizon at present. And if Synchrony Convention (ASC) is assumed. Speed of those spacetime points are separating faster than OLJKWLVWKHRQHZD\VSHHGDQGLWLVFKRVHQWREHLQÀQLWH the speed of light, then they would always lie beyond towards the observer, which means it must be ½c away from the observer. The slopes of the past and future that horizon. In such a case I would argue that they light-cones are determined by these assumed one-way are not in our universe. They may well not even exist, speeds. The bottom (past) light-cone becomes a cylinder yet one could conceive of both our past light-cone and RI LQÀQLWH GLPHQVLRQV DQG LV LQGLFDWHG E\ WKH EURNHQ the past light-cone of those events intersecting in the lines on three sides. 91RWH´1RZµFDQEHGHÀQHGLQGLIIHUHQWZD\VDQG\HWVWLOOEHFRQVLVWHQWZLWKWKLVGHÀQLWLRQ 10 Standard cosmology has it that the expansion of the universe can be faster than the speed of light hence two spatial points could lose causal contact at some time in their history. A Biblical Creationist Cosmogony 17 In this case all past events are in our universe, JUDYLWDWLRQDO ÀHOG PRYLQJ LQZDUGV DW WKH VSHHG RI as they can be observed “Now” at the earth light as God creates new matter. The light wave simultaneously with when they occur at the source. front reaches earth on Day 4 as must DOVR the The concept of “Now” is still the same as previously, gravitational ILHOGRIWKHUHVWRIWKHXQLYHUVH LIZHGHÀQHLWE\ZKHQZHVHHDQHYHQWRFFXU7KLVLV This model leads to measurable effects: inertia our usual experience. RIDOOPDWWHUKDVEHHQFRQMHFWXUHG 0DFK(LQVWHLQ In this case, the future light-cone has a different WR DULVH IURP WKH JUDYLWDWLRQDO EDFNJURXQG ÀHOG slope due to the fact that we must make the outbound 7KHUHGVKLIWVRIÀHOGJDOD[LHVVHHPVWRIROORZDYHU\ speed of light equal to ½c, so that any measurement QLFH +XEEOH ODZ GHSHQGHQFH ZKLFK , FRQMHFWXUH RIWKHVSHHGRIOLJKWE\UHÁHFWLQJDOLJKWVLJQDOZLOO arises from this creation condition. It needs further always be c, averaged over both inward and outbound investigation, but this model generates a linear distances. This is the measurable two-way speed of redshift dependence with distance, from the simple light. fact, that the light from the more distant matter Both representations of the universe are valid— (created earlier when we time-stamp events with the with either ESC or ASC. The difference is only a ESC language) has further to travel. matter of choice of convention—how one wishes to The greater the distance the light travelled to earth time-stamp events. the greater the redshift—this is the Hubble law. If Looking at Fig. 2, drawn according to the ASC, that redshift then is due to the accumulation of energy you see the explosion events [on the edge of their lost by the photons (independent of wavelength) light-cone, (1)] are always seen as occurring “Now” then that would be manifest as a uniform shifting of simultaneously with when they happen. These are the spectral lines towards the red end of the spectrum. same events (1) as shown in Fig. 1, drawn according And that is exactly what we do see in the universe. It to the ESC. That means all stars and galaxies when would be a simple Hubble law, if the effect is linear. created on Day 4 would have been seen on earth on If that is the case, we would expect to see a simple Day 4. redshift dependence on supernova (SN) light curves. Now let’s translate the creation of the stars and This then brings in substantial discussions about galaxies on Day 4 of Creation Week into the language the claimed time-dilation observed in supernova of the ESC light-cone. For all to be seen on Day 4, light curves that convolves intrinsic width of the all must have been created, starting from the most light curve and the time-dilation stretch factor. One distant, in concentric shells, centred on earth, in a cannot be known without the other. In addition, in sequence of time (under the ESC) such that the determining luminosity for the distance moduli, leading edge of the newly created stars was travelling RQH RI WKH FULWHULD XVHG WR UHMHFW DQ\ FDQGLGDWH 61 inward at the two-way speed of light, c. This way is its predicted peak absolute magnitude outside of all galaxies would have been visible (if there was a very narrow range, and that range is determined VXIÀFLHQWOLJKWDQGK\SRWKHWLFDOO\VRPHRQHWKHUHWR by its absolute magnitude calculated assuming REVHUYHWKHP IRUWKHILUVWWLPHRQ'D\RQO\DERXW the standard cosmology (Hartnett 2011d). That is 6000 years ago, as measured¬by¬earth clocks¬which circular reasoning. started ticking at the beginning of creation Day 1. There are theoretical grounds for an argument that 7KHWRWDOFRQWHQWRIWKLVXQLYHUVHWKHQLVGHÀQHG the speed of light is determined by the substructure by what we, today, would call the visible universe. It of the vacuum (Urban et al. 2013) and hence it is not ZDV DOO YLVLEOH LQ SULQFLSOH DW WKH ÀUVW PRPHQW RI VXFK D ELJ VWHS WR FRQMHFWXUH DOVR WKDW WKH SKRWRQV creation on Day 4. Since then about 6000 years of lose energy over cosmological distances, due to their aging has occurred. The difference here, as compared interaction with the quantum vacuum. The effect to the big bang universe, is that there can be no Fould be non-dispersive and that is what is observed. unobservable events (locations) outside our light- The latter effect could result from energy lost in FRQHZKHQGHÀQHGE\WKH(6&7KHH[SORVLRQHYHQWV photons due to the accumulation of matter in the GHÀQHGLQ)LJRXWVLGHRXUFXUUHQWXQLYHUVHDUH vacuum in the universe during the creation process or future events. Matter was not created there and then simply due to the cosmological distances light and hence does not exist\HW. travels to earth LQWHUDFWLQJ ZLWK WKH HSKHPHUDO SDUWLFOHV LQ WKH TXDQWXP YDFXXP That is, it is a A Biblical Creationist Cosmology distance dependent phenomenon. Hence the decrease and Cosmogony of redshift towards the observer. This naturally leads to a physical cosmological A Redshift Mechanism model and cosmogony: All stars and galaxies created What I propose here is essentially Lisle’s ASC model with a matter horizon moving towards earth at the EXW ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO UHÀQHPHQWV DQG D PHFKDQLVP speed of light (c IURP D ÀQLWH ERXQGDU\ DQG WKH for cosmological redshifts, but not resulting from 18 J. G. Hartnett expansion of the universe. The universe in this model . . . the possibility that red-shift may be due to some can be static, but more likely temporarily static with other cause, connected with the long time or distance the potential to collapse, because all we can see in involved in the passage of the light from the nebula this model is 6000 years of history, as measured by to observer, should not be prematurely neglected. earth clocks. The evidence for expansion is equivocal (Hubble and Tolman 1935) (Hartnett 2011d, e) and hence this model does not rely on that expansion for a relativistic time dilation Local Light Limit effect to solve the light-travel-time problem. It also follows that regions in galaxies that appear God can sustain His universe as long as He WREHVWDUIRUPLQJUHJLRQVDUHLQIDFWMXVWWKDW:H chooses, so we do not need to build in naturalistic DUHVHHLQJVWDUIRUPLQJHYHQWVMXVWDIWHU*RGFUHDWHG initial conditions so that a static, and hence WKHPLHQRWIRUPLQJQRZEXWMXVWDIWHUWKH\ZHUH inherently unstable, universe is ruled out. Also we do created. What we observe are fully formed stars, but QRWQHHGWRGHÀQHLWDVWKRXJKLWLVLQVRPHLQKHUHQWO\ it is claimed in secular astronomy that these have HTXLOLEUDWHG FRQGLWLRQV VR WKDW VXIÀFLHQW WLPH KDV “evidence of youth” according to the evolutionary HODSVHGWKDWDOOUHJLRQVKDYHKDGVXIÀFLHQWWLPHWR idea that stars evolved out of a nebular of gas and exchange information with each other. The universe dust. we are observing has only existed for 6000 years so The biblical creationist view would be what we that is not a necessary condition. see today is only about 6000 years old, as measured The model does not reinterpret the length of the by earth clocks. The one star that is sometimes days of Genesis 1. They are 24-hour days, and all overlooked is the sun in our solar system. Quite events in the universe are time-stamped in line with obviously the Creator considers the sun a star the sequence in Genesis chapter 1. There was no big (though somewhat more important than the others). bang, but a beginning initiated by the Creator of a He spoke through David saying, XQLYHUVHWKDWLVHVVHQWLDOO\MXVWWKHVDPHDVZHVHHLW :KHQ,FRQVLGHUWK\KHDYHQVWKHZRUNRIWK\ÀQJHUV today—a mature creation. the moon and the stars, which thou hast ordained. 7KLV PRGHO GHILQHV WKH XQLYHUVH ZLWK FRQFHSWV 3VDOP .-9 HPSKDVLVDGGHG consistent with standard concepts of spacetime in 3HUKDSV *RG GLG QRW VSHFLÀFDOO\ PHQWLRQ WKH Einstein’s relativity theory. The universe is the visible sun here because it is also a star (Hartnett 2014d). universe, at least, in principle, as there could be Now God must have created a mature sun, since galaxies that lie beyond the reach of large telescopes He created it only four earth rotation days after He due to the size of the universe. This universe can be FUHDWHG WKH ÁHGJOLQJ SODQHW HDUWK )URP 3VDOP ILQLWHDQGERXQGHGEXWVXJJHVWVDWDPLQLPXPWKDW we can conclude that the mature creation concept earth is FRVPRORJLFDOO\ near the centre of the can be applied equally well to all the other stars, as universe and light DUULYHGIURPDOOJDOD[LHVIRUWKH much as it is applied to the sun. ILUVWWLPHRQ'D\of Creation Week. The visible universe gives us the local light limit. Due to the nature of the quantum vacuum, photons At creation this was all the starlight there ever was. of light, propagating at the speed of light, c, take There were no events prior that passed earth by more millions and billions of years to get to earth near the than two light-days. Though a long period of time centre of God’s creation, when the ESC is assumed had passed, under the assumption of the ESC, where but it arrives instantly, when the ASC is assumed. VWDUOLJKWSURJUHVVLYHO\ÀOOHGWKHXQLYHUVHEHIRUHPDQ Photons travelling to earth through the cosmos was created, the light from all galaxies including interact with the quantum foam of virtual particles, our own was only local for two days prior to Adam’s which limits their speed to c (a universal constant creation. No hypothetical observer on Days 1 to 3 under the assumption of the ESC, under which all would have seen anything in the cosmos. Hence, with such measurements are made). But the vacuum is the ASC as the biblical time-stamping convention, not lossless, and over cosmological distances, photons the creation of all stars occurred sometime on Day lose energy. Thus the spectral lines of emission and 4, according to the Genesis record, when the light absorption features in the light from distant galaxies arriveG instantaneously from those sources. are systematically redshifted, proportionally to the On Day 1, GLVWDQFHWUDYHOOHG7KHLGHD,SURSRVHLVDPRGLÀFDWLRQ And God said, “Let there be light”: and there was of the “tired light” proposal of Zwicky (1929), but with light. *HQHVLV .-9 some differences. The model will be more developed His own light illuminated the earth for Days 1–3 in a sequel to this paper. before the light from the sun, moon and stars and the This notion is not inconsistent with Edwin Hubble’s extra-galactic sources arrived at earth. From Day 4 own pronouncements when he said in regards to the on the events in the cosmos have unfolded very much cause of galactic redshifts, as we observe today. Galactic processes are very slow A Biblical Creationist Cosmogony 19 and that is generally what we observe. But the Holy +DUWQHWW-Starlight time and the new physics. 2nd ed. Scriptures tell us that a time will come when, Atlanta, Georgia: Creation Book Publishers. And all the host of heaven shall be dissolved, and +DUWQHWW-*D'RHVWKH%LEOHUHDOO\GHVFULEHH[SDQVLRQ the heavens shall be rolled together as a scroll: and of the universe? Journal of Creation 25, no. 2:125–127. http://creation.com/bible-cosmological-expansion DOOWKHLUKRVWVKDOOIDOOGRZQ ,VDLDK .-9 +DUWQHWW-*E0RGHUQVFLHQFHLQFUHDWLRQLVWWKLQNLQJ (emphasis added) Journal of Creation 25, no. 3:46–47. creation.com/ And the heaven departed as a scroll when it is rolled creationism-modern-science. together 5HYHODWLRQ .-9 HPSKDVLV +DUWQHWW-*F7KH$QLVRWURSLF6\QFKURQ\&RQYHQWLRQ added) model as a solution to the creationist starlight-travel :KHQ *RG·V MXGJPHQWV FRPH WKH VWDUV KHQFH time problem. Journal of Creation 25, no. 3:56–62. http:// galaxies) will be dissolved away (ʷʷʔ ʮʕ maqaq in Isaiah MRKQKDUWQHWWRUJWKHDQLVRWURSLFV\QFKURQ\ PHDQLQJ WR PHOW EXW ÀJXUDWLYHO\ WR GZLQGOH convention-model-as-a-solution-to-the-creationist- vanish) or fade away. And both of these verses give VWDUOLJKWWUDYHOWLPHSUREOHPSDUWL KWWS MRKQKDUWQHWW org/2014/04/06/the-anisotropic-synchrony-convention- WKH LPSUHVVLRQ WKDW MXVW OLNH ZKHQ *RG FUHDWHG WKH model-as-a-solution-to-the-creationist-starlight-travel- heavens, like putting up a tent (“spreadeth them out as time-problem-part-ii. a tent . . .” Isaiah 40:22). He will also pull down that tent, +DUWQHWW-*G'RHVREVHUYDWLRQDOHYLGHQFHLQGLFDWHWKH when He rolls up the heavens. That rolling up could universe is expanding?—part 1: The case for time dilation. DOOXGHWRWKHUHYHUVHSURFHVVRIFUHDWLQJMXVWDVSXOOLQJ Journal of Creation 25, no. 3:109–114. http://creation.com/ down a tent is the reverse process of putting it up. expanding-universe-1. So could it be, that at the end of all things, God puts +DUWQHWW -* H 'RHV REVHUYDWLRQDO HYLGHQFH LQGLFDWH out those lights in the same fashion He created them, the universe is expanding?—part 2: The case against in an outward travelling shock wave front, going out expansion. Journal of Creation 25, no. 3:115–120. http:// from the earth to all the heavens? In this case, it could creation.com/expanding-universe-2. +DUWQHWW-*D+RZGRZHVHHGLVWDQWJDOD[LHVLQD be much faster than the speed of light, c. Eventually \HDUROGXQLYHUVH"KWWS MRKQKDUWQHWWRUJKRZ that wave front would reach a radius out in space do-we-see-distant-galaxies-in-a-6000-year-old-universe/. where the stars and galaxies have died out. They +DUWQHWW -* E $ YDOLG ÀQLWH ERXQGHG H[SDQGLQJ burned out but the earth never saw that part of their Carmelian universe without dark matter. International lives because that light never reached it (travelling at Journal of Theoretical Physics 52, no. 12:4360–4366. constant speed c, under the assumption of the ESC). +DUWQHWW -* D 7KH FRVPRORJLFDO SULQFLSOH DQG JHRFHQWULVP KWWS MRKQKDUWQHWWRUJWKH Conclusion cosmological-principle-and-geocentrism/. A basic outline is given for a solution to the biblical +DUWQHWW -* E 2XU JDOD[\ QHDU WKH FHQWUH RI FRQFHQWULFVSKHULFDOVKHOOVRIJDOD[LHVKWWS MRKQKDUWQHWW creationist starlight-travel-time problem in a static org/2014/05/26/our-galaxy-near-the-centre-of-concentric- or quasi-static universe with a mature creation. No spherical-shells-of-galaxies/. created-in-transit deception, nor faster speed-of-light +DUWQHWW -* F ([SDQVLRQ RI VSDFH³D GDUN nor relativistic time dilation is needed. The days of science. Answers Research Journal 7:453–458. https:// Genesis creation are 24-hour normal earth rotation answersingenesis.org/astronomy/cosmology/expansion- days, and even a redshift mechanism is suggested space-dark-science/. for cosmological redshifts seen in light from distant +DUWQHWW -*G :KHQ , FRQVLGHU WK\ KHDYHQV KWWS galaxies. Details of that mechanism are explored in MRKQKDUWQHWWRUJZKHQLFRQVLGHUWK\KHDYHQV the sequel. +DUWQHWW -* DQG . +LUDQR *DOD[\ UHGVKLIW abundance periodicity from Fourier analysis of number FRXQWV 1 ] XVLQJ 6'66 DQG G) *56 JDOD[\ VXUYH\V References Astrophysics and Space Science 318, no. 1–2:13–24. http:// DeYoung, D. B. 2010. Mature creation and seeing distant arxiv.org/pdf/0711.4885v3.pdf. VWDUOLJKW-ournal of Creation 24, no. 3:54–59. +XEEOH ( DQG 5& 7ROPDQ 7ZR PHWKRGV RI )DXONQHU'5$SURSRVDOIRUDQHZVROXWLRQWRWKHOLJKW investigating the nature of nebular red-shift. Astrophysical travel time problem. Answers Research Journal 6:279–284. Journal 82:302–337. ZZZDQVZHUVLQJHQHVLVRUJFRQWHQWV DUMYOLJKWB +XPSKUH\V '5 &UHDWLRQLVW FRVPRORJLHV H[SODLQ WKH WUDYHOBWLPHBSUREOHPSGI anomalous acceleration of Pioneer spacecraft. Journal +DUWQHWW - 07. A 5D spherically symmetric expanding of Creation 21, no. 2:61–70. http://creation.com/images/ universe is young. Journal of Creation 21, no. 1:69–74. MRXUQDOBRIBFUHDWLRQYROFUHDWLRQLVWSGI KWWS FUHDWLRQFRPLPDJHVSGIVWMMBMBB SGI +XPSKUH\V '5 1HZ WLPH GLODWLRQ KHOSV FUHDWLRQ +DUWQHWW - 6WDUOLJKW WLPH DQG WKH QHZ SK\VLFV cosmology. Journal of Creation 22, no. 3:84–92. http:// In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on FUHDWLRQFRPLPDJHVSGIVWMMBMBB SGI Creationism, ed. A. A. Snelling, 193–203. Pittsburgh, /LVOH-3/LJKWWUDYHOWLPH DSUREOHPIRUWKHELJEDQJ Pennsylvania: Creation Science Fellowship and Dallas, Creation 25, no. 4:48–49. http://creation.com/light-travel- 7H[DV ,QVWLWXWHIRU&UHDWLRQ5HVHDUFK time-a-problem-for-the-big-bang. 20 J. G. Hartnett /LVOH -3 $QLVRWURSLF 6\QFKURQ\ &RQYHQWLRQ³$ 7D\ORU -+ /$ )RZOHU DQG -0 :HLVEHUJ solution to the distant starlight problem. Answers Research Measurements of general relativistic effects in the binary Journal ²ZZZDQVZHUVLQJHQHVLVRUJDUWLFOHVDUM SXOVDU365 Nature 277:437–440. v3/n1/anisotropic-synchrony-convention. 8UEDQ0)&RXFKRW;6DUD]LQDQG$'MDQQDWL$WDL 1HZWRQ5'LVWDQWVWDUOLJKWDQG*HQHVLV &RQYHQWLRQV The quantum vacuum as the origin of the speed of light. of time measurement. TJ 15, no. 1:80–85. http://creation. European Physical Journal D 67, no. 3:58–63. http://arxiv. com/distant-starlight-and-genesis-conventions-of-time- org/pdf/1302.6165v1.pdf. measurement. :HLVEHUJ -0 -+ 7D\ORU DQG /$ )RZOHU 1RUPDQ7*DQG%6HWWHUÀHOG The atomic constants, Gravitational waves from an orbiting pulsar. 6FLHQWLÀF light and time0HQOR3DUN&DOLIRUQLD 6WDQIRUG5HVHDUFK American 245:74–82. Institute. Zwicky, F. 1929. On the red shift of spectral lines through 5RVV + A matter of days: Resolving a creation interstellar space. Proceedings of the National Academy of controversy. Colorado Springs, Colorado: NavPres. Sciences of the United States of America 15, no. 10:773–779.