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Beratli Avrupa Tüccari and Institutional Change in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire (1835-1868)

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Beratli Avrupa Tüccari and Institutional Change in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire (1835-1868) THE SULTAN’S ENTREPRENEURS, THE ENTREPRENEURS’ SULTAN: BERATLI AVRUPA TÜCCARI AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1835-1868) SAİD SALİH KAYMAKCI BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSTIY 2013 THE SULTAN’S ENTREPRENEURS, THE ENTREPRENEURS’ SULTAN: BERATLI AVRUPA TÜCCARI AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1835-1868) Thesis submitted to the Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts by Said Salih Kaymakcı Boğaziçi University 2013 i ‘‘The Sultan’s Entrepreneurs, the Entrepreneurs’ Sultan: Beratlı Avrupa Tüccarı and Institutional Change in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire (1835-1868),’’ a thesis prepared by Said Salih Kaymakcı in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts in History degree from the Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History at Boğaziçi University. This thesis has been approved on 31 July 2013 by: Prof. Şevket Pamuk (Thesis Advisor) Prof. Nadir Özbek Assoc. Prof. Cengiz Kırlı ii An abstract of the thesis of Said Salih Kaymakcı for the degree of Master of Arts from the Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History to be taken in July 2013 Title: The Sultan's Entrepreneurs, the Entrepreneurs’ Sultan: Beratlı Avrupa Tüccarı and Institutional Change in the Nineteenth Century Ottoman Empire (1835-1868) This thesis examines the Beratlı Avrupa Tüccarı, non-Muslim Ottoman merchants who engaged in trade with the special licenses issued in the name of the sultan in the nineteenth century. The research was primarily based on documents from the Prime Minister’s Office of the Ottoman Archives. The conclusions reached were when the state identified the prosperity of the country with the increase in trade and attributed itself the regulatory role for this and the merchants demanded the backing of the state in their trade and the necessary changes in the system, the institutional transformation of the Ottoman Empire was inevitable. This interaction was accompanied by the already increasing economic activity, which gave momentum to the merchant’s demands and the state’s willingness to change. Hence, the nineteenth century reforms in the commercial and legal fields had the imprint of the merchant practices, the state’s active policy-making and the environment of growing trade and economic growth. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Atatürk İlkeleri ve İnkilap Tarihi Enstitüsü’nde Yüksek Lisans Derecesi için Said Salih Kaymakcı tarafından Temmuz 2013’de teslim edilen tezin özeti iii Başlık: Sultan’ın Girişimcileri, Girişimcilerin Sultanı: Beratlı Avrupa Tüccarı ve Ondokuzuncu Yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Kurumsal Değişim (1835-1868) Bu tez 19. yy’da sultanın adına verilen özel beratlarla ticaret yapan ve Beratlı Avrupa Tüccarı olarak adlandırılan gayri-Müslim Osmanlı tüccarlarını incelemektedir. Tezin araştırması esas olarak Başbakanlık Osmanlı Devlet Arşivleri’nde mevcut belge ve defterlere dayanmaktadır. Tezin ulaştığı sonuçlara göre devletin ticaretdeki artışı ülkenin zenginliğiyle özdeşleştirdiği ve bunu mümkün kılmak için gerekli düzenlemeleri yapma görevini kendisinde gördüğü ve tüccarların güçlü bir şekilde devlet desteğini ve sistemik değişim talep ettikleri bir ortamda Osmanlı imparatorluğunun kurumsal dönüşüm yaşaması kaçınılmazdı. Hali hazırda artmakta olan iktisadi aktivite ve ticaretse devlet ve tüccar arasındaki bu etkileşime ivme kazandırmıştır. Sonuç olarak, 19. yy hukuki ve ticari reformları tüccarların uygulamaları, devletin aktif siyaset yapımı ve artan ticaret ve iktisadi büyüme koşullarının izlerini taşımaktadır. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Prof. Şevket Pamuk, for his constant support, valuable criticisms and comments. Without his continuance guidance and encouragement, I probably would not have been able to finish this thesis on time. I have always felt the honor as well as the responsibility of working with a leading scholar in economic history. I am also thankful to Assoc. Prof. Cengiz Kırlı and Prof. Nadir Özbek for their valuable suggestions as jury members. I owe special thanks to Prof. Özbek for his efforts to teach me to approach the dominant paradigms in history writing critically. I am indebted to Mehmet Genç and Prof. Erol Özvar for being my first teachers in Ottoman economic history and being available and patient whenever I needed answers to my seemingly-endless questions. Their help in deciphering difficult texts in Ottoman Turkish was also indispensable. More importantly, they have been role models for me as being exceptional economic historians, which does not detract from their humbleness in any way. I would like to express my gratitude to Prof. Suraiya Faroqhi, who has always been the right person in the right place as a source of new ideas and insights for me in Ottoman history. Sitting in her classes and attending her field trips gave me the chance to benefit from her never-ending knowledge. As a timeless Ottoman historian, she has always been a great source of inspiration. Not only did I get the lead for the subject of my masters thesis from her but also was directed to the right person on this subject, namely İsmail Hakkı Kadı, with whom I did the first archival search for my thesis and who generously shared his knowledge and books from his library about the subject with me. Therefore, I thank Asst. Prof. Kadı wholeheartedly. I am grateful to Assoc. Prof. Ahmet Faruk Aysan for opening my eyes to heterodox and Islamic economics. The meetings of our reading group, iktisadiyat, have been indispensable for giving me a sense of belonging as a place where I sought refuge from the mainstream economics and exchanged ideas with many valuable friends. Moreover, his close interest in my academic and personal life as well as his confidence in me enabled me to continue working while I had difficult times in the past. I thank Prof. Murteza Bedir, Prof. Recep Şentürk, Asst. Prof. Cüneyt Köksal, and Asst. Prof. Necmettin Kızılkaya, who have been my teachers in classical Islamic Sciences in the last three years, for their continuous interest in my academic and personal development. I am indebted to my abis and friends, M. Talha Çiçek, Kazım Baycar, Abdullah Saçmalı, Haşim Koç, Ercüment Asil, Faruk Yaslıçimen, Alaaddin Tok, Hasan Umut, Enes Tüzgen, Ömer Faruk Petek, Serdar Serdaroğlu, Sedat Albayrak, M. Akif Berber, M. Habib Saçmalı, A. Vahdi Kanatsız, Gökhan Övenç, Ömer Koçyiğit for their valuable friendship and mentorship, as well as for the enjoyment of the lengthy academic discussions I had with them at various places, including the gardens of the old building of the Ottoman archives. Their interest and contagious love for all things in Ottoman have always been a great source of encouragement and inspiration for my studies. My special thanks goes to Kathryn Kranzler, who edited my thesis and answered my endless questions patiently. Her magical touches to my thesis made it look much better than it really is. I also thank Tracy Lord Şen, who unfortunately was not able to see my thesis come out while I sat in her classes because of my prolonged research. Finally, I would like to emphasize that while I benefited greatly from the comments and criticisms these people while developing my ideas and writing this thesis, all the errors in this thesis are mine and I am solely responsible for them. Before ending, I would like to dedicate this thesis to Mehmet Genç, hocam… v CONTENTS CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………1 CHAPTER II: BERATLI MERCHANTS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AVRUPA TÜCCARI SYSTEM……………….….………..16 Capitulations in the Ottoman Empire……………………………………………….17 Consular Protection for Ottoman Subjects………………………………………….19 Ottoman Policies Countering the Commercialization of Berats…………………….25 The Porte’s Own System of Protection: The Emergence of Beratlı Avrupa Tüccarı………………………………..……………………………………..............27 The Porte’s Attempts to Establish the New System and the Spread of Avrupa Tüccarı……………………………………….……………………………………...32 The Sultan’s Promise: The Text of Avrupa Tüccarı Berats before 1838………….. 36 CHAPTER III: THE LAST YEARS OF THE “CLASSICAL AGE”: 1835-1839/1250-1255……………………………………………………………….57 The Ottoman Legal System in the Classical Period………………………………………………………………………………. 60 “The Last Years of the Classical Age”: A Note on the Periodization……………... 63 Avrupa Tüccarı in the Classical Age………………………………………………. 65 Commercial Litigation of Avrupa Tüccarı: Debt Collection Cases………………...65 A Note on the Relative Absence of Mixed and Intra-Avrupa Tüccarı Litigation in the Primary Sources……………………………………………………………..91 Intervention in Avrupa Tüccarı Estates upon their Deaths …………………………95 Avrupa Tüccarı Complaints about Intervention in their Properties…………………98 Avrupa Tüccarı Complaints about Over-charges and Over-taxation……………...100 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………….105 CHAPTER IV: AVRUPA TÜCCARI IN THE AGE OF REFORM…………..................110 The Footsteps of the Reform Period……………………………………………….113 The Establishment of the Ministry of Trade……………………………………….119 The End of the Classical Age: The Gülhane Rescript and the Age of Tanzimat Reforms…………………………………………………………………………….121 The Evolution of the Ministry of Trade and Commercial Court (1838-1860)…….127 The Local Commercial Councils………………...………………………………...138 The Avrupa Tüccarı’s Use of the New Institutions……….……………………….148 A Question of Jurisdiction: The Interplay between the Avrupa Tüccarı and the Porte………………………………………………………………………………..164
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