Minutes Central Committee 1963

MINUTES CENTRAL COMMITTEE 1963

BIRMINGHAM HISTORICAL SOCIETY MINUTES CENTRAL COMMITTEE 1963

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BIRMINGHAM HISTORICAL SOCIETY

t^it/i the financial support of the Alabama Power Foundation Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publication data on file.

ISBN: 0-943994-38-1

Printed in Canada Table of Contents

About the Secretary v Introduction 1 Secretary's Telephone Call List of ACMHR Members, SCLC Staff, Students, and Lawyers 8 Others Attending the Central Committee Meetings, Added by the Editors 9 Minutes of the ACMHR and SCLC Central Committee, Twenty-Two Meetings, April 9, 1963-June 14,1963 13 Attachments to the Minutes, As Added by the Secretary News Release by Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, President, ACMHR, April 8,1963 11 Points for Progress, Birmingham, Alabama 29 Petition for Parade Permit, April 26, 1963 30 Statement of Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, May 10, 1963 45 Statement of Reverend Martin Futher King, Jr., May 10, 1963 46 Attachments, As Added by the Editors Fimeline of Civic and Civil Rights Events, August 1962-July 1963, Birmingham, Alabama 66 Persons Associated with the Central Committee Fhe Secretary's Fist of Members 71 Other Persons Attending Central Committee Meetings 76 Other Key Players 77 City of Birmingham Segregation Ordinances 79 Minutes of the City Council of Birmingham, Establishing the Committee on Community Affairs, May 28, 1963 83 Minutes of the City Council, Abolishing Segregation Ordinances, July 23,1963 85 Index 86 Mrs. John (Deenie) Drew, Miles College President Dr. Lucius Pitts, Mrs. Tyree (Ruth) Barefield-Pendleton at Miles College, c. 1963. Photograph courtesy Mrs. Barefield- Pendleton. About the Secretary

Ruth Kimball grew up in Pascagoula, Mississippi. After graduating from Tougaloo College, she married Pascagoula's first black doctor, Dr. Tyree J. Barefield-Pendleton. In 1953, the young couple moved to Birmingham's Roosevelt City, where her husband opened a general practice. She taught history and worked on voter registration campaigns. By 1958, the couple had built a home on Dynamite Hill. Their two children, Denise and Tyree, were still young when she and her new friends and neighbors Deenie Drew, Althea Montgomery, Ruth Gaillard, andWilla Adams joined in civil rights causes. In 1960, Miles College students conducted sit-ins at Foveman's, Pizitz, Kress, and Britt's—downtown stores with lunch counters. In the spring of 1962, the students, with the blessing of college president Dr. Fucius Pitts, launched a Selective Buying Campaign, encouraging blacks not to shop at segregated stores so as to pressure the merchants to desegregate their facilities. Dr. Pitts asked Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Deenie Drew, and Althea Montgomery to work with the students. Faculty and Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) member Jonathan McPherson served as their adviser; the women considered themselves the "Den Mothers." Few students had cars at this time, so on Saturdays and Sundays they chauffeured the students as they blanketed the community with flyers about the boycott. The women also dropped off students downtown to sit in at downtown stores. When the students were arrested, instigating court cases, the women bailed them out and went with them to court. Frank Dukes and U.W. Clemon were among the student activists. According to Mrs. Barefield-Pendleton, after Reverend Shuttlesworth and his ACMHR became involved, the boycott really took off. In the spring of 1963, because she had worked with the students and the ACMHR, Mrs. Barefield-Pendleton was tapped to serve on the Central Committee—the group overseeing strategy for the Birmingham Campaign and negotiations with the white community. Elected Secretary, she took the minutes. After getting her children off to school and her husband to his office, "we were off to the meetings in the Gaston Motel and the F. R. Hall Conference Room," she recalls. In addition to work on this committee, she attended the evening mass meetings and picked up entertainers and officials, driving them to places and events about the city. Negotiating the police and fire blockades, she also dropped off student demonstrators in the retail district. The Minutes of the Central Committee remained as notes in Mrs. Barefield- Pendleton's home until the early 1990s, when she saw historian Taylor Branch on television regretting the lack of first-hand accounts of the Birmingham Movement. She then pieced together her notes and filled a handwritten ledger book that she gave to the Birmingham Civil Rghts Institute when it opened in 1992. She kept a copy that she made available for publication in this volume. J-f C5S*d£vdyilU3 <2£i^-<-»-"^"^

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Excerpt from the Minutes of the Central Committee, recorded by Ruth Barefield- Pendleton, Secretary, April 14, 1963. Courtesy Ruth Barefield-Pendleton. Introduction

The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. and the staff of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) came to Birmingham in the spring of 1963 to help their local affiliate stage demonstrations intended to eliminate racial segregation in the City of Birmingham. Formed in 1957, SCLC was an umbrella organization that included representation from local civil rights groups across the South. SCLC was well funded and brilliantly staffed. SCLC was invited to Birmingham by the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, SCLC secretary and the only SCLC officer who directed a local movement. From his base at Bethel Baptist Church in the Collegeville neighborhood and later from his church in Cincinnati, Ohio, Shuttlesworth had served as president and prime mover of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) for seven years.Through national speaking engagements, a regular column in the Pittsburgh Courier, and his Birmingham work, Shuttlesworth was known across the country as "the South's fearless freedom fighter." Historians acknowledge Shuttlesworth's ACMHR as the strongest local civil rights movement. Shuttlesworth organized the ACMHR on June 5, 1956, days after Alabama officials outlawed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in the state. NAACP had begun to accumulate significant U.S. Supreme Court victories destined to change "the Southern way of life." State officials thought that eliminating the NAACP would slow change. However, Shuttlesworth's new Movement kept the pressure on. ACMHR sought not only to win court cases but also to achieve first-class citizenship for its people through direct-action challenges. For seven years, Shuttlesworth and ACMHR challenged nearly every local segregation law and won victories in the U.S. Supreme Court, most notably in public transportation. With the help of Miles College students and area residents, ACMHR also instigated economic boycotts and sit-ins at retail stores. The widespread Easter 1962 boycott of Birmingham stores drew significant attention to the Movement and caused financial hardship for Birmingham merchants. In May 1961, Shuttlesworth coordinated the Freedom Rides across the state of Alabama, advising, counseling, and nursing those seeking to bring attention to racial practice. The brutal beating of the riders in Birmingham proved to be the event that catapulted Birmingham leaders—including Sidney Smyer, owner of the real estate firm that founded Birmingham and the incoming president of the Chamber of Commerce, and the brilliant and progressive attorney David Vann—to undertake a campaign to change Birmingham's form of government and oust Commissioner of Public Safety Bull Connor from office. In 1962, Smyer chaired a Senior Citizens Committee of corporate leaders that Movement folks called "the white power structure."When Birmingham citizens voted to create a new mayor-council form of government in November 1962, Bull Connor decided to run for Mayor, losing the election to the more moderate Albert Boutwell in April 1963 and then refusing to vacate his office, thus providing Birmingham with two aspiring city governments for 38 days, during which the ACMHR-SCLC demonstrations took place. In 1963, ACMHR had a fearless leader, a stalwart core of 300 to 400 dedicated members, and a demonstrated ability to organize the community. Weekly mass meetings held at churches across the greater Birmingham area not only educated but inspired participants to take direct action against inequity and injustice despite the ever-present fear of retaliation by employers, the police, and the Ku Klux Klan. Not everyone in Birmingham's black community belonged to the ACMHR, nor did everyone support the protests that began on April 3, 1963, after months of planning. Some black leaders had been working with those who changed the city's form of government and wanted to give the new government a chance to work things out. Others did not want to rock the boat. On April 9, Reverend King argued his case to those hostile to the demonstrations, saying: "This is the most segregated city in America and we have to stick together if we ever hope to change its ways. I and my associates in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference have come to help you to break down the walls." King promised visits from baseball great Jackie Robinson and entertainers Sammy Davis, Jr. and Harry Belafonte.The blind entertainer Al Hibbler had marched that day and sang hit songs that evening at a mass meeting. That same day April 9, a group was formed to present a unified front and to coordinate the joint ACMHR-SCLC campaign strategy. The group met for the first time in Room 30 at the Gaston Motel, the suite of rooms the campaign had leased from local businessman A.G. Gaston. First called the Strategy Committee, the group quickly became known as the Central Committee. Its membership included local pastors and representatives of the ACMHR, SCLC staff, students, and lawyers.The leaders of the ACMHR and SCLC—Shuttlesworth and King—agreed that they would undertake the joint campaign and that they would, together, decide when demands had been met and when to call off the demonstrations. During the campaign, the Committee dealt with day-to-day issues: strengthening the economic boycott of segregated retail stores, raising funds to bail demonstrators out of jail, and negotiating the Movement demands with the white power structure. Subcommittees of the Central Committee included Negotiation, Leaflet Distribution, Property Bond, Lunch Counter, and Employment. Serving on the Central Committee from the ACMHR were prominent local clergy, the Reverends John Cross, Joseph Ellwanger, Flonoy C. H. George, Joshua Hayes, A. D. King, Nathaniel Linsey Harold Long, E. P. Murchison, Herbert Oliver, John Porter, Fred Shuttlesworth, N. H. Smith, Andrew Thomas, and Abraham and Calvin Woods; and local businessmen and professionals, insurance firm owner John Drew, A. G. Gaston, Dr. B. M.Jefferson, Dr.James Montgomery, Arthur Shores, and William Shortridge. SCLC staff representatives included the Reverends Ralph Abernathy, James Bevel, Charles Billups, Martin Luther King, Jr., Bernard Lee, Joseph Lowery, C.T.Vivian, and Wyatt Tee Walker, as well as Dorothy Cotton, Carole Hoover, Dora McDonald, and Willie Pearl Mac key. Designated lawyers included Birmingham attorneys Arthur Shores, Orzell Billingsley and Oscar Adams and NAACP and SCLC attorneys Norman Amaker, Jack Greenberg, and Clarence Jones.The Committee likewise included students U.W. Clemon, Lester Cobb,Wilbert Crochen, Luther Dickerson, Frank Dukes, Sherrill Marcus, Annie Peterson, and George Scott. Other members were Willa Adams, Deenie Drew, and Ruth Barefield-Pendleton—neighbors, civic activists, and mothers of school- age children—who got the jobs of taking notes, calling everyone for committee meetings, transporting celebrities and demonstrators, and hunting up those summoned for court appearances. Lola Hendricks, the volunteer ACMHR secretary who coordinated ACMHR logistics with SCLC chief of staff Wyatt Walker, also served on the committee. The Negotiating Committee had a changing cast of characters, but officially included John and Deenie Drew, Rev. Edward Gardner, A.G. Gaston, Rev. A. D. King, Rev. Harold Long, Charles Madden, James Montgomery Rev. Herbert Oliver, Dr. Lucius Pitts, Attorney Arthur Shores, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth,William Shortridge, Rev. N. H. Smith, and Rev. Abraham Woods. From reports of the committee's meetings with white leaders recorded in these Minutes, the Reverend Harold Long, pastor of the Congregational Church; insurance executive John Drew; Miles College President Lucius Pitts; attorney Arthur Shores; and Reverend Shuttlesworth participated most frequently in the major negotiating sessions.The Central Committee agreed that only Birmingham blacks were to attend these sessions. However, Rev. Andrew Young set them up and represented Rev. King at the meetings. Other ACMHR members and out-of-towners also attended. Additionally, secret meetings of President John Kennedy's representative, assistant U.S. Attorney General Burke Marshall, with small groups of both blacks and whites took place in the early morning hours and late at night. The Movement's demands—the Four Points for Progress—were presented to the representatives of the white community on April 26. They included: desegregation of retail facilities; employment of blacks in upper-level jobs; dismissal of charges against the demonstrators; and establishment of a bi-racial committee to continue to work together to improve conditions for all citizens. Reverend Shuttlesworth had reached agreement with merchants on most of these points in September 1962, but the agreements had not been kept. The established negotiating procedure was for both black and white groups to report back to their various constituents for approval. Interestingly on May 7, the eve of the major negotiation, Drew, Long, Shores, Reverend N. H. Linsey, andVincent Harding are noted as participating, though the latter two never appear on lists of Committee members. Other sources state that the heavily sedated Shuttlesworth, his ribs broken from a fire hose blast and fresh from closing down the afternoon's demonstrations of thousands of youthful marchers, also attended. New York-born Vincent Harding had impressive academic credentials as a journalist and historian and at this time worked with the Mennonite Church as a counselor and mediator for southern civil rights groups. (He had been in town since the demonstrations began.) On May 10, Harding read the Reverend Shuttleworth's and the Reverend King's statements on the final negotiated accord to the Committee. Harding was among those drafting Shuttlesworth's statement, which begins: "The city of Birmingham has reached an accord with its conscience." According to the May 10 statement of Reverend Shuttlesworth, retail facilities are to be desegregated, blacks are to be employed in upper-level jobs throughout the industrial district, demonstrators are to be released on bond, and, in the absence of a legitimate governmental body, the Senior Citizens Committee of the Chamber of Commerce was to reestablish a channel of communication within two weeks. Between the first and last minutes of the Central Committee— April 9, 1963 and June 14, 1963—thousands demonstrated for freedom. While historians now agree that the Birmingham demonstrations led to President John Kennedy's introduction of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, they generally consider the local gains to be minimal. At the final meeting of the Central Committee on June 14, it does appear ominous for the negotiated accord.The Negotiating Committee reports that those of the Senior Citizens with whom they recently met do not know what the negotiated agreement was, nor does the Central Committee know why they are submitting 25 names to the mayor's office.There are problems with the bonding, and many of the student demonstrators have been expelled from school. However, employers with federal contracts are set to hire competent blacks and a lunch counter committee is set to work with attorney DavidVann to de-segregate stores. Clearly, communication between blacks and whites still had great room for improvement. A beginning to such improvement was provided by the negotiated accord that terminated the demonstrations and by those members of the Central Committee and of the Senior Citizens who exercised leadership during the period Birmingham was without a legitimate government. The new city government, on the first day it officially met, May 28, 1963, authorized the first bi-racial committee in the history of the city, the Committee on Community Affairs (CAC), fulfilling the original point 4 (See page 29) of the Four Points for Progress. Sixty days after it was established, on July 23, the City of Birmingham government quietly repealed all existing segregation ordinances in one meeting of the City Council (See page 83).Thus, Birmingham got rid of the problem of segregation by law. According to two of the lawyers, Arthur Shores and David Vann, who not only helped negotiate the accord that closed the demonstrations but also worked out a just and meaningful solution, the mayor's new Committee on Community Affairs ultimately became a powerful vehicle civic leaders used to sit down and work out difficult community problems. Shores stated in a 1968 interview, "Now every Monday some forty-five to sixty black and white citizens meet for breakfast. Members of the power structure, that is. Presidents of the banks, big industries, professionals, labor leaders, educators, and just rank-and-file plain people meet for breakfast every Monday morning." David Vann, during the time he served as Mayor of the City of Birmingham, noted, "We don't have a crisis every Monday. But every Monday we have a place where there are people that can do something about problems and can make things happen." On November 15, 2012, the successor group to the Community Affairs Committee became part of REV Birmingham, a new organization formed from the merger of Operation New Birmingham and Main Street Birmingham. It still meets every Monday morning. Secretary's Telephone Call List Central Committee 1963 Ala. Christian Movement for Human Rights and Southern Christian Leadership Conf. Rev. F. L. Shuttlesworth FA 45944 Rev. Edward Gardner 595 0952 WE. Shortridge St 53119 Georgia Price FA 47704 Rev. A. D.King 788 6711 Dr. A. G. Gaston AL 19195 Dr. L. H. Pitts St 84611 Atty. Arthur Shores FA 22511 Bishop E. Murchison 252 3541 Rev. John Porter FA 42668 Pastor Joseph Ellwanger FA 33265 Rev. Harold Long FA 31273 Rev. N. L. Linsey FA 25804 John Drew AL 21104 Addine Drew AL 10875 Rev.J.W Hayes St 74239 Rev. H. Oliver St 70825 Rev. Abraham Woods FA 40498 Rev. Calvin Woods FA 46178 Willa Adams FA 26481 Dr. B.M.Jefferson FA 49320 Dr. James T. Montgomery FA 21626 Rev. John Cross 251 9402 Rev. A.W.Thomas (St. Luke) 323 2792 Ruth Barefield-Pendleton 322 9996 Rev. Flonoy 252 5464 Annie Peterson 631 3170 Rev. N. H. Smith 324 4901 Lola Hendricks Rev. C. H. George Gaston Motel FA 24631 Lounge 252 9380 S.C.L.C. Lawyers Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Arthur Shores Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy Orzell Billingsley Rev. Wyatt T.Walker Norman Amaker N.A.A.C.E Rev. Andy Young Jack Greenberg } Rev. A. D.King Clarence Jones Rev. C.T.Vivian Oscar Adams Dorothy Cotton Willie Mackey Students Dora E. McDonald Lester Cobb Carole Hoover Frank Dukes Rev. Bernard Lee Annie Peterson Rev. James Bevel Sherrill Marcus Rev. Joseph Lowery George Scott Rev. Charles Billups U.W. Clemons Luther Dickerson

Others Attending the Central Committee Meetings, Added by the Editors James Armstrong, ACMHR Vincent Harding, Negotiating Leroy Clark, attorney Committee Wilbert Crochen, student Constance Motley, attorney, Rev. Sam Davis NAACP John Doar, attorney, U. S. Lucinda Robey, ACMHR Justice Dept. Rev. Cunningham, St. James Baptist Church April 3 - April 6, 1963

First Sit-in, Woolworth's Lunch Counter, April 3, 1963. Birmingham Post-Herald Collection, Birmingham Public Library Department of Archives and Manuscripts (BPLDAM) 827.1.1.6.11.

March Leader, Rev. Shuttlesworth, left with back turned, assembling the men and women marchers two by two, with Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., right, and other SCLC lead ers seeing them off, Courtyard, A. G. Gaston Motel, April 6, 1963. Birmingham Police Department Surveillance Collection, BPLDAM 1125.11.20.A-2.

10 April 8,1963

Statement by the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, President Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights

NEWS FROM Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights 505V2 No. 17th Street B'ham, Ala. FOR RELEASE: 10:10 a.m. Monday, April 8,1963 BY THE REV F. L. SHUTTLESWORTH, President, Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights "This statement is released to clear up any misunderstanding as to what has prompted the current nonviolent direct action campaign against segregation and discrimination. "Since Wednesday, April 3, over 100 persons have been arrested for peacefully demonstrating against segregation practices in the stores of downtown Birmingham. The possibility is very real that many others, including citizens from other parts of the state and the nation will make their witness against the unjust system. The Negro community had made it perfectly clear that they will submit to arrest and jailing to demonstrate that they will no longer endure the laws and custom of segregation, brutal treatment by the police and injustice in the courts. "The question is raised,'Why do it now?' and 'When will the demon strations end?' "In the first place, for the last seven years, Negroes have met peace fully in large numbers, protesting segregation by prayer petition, seeking legal redress, accepting jail and conviction and abuse. "Secondly, since September 26 [1962] Negroes have waited in vain for the fulfillment of desegregation promises made by several merchants and members of the Chamber of Commerce. In an effort to stave off direct action led by the president of the Chamber of Commerce, and the management of the largest department stores, met three times with a cross-section of Negro leadership including myself.

11 "At the conclusion of these meetings held September 21,25, and 26, last year, mutual agreement was made on the following:

1. a. Immediate desegregation of the water fountains and restroom facilities. (The managers of Loveman's and Pizitz agreed to move theirs the day of the last meeting. They were actually taken down but were put back in place shortly thereafter.)

b. Filing of a joint suit by merchants and Negroes seeking to invalidate city ordinance requiring segregated eating facilities. (The offer to merely finance the suit was rejected.)

2. Request to City to drop the charges against Sit-in demonstrators including several charges against F. L. Shuttlesworth.

3. Ask the City to set up a bi-racial committee with Negroes making their own selection.

"The merchants indicated in good faith, we presumed, that some job upgrading had commenced. The specifics were left to a later meeting. The crux of our minimum request of the present nonviolent thrust are essentially the same as the above save the matter of timing on the lunch counters and the specific task of developing a plan for the desegregation of the public schools."

For further information, call 324-5941. Wyatt Tee Walker Public Information Officer

Editors' Note: The Secretary attached this statement to the Minutes.

12 April 9, 1963* Room 30 A. G. Gaston Motel The meeting of the Strategy Committee was opened with a prayer by the Chairman, Rev. West. The first item on the agenda was the election of a secretary. Mrs. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton was elected secretary for the Committee. The progress report was given by Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker. He reported that all plans made on Saturday for the presentation of Al Hibbler in concert were not successfully implemented because of failure to secure a place. He also reported that three persons had gone to Britts to get arrested this morning for the purpose of taking messages to persons (with Movement) already in City jail. Additional plans for today call for Sit-in-demonstrations at four stores: Loveman's, Pizitz, Woolworth and Britts. Dr. M. L. King said that he would like for this Committee to draft ways and means to intensify the boycott of the downtown stores and shopping centers. "People are still shopping." Rev. N. L. Linsey suggested that in addition to passing out hand bills in the mass meetings, that we would have individuals to pass out cards downtown, reminding shoppers of color, that they are not to shop. Rev. Harold Long suggested that we use the same technique that the Student-Movement used, that is the flooding of every Community with leaflets.

^Editors' Note: These minutes and addenda were transcribed from Ruth Barefield-Pend- leton's handwritten copy and are presented here in their entirety. Minor punctuation changes have been made for clarity and the spelling of some individuals' names has been corrected.

13 Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth suggested that we up-date the hand bills that we already have on hand (the number of persons already in jail). The question was asked if we have a leaflet Committee. It was answered in the affirmative. Rev. Walker reminded us that he still does not have enough clerical help; that he also needs another telephone. Dr. King authorized Wyatt Walker to get another telephone. Dr. King said that a Coordinator of Leaflet distribution was needed. Rev. H. Oliver was suggested. Rev. H. Long so moved, seconded by Deenie Drew. Mr. Cleve Smith, Mr. Jonathan McPherson, and student Luther Dickerson were added to that Committee. It was moved by Dr. King and seconded by Rev. Shuttlesworth that Rev. Walker be authorized to contact Rev. Oliver to ascertain his availability to serve as Coordinator of Leaflet distribution. Mr. John Drew suggested that Insurance managers be given hand bills on Friday mornings to be distributed by their agents. Pastor Joseph Ellwanger said that if Rev. Oliver accepts the position, he should also serve on this Committee. The organization would be responsible for his expense. Mr. Drew suggested that negotiations with Dr. Gaston be open again concerning the rental of the L. R. Hall Auditorium for the Al Hibbler Concert, and that Dr. King and Rev. Shuttlesworth, Rev. Abernathy and Rev. Long would comprise the Committee to go to see Dr. Gaston. A closing prayer was offered by Rev. Long. The meeting adjourned until Thursday. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

14 April 11, 1963 Room 30 A. G. Gaston Motel The Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman Rev. Hayes. Rev. Linsey offered prayer. The minutes of the previous meeting were read, and adopted as read. The progress report was given by Wyatt Tee Walker. He reported that #(1) Rev. Oliver had been contacted and asked to serve as Coordinator of the Leaflet Distribution. He accepted. #(2) On basis of Tuesday Analysis, less than two (2) persons were shopping per five (5) stores concentrated on. #(3) 50,000 leaflets had been distributed to the insurance agents. #(4) The Public Library had been successfully integrated by Miles College students, with no arrest. #(5) Atlantic Mills' Cafeteria was integrated on vertical basis. #(6) Twenty seven people are ready to march this morning. It was reported that a temporary or peremptory Injunction was issued this morning at 1:15 A.M. by the State of Alabama to the leaders of S.C.L.C., the Ala. Christian Movement, all persons who have been arrested, enjoining and restraining and prohibiting the respondents named in the Bill of Complaint, their agents, members, employees, servants, followers, attorneys, successors, and all other persons in active concert or participation with the respondents, [from] engaging in, sponsoring sit-in, Kneel-in, Picketing etc. Dr. Martin King moved that we continue Movement of Direct Action that had been started over the weekend. He explained how the State Injunction differed from the Federal Injunction issued in Albany [Georgia]. He stated that if the Injunction had been issued on basis of equal Justice for All, we should abide by it. But our action is based on a Moral mandate, backed up by a Constitutional Mandate.

15 The motion was arrested until the Lawyers could come and explain legal consequences, penalty if the injunction is broken. It was reported that our Bonding Co. was meeting with difficulty in making bond for the people arrested. Mr. John Drew was appointed Coordinator of property Bond Committee. Rev. A. D. King reported that Mr. Willie Clancy's (In-mate of City Jail) sister has died, and moved that a Cash Bond be put up to get Mr. Clancy out of jail immediately. The motion was carried. The lawyers came and explained the legal consequences and possible penalties if the Injunction is broken. After the lawyers left, it was moved by Rev. A. D. King, and Seconded by Rev. Porter that the activities be continued. Rev. Hayes adjourned the meeting with a closing prayer. Rev. J.W Hayes, Chairman Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec. Lawyers —Arthur Shores Orzell Billingsley

16 Saturday, April 13, 1963 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman, Rev. Hayes. Prayer by Rev. Harold Long. The progress report was given by Mr. Wyatt Walker. He stated that Burke Marshall [head, Civil Rights Division, U.S. Department of Justice] had been called to register a personal protest about Dr. M. L. King, Jr. and Rev. Abernathy being held incommunicado. Scheduled for today: Picketing of Loveman's and Pizitz's in Roebuck Shopping Center. That five (5) white students from Ohio would be in Monday; that eighteen (18) white ministers from Conn, were ready to come; that Rev. CT. Vivian from Chattanooga had been contacted. There will be a Mass Meeting atThirgood C.M.E. Sunday afternoon 4:00 p.m.We will march from the Church to the City Jail. That a petition was being prepared to be presented to Mayor Boutwell at his inauguration on Monday. It was suggested by Rev. Walker that persons from this group should go down and sit with the Managing Editor of the Birmingham News and the Post Herald and ask them to print news objectively. The meeting was adjourned with prayer by the Chairman. Rev.J.W Hayes, Chairman Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

17 Sunday April 14 (Easter) 1963 8:30 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the acting Chairman, Rev. Harold Long because the Chairman Rev. Hayes was in City jail. Rev. Edward Gardner offered prayer. Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker gave the progress report for Saturday's activities. Atlantic Mills was picketed for approximately 15 minutes. Lawyers were able to visit with Dr. King and Rev. Abernathy. That he had sent a wire to Pres. Kennedy and Atty. Gen. Kennedy asking an immediate investigation of the inhumane and cruel treatment of these two distinguished Americans. That at Saturday night's Mass Meeting, seven ministers were recruited to go to jail. In Sunday's demonstration 1500 people marched. 31 were arrested. Included were Rev. A. D. King, Rev. John Porter, Rev.J.W Hayes, Rev. N. H. Smith and Frank Dukes. The Kneel-in's were attempted at six Churches. Three (3) Churches accepted—First Baptist and First Presbyterian and Central Church of Christ. Three (3) Rejected. That on Monday morning our lawyers will file a writ to dissolve Injunction. That ABC wants to do a documentary on Birmingham, with Mr. Walker doing the narration. Survey made Saturday showed an average of nine people in each of the 5 stores concentrated on. That fifty citizens have been asked to bring in $50.00.

18 Rev. Wyatt Walker also reported that he had met with fourteen Physicians and Dentists in Dr. Joel Boykin's office Sunday afternoon at their request. He had suggested when asked by the doctors, "What could they do?" Rev.Walker's response: 1. Attend Mass Meetings 2. Make Contributions to the Movement. 3. Sign Property Bonds! 4. Put up Cash for Bail Fund in Escrow for Bonding Co. 5. Go to Jail. Dr. H. L. Hamilton pledged $1,000. Dr. H. H. Brewer and Dr. A. L. Brewer arranged property bonds. Dr. D. E. Bradford $600.00 (Bail Fund—in Escrow) Dr.T.J. Barefield-Pendleton $600.00 Bail Fund (in Escrow) Dr. S. E. Harris says he will make cash contribution after he files income tax. Dr. Sidney Welch pledged cash contribution. Wyatt Walker also reported that Mr. Clarence Jones from the Belafonte Committee will be in Monday from New York. Mr. Shortridge reported that he and Rev. George were ready to go and try to get five people released from jail on property bonds. It was moved by Deenie Drew, and seconded by Rev. Shuttlesworth that two persons from this committee go to Mr. Arthur Shores on Monday morning to see what is the "hold-up" on the property bonds. Andy Young raised the question, If the preliminary, informal negotiation could be started? And he explained why he felt that it should be started, and what it is, or the things we can agree with at this time. It was decided that specifics which were on the first list presented during earlier negotiations which would not conflict with the Ordinance should be considered:

19 I Immediate desegregation of Lunch Counters II Removal of signs from rest rooms, water fountains etc. III Establish a fair hiring policy IV Job up-grading V Ask merchants to j oin in with us in a suit to Remove Ordinance VI Ask City to drop Charges, Old and new. Mr. Shortridge suggested that another counselor be employed at a fee not to exceed $100.00 for legal counsel and advice. A motion was made by Mr. Shortridge that Mr. Oscar Adams would serve as advice Attorney and Lawyer ofVisitation.The motion was seconded by Mrs. Lola Hendricks.The motion was carried. It was decided that the most seasoned, responsible male and female already in jail will be given the responsibility of finding out the wants and needs of the inmates, and who wants to come out of jail. This list will be given to the Visitation lawyer daily when he contacts the two key people. It was finally decided, after much discussion, that there are possible things which are now negotiable: I De-segregation of Lunch Counters (must have assurance) (a) Some statement by Boutwell. (b) Merchants (behind scenes) can feel out Council and Mayor II Employment and Up-grading of Jobs for Negroes immediately. When new Govt, comes into office—dropping of Charges, Old and new. III Merchants join us in a suit to remove Ordinance. IV Request a Bi-racial Committee immediately after new Govt takes office.

20 V Request five stores: Loveman's, Pizitz's, Britts,Woolworth & Grants hire Negroes in each category department on a percentage basis (based on Negro population) Sales & Clerk. It was agreed that the Negotiation Committee should be called for a briefing before the scheduled Tuesday meeting at 8 o'clock. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton was asked to call the Negotiation Committee to inform them of a meeting Monday afternoon 5:30 p.m. Rev. Long and Rev. Gardner agreed to go to see Atty. Shores to check on the bonding situation. The meeting was adjourned. Rev. Harold Long, Chairman Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

Negotiation Committee Dr. L. H. Pitts Rev. A. D.King Mr. John Drew Rev. N. H. Smith Rev. Edward Gardner Mr.Wm. Shortridge Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth Dr. James T. Montgomery Dr. A. G. Gaston Rev. H. Oliver Mr. C. Madden Mrs.Addine Drew Atty. A. Shores Rev. Abraham Woods Rev. Harold Long

Lunch Counter Comm. Committee on Employment Mrs. Lola Hendricks Will Hall Mrs. Georgia Price Mrs. A. G.Gaston Rev. John Porter W. H. Hollins Rev. Ed Gardner Atty. Oscar Adams Lester Cobb (Student) Frank Dukes (student) Wm Shortridge Wm Shortridge Herbert Oliver

21 Consultants on Employment Asbury Howard Chas. Madden Paul Harris R.Jackson Howard Stovall L. Pitts

List of Citizens that pledged financial support of Movement:

1. WH. Hollins 15. Dr. C.R.Dixon 2. Dr. Sidney Welch 16. Dr.E.Elliott 3. Dr. R. C. Stewart 17. Mr. Preston Evans 4. Dr.T.J. Barefield- 18. Mr.Virgil Harris Pendleton 19. Mrs. Geneva Lee 5. Dr. H. H. Brewer 20. Mr. Charlie Green- 6. Dr. A. L. Brewer North Carolina Mutual 7. Dr. D.E.Bradford 21. Mr.Wm Sterling,Jr. 8. Dr. ED.Bradford,Jr. 22. Mr. Ira Evans 9. Dr.B.M.Jefferson 23. Atty. J. Mason Davis 10. Dr. John Nixon 24. Mr. Homer Coke ll.Dr.E.WTaggart 25. Mr. Maurice Ryles 12. Dr. R. Howard 26. Dr. A. W. Plump 13. Dr. Aubrey Shakespeare 27. Dr. H. L. Hamilton 14. Dr. S.E. Harris

22 Monday April 15, 1963 5:30 p.m. Room 30 A. G. Gaston Motel The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the acting Chairman, Rev. Harold Long. Rev. Edward Gardner prayed the opening prayer. The Chairman made a brief statement on the purpose of the meeting. Representatives of the Negotiation Committee are scheduled to meet a group of white merchants, and business men for informal talks Tuesday night. A list of possible things negotiable was placed before the body which the Central Committee had agreed on at the Sunday night meeting. Lengthy discussion followed. Dr. A. G. Gaston stated that he felt that no talks should begin until an official Committee to represent the City is had. That we should deal with men that can make commitments. Dr. Pitts said we should meet with top Brass. It was finally agreed that the meeting would occur, keeping in mind that the demonstrations can not be called off on Promises. That the first four original proposals would be made: 1. De-segregation of store facilities 2. Up-grading and hiring policy etc. 3. Dropping of all Charges 4. Formation of Bi-racial Committee The meeting was adjourned. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton—Secretary

23 Rev. Nelson Smith Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth Rev. Joseph Lowery Rev. Sam Davis John Drew Bishop E. P. Murchison Rev. N. L. Linsey Rev. John Porter Dr. A. G. Gaston Dr. James Montgomery Rev. Edward Gardner Deenie Drew Dr. L. H. Pitts Atty. Arthur Shores Rev. Abraham Woods Rev. Calvin Woods Rev. Cunningham (St. James) Rev. John Cross James Armstrong Rev. James Phifer Lucinda Robey Ruth Barefield-Pendleton

. Thursday April 18 1963 Room 30 9:30 A.M. The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by Rev. Abraham Woods. Pastor Ellwanger offered prayer. Andy Young reported that the scheduled meeting of informal talks with a group of merchants and business men did not take place. Wyatt Walker gave the progress report: Sixteen (16) persons were arrested from the march to the court house to register to vote. Eight (8) were arrested at the 2121 Building (Federal Bid.) for trespassing. Five (5) arrested at Britts for blocking aisle. Four (4) arrested at Sears for picketing. Mr. Walker continued his report. He informed the body that National Chains of stores located in Birmingham are concerned about the situation in B'ham. Scheduled activities for Thursday are: Sit-in's at Federal Bldg.; H. L. Green's; Atlantic Mills; JailVisitation.Wives of Leaders are expected. Mass meeting at St. James Church andThirgood C.M.E.— over flow at Thirgood. That telegrams had been sent to Roy Wilkins (N.A.A.C.P.), James Farmer (CORE), A.F.L.—C.I.Q ,A. Philip Randolph (Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters), Whitney Young (Urban League). Results—On Saturday 45 Cities over the Country committed to have sympathy protest, and that simultaneously prayer vigil will be held in Churches, 12:00 noon Eastern Standard time. Mr. Shortridge expressed concern over the impression [that] secret meetings with Downtown people would give to the people of the Movement. He also felt that some of the members of the Negotiation Committee would be questionable to the people of the Movement.

25 It was moved & seconded that the names of the Negotiation Committee be announced at the Mass Meeting tonight. The motion was lost. A substitute motion was made by Mr. Walker, that the members of the Negotiation Comm. be made known at the Strategic time. The motion was carried. Mr. Shortridge reported that property in the name of a Corporation needs only one signature to sign property bond. The question was raised as to what can be done to perpetuate Movement after Monday, in the event all leaders are in jail? It was suggested by the Secretary that one last meeting be held Saturday at 3:00. Rev. Calvin Woods prayed the closing prayer. Meeting adjourned. Rev.AbrahamWoods,Act. Chrn. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

Editors' Note: The Senior Citizens' Committee under Sid Symer's leadership had set up secret sessions to discuss Movement demands. Attorney Chuck Morgan attended a session on April 9 at Carpenter House. While Reverend Shuttlesworth was thrilled to have whites and blacks speaking to one another, Smyer reported the session "fruitless."

26 April 26, 1963 Room 30 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman, Rev. Hayes. The first item of business on the agenda was the report of the Negotiation Committee on its first meeting with a Committee representing the White community of our City. Dr. Pitts reported that the two groups met at the Chamber of Commerce 8:00 A.M. this morning (April 26).That five business men from the other side were present. Mr. Sid. Smyer (Real estate, also past-President of B'ham Chamber of Commerce); Mr. Moxley, Pres. of Acipco; Mr. Plummer, Pres. of B'ham Trust Bank; Mr. Hamilton, Campaign Mgr. for Mayor Albert Boutwell; and Mr. Monaghan, Pres. ofVulcan Materials. The six (6) Representatives from our Negotiation Committee were: Dr. L. Pitts; Dr. A. G. Gaston; Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth; Rev. Edward Gardner; Rev. Harold Long and Mr. John Drew. Dr. Pitts reported that the Four Points for Progress, B'ham, Ala. were presented to them (Points for Progress attached), but their general feeling was that they could not do any thing at this time, not until the court battle (Supreme Court decision) is settled as to whom has the right to govern the City. And also that they did not, or rather, that they felt that the merchants should not be made the "scape goat." It was reported that Mr. Hamilton said that when Mayor Boutwell is seated, there will be formed a Committee to deal with future problems of the Community, but instead of calling it Bi-racial, it will be called Mayor & Council Community Relation Commission. The Commission would be made up of both races.

27 The Negotiation Committee reports that this group was assured that direct action will continue. That they felt that there were some things the merchants can do now!! The Negotiation Committee reported that they felt that the only profitable thing to come out of this first meeting, was that an un-official representative of the new Govt. (Mayor's Office) was present, and that this was a face to face meeting of the two races, after many months of no communication. Next meeting scheduled May 6. Dr. M. L. King, Jr. emphasized that we must act and move from a position of Power. Dr. Pitts stated that he knew a merchant he will contact (with the approval of the body), to ask him to get a group of merchants to meet with the Negotiation Committee.The Pitts suggestion was made into a motion by Rev. Porter, and seconded by Deenie Drew. The motion carried. Rev. Porter stated that he knew Mr.T. Martin, Pres. of Ala. Power, and he would talk with him. It was suggested that Rev. Wyatt T.Walker would be the Key note speaker on Sunday at New Pilgrim and Rev. CT. Vivian will speak on Monday night. It was moved & seconded that letters of Thanks and appreciation be sent to our Attorneys for the brilliant defense in the recent Court case—etc. It was moved and seconded that Mrs. Willa Adams would become a member of the Central Committee. Motion carried. Petition for permit, sent to Mayor Al. Boutwell and City Council; Judson Hodges, City Clerk; and Ben Robinson,Traffic Engineer, was read by Rev. Shuttlesworth. Said permit attached.

28 Dr. M. L. King stressed the fact that we must re-structure our plans—our time-table of strategy. Much discussion followed. It was moved that on May 2 (next Thursday), we would have—a major demonstration—last march with real power.That Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth would lead this march. The motion was carried.

Pastor Ellwanger prayed the closing prayer.

Rev.J.W Hayes, Chairman

Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Secretary

POINTS FOR PROGRESS. BIRMINGHAM. ALABAMA

1. Desegregation of all store facilities - Lunch Counters - Rest Rooms - Fitting Rooms 2. Immediate up-grading of employment opportunities available for Negroes, and the beginning of a non-discriminatory hiring policy.

3. Merchants request the City Government to drop all charges against those persons arrested while exercising their constitutionally guaran teed rights to peacefully protest.

4. Merchants request the City Government to establish a Bi-racial Com mittee to deal with future problems of the community and to develop specific plans for:

- hiring Negroes to police force

- Alleviation of obstacles in voter registration

- school desegregation

- re-opening all municipal facilities on a desegregated basis

- de-segregation of movies and hotels

29 PETITION FOR PERMIT

To: City Commission of the City of Birmingham

The Honorable Albert Boutwell and The City Council of City of Birmingham

The Honorable Judson Hodges, City Clerk of City of Birmingham

The Honorable Ben Robinson, Traffic Engineer of the City of Birmingham

This petition is addressed separately to each of the above city official bodies and officials because of the uncertainty petitioner has concerning which of these bodies of officials have authority to and actually does issue permits of the nature here requested. Furthermore, there is additional uncertainly on the part of the petitioner whether a permit is required by law for the type of activity which it deserves to conduct by the reason that petitioner does not believe that it is a parade within the terms of section 1159 of the Code of the City of Birmingham nevertheless out of an abundance of caution and for reason that petitioner desires to comply with the law petitioner submits this application. Petitioner desires on Thursday May Second 1963 or Friday May Third 1963 which ever date is more convenient for the City of Birmingham to walk with a group of persons two abreast on the sidewalk obeying all traffic regulations beginning on Sixth Avenue and 16th Street North at approximately Eleven o'clock AM up Sixth Avenue and 16th Street North to 19th Street then on 19th Street to the City Hall and there conduct a brief prayer meeting. The purpose of this walk is to symbolize opposition to racial segregation. Enroute the walkers will block no doors exits nor sidewalks. They will return by way of the same route. Petitioner respectfully requests reply to the petition by Tuesday April 30th 1963 so that it may make plans accordingly. Please reply to the undersigned.

Rev. F. L. Shuttlesworth 505V2 North 17th Street, Birmingham,Alabama on behalf of petitioner, Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights.

30 April 27, 1963 Room 30 6:00 p.m. The meeting was called to order by the Chairman Rev. Long. The report of the Bond status was made: At least 12 property owners at present. Property put up for Bond should have an [assessed] value of $25,000. It was reported that 10 persons can be gotten out of jail tonight. May be able to get 5 more by tomorrow. Problems of the jail were discussed: Some people wish to come out. Do we know who is in jail for this particular cause? Some who are in jail have not been processed. We must attempt to get more property owners. Mr. Oscar Adams stated that Bonding Company has to keep exact records. Property Bonds: Two people sign bonds; present tax receipts or tax notice, bring by office. These were the steps suggested by Atty. Adams. Discussion on who would meet with Negotiation Committee or rather who from the Negotiation Committee would meet with group at the Carpenter House 521 N. 20th Street—Time 8:00 p.m. Those present at meeting tonight: Dr. Jas. Montgomery, Dr. L. Pitts, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, Mr. & Mrs. John Drew, Rev. Ed. Gardner, Oscar Adams, Rev. Long, Ruth Barefield-Pendleton. Rev. Long, Act. Chair. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

31 Tuesday April 30, 1963 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman Rev.J.W Hayes. Rev. Calvin Woods prayed the opening prayer. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and adopted. All business was set aside due to the information received this morning that all persons arrested, whose cases were transferred to the Federal Court, must appear in Court tomorrow morning (Thursday, May 1, at 9:00 A.M.). Less than 24 hours from now, and that it was our responsibility to notify said persons, or forfeit the bond money. Approximately $60,000. The urgency of the situation demanded immediate action, because of failure of Courts to carry out its responsibility and or negligence of the part of our lawyers. Attys Shores and Orzell Billingsley were called in to explain the situation. Atty. Shores was instructed to contact Judge Brown to try to get a stay of the trials. The bonding companies were contacted. Records of arrest of persons in jail were obtained from S.C.L.C office. Leaders of SCLC and ACMHR had to leave for Memphis for Board meeting of SCLC. It was moved by Rev. Long and seconded by Dr. J.T. Mont gomery that a card file be made of all persons arrested. The motion was passed. The meeting was adjourned, the work continued until 7:00 p.m. Rev.J.W Hayes, Chairman R. Barefield-Pendleton, Sec. Special permission was given to our Lawyer—to allow Deenie Drew and Ruth Barefield-Pendleton to go to Judge Brown's Chamber (the outer office), to make a copy of the names of all the persons arrested.

32 Thursday May 2,1963 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman Rev.J.W Hayes. Rev. CT. Vivian offered prayer. There was general discussion on the Bond situation. The way records are kept on the persons in jail, the notification of persons when to appear in court, and Lawyers negligence. It was suggested that all persons scheduled to appear in Court Monday, May 6, be contacted personally as well as by mail. Rev. Billups reminded us that some individuals in jail in Gadsden, Ala. are also scheduled to appear in court here in B'ham and that the lawyers and Court should be so notified. Dr. Martin L. King reported, that a nation-wide Pilgrimage to B'ham is set for May 18 to protest how the City is handling the racial situation. Rev. Calvin Woods called attention to the fact that there is need for expansion of Leadership in the Movement to help teach the violent element non-violence. He expressed concern over the very tense and dangerous (his words) situation of yesterday's demonstrations. Dr. James T. Montgomery suggested that a list of grievances (list of particulars) of the Committee be drawn up and an immediate conference between our lawyers and Leaders be set up. That Rev. CT. Vivian would take this list of Particulars to the Leaders. That the Chairman of Bonding be included in the meeting. Rev. Vivian summed up the list of particulars. The meeting was adjourned. Rev.J.W Hayes, Chairman Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

33 Monday May 6,1963 Room 30 9:00 A.M. The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman Rev.J.W Hayes. Prayer was offered by Rev. N. L. Linsey. The report of the Negotiation Committee, which met with a Group of white men representing the City, was made by Rev. Long. It was reported that this Committee of men represented the Merchants of the City. The four Points of Progress were again submitted to this group. 1. De-segregation of All Store facilities—Lunch Counters, Rest rooms, Fitting rooms. All merchants voted that when the schools are de-segregated and when the City Ordinance is removed from the books, they will de-segregate within 30 days. 2. Immediate up-grading of employment opportunities, and the beginning of a non-discriminatory hiring policy. The merchants felt that this could be done almost immediately, and suggested that a committee from both races should be formed to keep abreast of how things are progressing. 3. Merchants request City Govt, to drop all charges, etc. They agreed that this would be done pending the Supreme Court ruling on the New Govt. Proposal 4 could not be done by the merchants. However the Bi-racial Committee would be formed, but it will be called Mayor- Council Community Relation Committee. The question was raised by Dr. M. L. King—what will be our course of action based on the report of the Negotiation Committee? Much discussion followed. Dr. M. L. King, Jr. suggested that we accept the offer made on points 2 and 3 and 4, but recommended that the Negotiation go back and urge the Merchants not to relate Proposal No 1 with desegregation of Schools and the removal of the City Ordinance. The body agreed that their offer on proposal #1 would not be accepted. The Negotiation Committee was instructed to set up a meeting immediately with the City's Committee. Rev. Ralph Abernathy suggested that we would add to Proposal #1—The immediate de-segregation of all store facilities, etc. and the release of all school children from jail. That there would be no expulsions or suspensions, that the parents would be able to get them out on their signature alone. The dropping of all charges on all persons after the New Government is legally secure. That we hold on to direct action until promises are made and that we continue to Boycott until promises are kept. This was agreed on by the body. Mr. John Drew told of the basic tone of the meeting. He said there was generally fear that the Connor Regime would be legally seated as our City Govt, if our demonstrations continued. That they were literally pleading that we give them a chance—Give the New Govt, time to take office. The body agreed that there can be no truce, but we would think in terms of minimizing the Demonstrations. Rev. Harold Long prayed the closing prayer. Rev.J.W Hayes, Chairman Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

35 May 6 1963 Room 30 4:00 p.m. The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by Bishop Murchison. Rev. N. H. Smith offered prayer. Rev. Wyatt Walker reported that four churches accepted Negro worshipers Sunday. First Presbyterian, St. Paul Catholic, Sixth Ave. Presbyterian, and Central Church of Christ. Worshipers were turned away by 9 (nine) churches: First Methodist, Central Park Church of God (the seven worshipers knelt in prayer on the steps),Woodlawn Baptist, Hunter Street Baptist, Woodlawn Presbyterian, Highlands Methodist, Eleventh Avenue Methodist, Southside Baptist, and 77th Street Church of Christ. At the Central Park Church the worshipers were taken to a small room in the back of the church where a prayer & scripture were read to them. The ushers turned them away at Highland Methodist. Two adults & a child were escorted to the balcony at 6th Ave. Presbyterian. Only at St. Paul's Catholic Church were the worshipers accepted without any problems. Discussion on who would attend the Bi-racial meeting tonight. It is very important that only Birmingham Negroes attend these Negotiations. The body agreed. The meeting was adjourned. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec. Children Marching Two-By-Two from Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, May 6, 1963, UPI/Corbis Bettmann U1378400-6.

37 Tuesday May 7, 1963 The meeting of the Central Committee met at 11:00 A.M. in room 30 with the Rev. Long offering prayer. Minutes of our last meeting were read by Dr. B. M.Jefferson. Dr. Pitts gave a general discussion on the results of the Bi-racial Committee meeting last night which began at 7:30 P.M. and ended at 2:00 A.M. Their expressed feeling was that if they took the positions—Thirty (30) days after new Govt, is established, the de segregation of lunch counters would follow. Thirty (30) days after the Supreme Court decision re: school de-segregation, up-grading & hiring policy of Stores would follow. Dr. Pitts had to leave; Rev. Long finished the report of the said meeting. Five stores committed to give upgraded jobs in five categories: 1. Supervisor 2. Marketing no dates were given 3. Shipping 4. Tailoring } 5. Sales This is important in getting the hired Negroes and white employees used to the new changes.They also stated that their Committee would call on the Citizens to support their action. The question was raised as to why the names of the Senior Citizens Committee have not been released to the public, other than Sid Smyer. Mr. Drew said that they were men of influence and they would release their names in due time. The meeting was closed with prayer. Rev.J.W Hayes Chairman Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

38 Demonstrations in the retail district. View looking east along Third Avenue at 19th Street, May 7, 1963. Robert Adams, The Birmingham News, May 7, 1963.

Massive demonstrations in the retail district. View looking east along Third Avenue at 19th Street. Robert Adams, The Birmingham News, May 7,1963.

39 Wednesday May 8, 1963 Room 30 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Acting Chairman Rev. John Porter. Prayer was offered by Rev. Calvin Woods. The report of the Negotiation Committee was made by Rev. Harold Long. Persons present at the Tuesday night meeting were Representatives of the Merchants, Senior Citizens Committee, and the Chamber of Commerce. Members from our Central Committee were: Atty Arthur Shores, Rev. N. L. Linsey,Vincent Harding, Rev. Harold Long, Dr. L. H. Pitts, Mr. John Drew. It was reported that the merchants showed a much greater willingness to give. That after Tuesday's massive Demonstration in the downtown area, approximately 50 business men & merchants met. This group included one Circuit Judge and Mayor. The Merchants agreed to the following: 1. De-segregation of fitting rooms within 3 days after cessation of demonstrations. 2. De-segregation of rest rooms, washrooms and Drinking Fountains 30 days after City Govt, is established by Court Order. 3. The de-segregation of lunch rooms. A program of lunch counter de-segregation within 60 days after City Govt, is established by Court Order. 4. After City Govt, is established, a program of up-grading and fair hiring policy will be continued. That leaders of responsibility of both races would comprise a committee to mediate and watch, monitor progress. The Promises made by Senior Citizens: 1. Within 15 days after cessation of demonstrations, a program of upgrading and hiring will be employed.

40 2. Agreed to numbers 3 and 4 of the Original proposals. However #4 Proposal is a legal matter, but they will request that the City Govt, to drop all charges etc. It was moved by Dr. James T. Montgomery and seconded by Bishop Murchison that this Committee go on record to accept the proposal. That we would (amendment to motion) communicate to our leader that these proposals are acceptable to us, if they feel that they are acceptable, and our action is contingent on the belief that something is being done for the rest of the people in jail. This motion was carried, with one dissenting vote. Those voting in the affirmative are: Dr. L. H. Pitts, Bishop E. P. Murchison, Dr. B. M.Jefferson, Rev. Edward Gardner, Rev. N. L. Linsey, Dr. James T. Montgomery, Rev. Harold Long, Mrs. Willa Adams, Deenie Drew, Rev. J.W Porter, Rev. Abraham Woods, Rev. Calvin Woods, Mr.Vincent Harding, Mrs. R. Barefield- Pendleton. The one dissenting vote was cast by Mr.W. E. Shortridge. Mr. Shortridge stated that his opposition to the motion was predicated on the grounds that no consideration had been given to those in jail. After an amendment to the motion was made by Mr. Shortridge requesting that the situations of those in Jail will be given attention first, the motion was carried unanimously. Atty Shores came in to report that there are 85 persons that must come out of jail today, that are on appeal bonds, or they will have to remain in jail. It was at this point that Rev. Calvin Woods called for a moment of silent prayer. Atty Shores and his associates were instructed to do what is needed to be done for the 85 persons. The meeting adjourned. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

41 Part of Agreement under Proposal #4 When the City Government is established by Court Order, the program of up-grading will be continued and there will be meetings with responsible leadership to consider further steps. Within sixty days from Court Order determining B'ham City Government, the employment program will include at least one sales person or cashier.

Merchants and Business Community. 4. Within 15 days from the cessation of demonstrations, a committee on Racial problems on employment composed of members of the Senior Citizens Committee will be established with membership made public and with a public announced purpose of establishing liaison with leadership of Negro Community to carry out a program of up-grading and improving employment opportunities for Negro Citizens of the B'ham Community.

Editors' Note: Before the final accord was announced two days later, approximately $250,000 was raised from several national unions to bail out the demonstrators. In 1969, the U.S. Supreme Court held in Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham that the City of Bir mingham ordinance under which demonstrators were jailed was unconstitutional as applied. The local court then returned the bail funds. May 10, 1963 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman Rev. J. Hayes. Rev. Abraham Woods offered prayer. Mr.Vincent Harding read the statements by Dr. Martin L. King and by Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth which are to be made at the news conference this afternoon, May 10 marking the termination of non violent direct action campaign in Birmingham, Ala. The Shuttlesworth statement spelled out the specifics in the agreement between the Negro and White Community. The M. L. King statement was a general statement of the significance of what this day means. Said Statements] attached. The question was raised, what about the children, nothing was said in either statement about the children. Mr. Harding reported that the Committee said that they had no direct channel to the Board of Education, but they (the leaders) felt that pressure could be put on the schools, and when all circumstances are considered calmly you can be sure it will be handled. Andy Young mentioned several things that could be done. 1. Pressure of Schools through Police (theory). It will be necessary to have children off the streets. 2. Have Principals in a meeting to intercede. 3. Have Legal Defense Fund to file a petition for a hearing. 4. Demonstrations around schools with students. Rev. Abernathy said that charges against the students would be dropped. There would be no expulsions or suspensions. This was a definite Condition of the Cessation of demonstrations.

43 With this statement it was moved by Rev. Ralph Abernathy and seconded by Mrs.Addine Drew that the statements to be read by Dr. M. L. King and the Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth be adopted. The vote was unanimous. Those present: Rev. Harold Long; Rev. N. L. Linsey, Bishop E. P. Murchison, John Drew, Lester Cobb (student), Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, Mr.Vincent Harding, Rev. Martin L. King,Jr., Mrs.Addine Drew, Rev.J. Porter, Rev. Herbert Oliver, Rev. Calvin Woods, Rev. CT. Vivian, Rev. N. H. Smith, Rev. Abraham Woods, Rev. A. D. King, Rev. J.W Hayes, Mrs. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton. The meeting adjourned. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

Reverends King, Shuttlesworth, and Abernathy, seated left to right, with reporters at the joint ACMHR-SCLC press conference to announce the Birmingham Truce, Courtyard, A.G. Gaston Motel, May 10, 1963. The Birmingham News Collection, BPLDAM. Statement of Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth, May 10, 1963

The city of Birmingham has reached an accord with its conscience. The acceptance of responsibility by local white and Negro leadership offers an example of a free people uniting to meet and solve their problems. Birmingham may well offer for 20th-century America an example of progressive race relations, and for all mankind a dawn of a new day, a promise for all men, a day of opportunity and a new sense of freedom for all America. Responsible leaders of both Negro and white communities of Birmingham, being desirous of promoting conditions which will insure sound moral, economic and political growth of their city, in the interest of all citizens of Birmingham, after mutual consideration and discussion of the issues relating to the recent demonstrations in their city, have agreed to the following: 1. The desegregation of lunch counters, rest rooms, fitting rooms and drinking fountains in planned stages within the next 90 days. Cooperative prayerful planning is necessary to insure smooth transition. 2. The upgrading and hiring of Negroes on a nondiscriminatory basis throughout the industrial community of Birmingham. This will include the hiring of Negroes as clerks and salesmen within the next 60 days, and the immediate appointment of a committee of business, industrial and professional leaders for the implementation of an area- wide program for acceleration of upgrading and the employment of Negroes in job categories previously denied to Negroes. 3. Our movement has made arrangements for the release of all persons [arrested in demonstrations] on bond or on their personal recognizance. Our legal department is working on further solutions to this problem. 4. Through the Senior Citizens Committee of the Chamber of Commerce, communication betweens Negro and white will be publicly reestablished within the next two weeks. We would hope that this channel of communications between the white and Negro communities will prevent the necessity of further protest action or demonstrations.

45 Statement of Martin Luther King Jr., May 10, 1963 I am very happy to be able to announce that we have come today to the climax of a long struggle for justice, freedom and human dignity in the city of Birmingham. I say the climax, and not the end, for though we have come a long way there is still a strenuous path before us, and some of it is yet uncharted. Nevertheless, it can now be said that after a great struggle this day is clearly the moment of a great victory. The greatness of the triumph is measured by this one fact: it is a victory that cannot possibly be confined to the limited area of one race. Indeed, the agreements which have been reached over the last few days are signal accomplishments which redound to the credit of all Birmingham's citizens. As a matter of fact, I believe sincerely that this victory cannot even be confined within the limits of this sprawling metropolis, for Birmingham now stands on the threshold of becoming a great, enlightened symbol, shedding the radiance of its example throughout the entire nation. ... Without a doubt, the world will never forget the thousands of children and adults who gave up their own physical safety and freedom and went to jail to secure the safety and freedom of all men. I must say this, too: In these recent days, I have been deeply impressed by the quality of the white persons of the community who worked so diligently for just solutions to our mutual problems. They are men of good will.... We now enter into a new day for Birmingham's people, a day when men will no longer fear to speak the truth, when citizens will no longer cringe before the threats of misguided men. We look forward now to continued progress toward the establishment of a city in which equal job opportunities, equal access to public facilities and equal rights and responsibilities for all its people will be the order of the day. However, even these needful things are not our final goals. The deepest hope that surges up within our hearts is this: That Birmingham is on its way to the creation of a new kind of community—not simply a new image, but a new reality. We are looking forward to that moment—so nearly upon us—when this metropolis will truly become a magic city again, this time filled with the beautiful magic of a new brotherhood where men are free to know, respect and love each other. We seek ultimately a magic city where color will no longer be the measure of a man's worth, where character will mean more than pigmentation. I cannot close without saying that the Negro community must accept this achievement in the right spirit. We must not see the present development as a victory for the Negro: it is rather a victory for democracy and the whole citizenry of Birmingham—Negro and white.... This is the time that we must evince calm dignity and wise restraint. Emotion must not run wild. Violence must not come from any of us, and if we become victimized with violent acts or intent, the pending daybreak of progress will be transformed into a gloomy midnight of retrogress. As we stand on the verge of using public facilities heretofore closed to us, we must not be overbearing and haughty in spirit. We must be loving enough to turn an enemy into a friend. We must now move from protest to reconciliation. This, too, is our hope for Birmingham. It is a hope that will cause us to look at the signs which say "It's nice to have you in Birmingham" in a new way. Now, we will know that these words are meant for all men, and we will know they are sincere. Then, and only then, will all the citizens of this community be able to say in joyful response: "Thank you! It's great to be in Birmingham—a city of honor, respect and brotherly love."

47 May 20, 1963 Room 30 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman, Rev.J.W Hayes. Rev. Calvin Woods offered the opening prayer. Dr. Martin L. King Jr. stated why the meeting had been called. 1,081 students had been expelled from the Birmingham City Schools today, and it is necessary for the Steering Committee to decide what will be the course of action. Dr. King said, that this was a very serious situation and we must move with wise restraint and with united calmness; that we must not respond to this without weighing all the consequences. Dr. King said that he knew nothing of the hand bills calling for a mass walk-out of students until one was placed in his hand.

The Committee was greatly concerned over the rash action of Mr. Bevel, in calling for a walk out of students without being authorized to do so. Rev. Calvin Woods expressed growing concern over another problem under the leadership of Mr. Bevel, Mr. Andy Young and Mr. Milbrook.The students think that they have a separate organization. Dr. King expressed his confidence in the integrity, sincerity, and dedication and loyalty of his men, of S.C.L.C, namely James Bevel & Andrew Young but that he would deal with the problems. The body agreed with our leader, Dr. King that in response to the Board of Education's drastic action, we would move out on a responsible path and with reasonable and restrained unity. That we would ask all students who have not received statements saying that they are expelled to return to school tomorrow.That we would ask our lawyers to look into the legality of the matter.

48 It was pointed out that a student could not be expelled without a hearing. That there would be no meeting of the students tomorrow (Tuesday May 21) any place downtown (Churches).That we would get in touch with them. This is to keep from giving the false impression that we are demonstrating, and to protect the children from the State Highway Patrolmen. Dr. King requested that Rev. R. Abernathy call Rev. F. Shuttles- worth in Cincinnati, Ohio and tell him of the Committee's decision, and for his approval. Dr. James Montgomery suggested that a Committee from this Organization go to the Superintendent of Education on behalf of the students. Dr. L. H. Pitts reported that he had already spoken with the President of the B'ham Council of P.T.A.'s. She would call a meeting of all P.T.A. Presidents, that a Committee would be chosen to go before the Board of Education. Rev. John Porter moved, that Dr. Lucius Pitts would be the representative from this Committee to work with P.T.A. mothers in formulating a statement to be presented to the Supt. of Education. The motion was seconded and carried. Rev. Abernathy reported that the phone call had been made to Rev. Shuttlesworth, and that Rev. Shuttlesworth approved of everything we had done and asked to be remembered in our prayers. Rev. Porter prayed the closing prayer. Rev.J.W Hayes, Chairman Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec. Tuesday May 21 1963 5:00 P.M. The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman Rev.J.W Hayes. Pastor Ellwanger offered prayer. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and adopted. Dr. Martin L. King reported that he had met with the students and that the students feel that there should be a liaison between the Central Committee and the students. Three student representatives were present at the meeting. It was moved and seconded that students Annie Peterson, George Scott, Sherrill Marcus and Wilbert Crochen would become members of the Central Committee. Mr. John Doar of the Justice Dept. was introduced to the body. Atty. Arthur Shores reported on the steps that have been taken to get the students back in school.That on Eleven O'clock Wednesday they would file a complaint to enjoin the School Board from expelling or suspending the students. If the request is denied, they would take the case to the 5th Court of appeals in Atlanta, Ga. Rev. Ralph Abernathy expressed thanks and appreciation for the brilliant defense our attorneys have given bringing about solutions to our major problems. The body gave a standing vote of thanks to Attys. Constance Motley, Leroy Clark, Arthur Shores and Orzell Billingsley. Atty. Shores reported that 1192 juveniles are still to be tried. (202) two hundred two are under 13 yrs of age. 990 are over 14 yrs. Those under 13 would be exonerated but [for] those over 13, the charges could not be dropped. However, Judge Ellis said cases could be dismissed if the child has no previous record, but required the

50 parent to contribute from $5.00 to $25.00 to the Juvenile Court Child Fund. This would not be a fine but a contribution which the Court uses to buy shoes, clothes, class rings, etc. for needy children. If this is done there would be no conviction or police record on the children. Atty Shores was instructed to get the matter held in abeyance until later. The meeting adjourned. Rev.J.W Hayes Chairman Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

51 May 23, 1963 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman, Rev.J.W Hayes. The minutes of the previous meeting were read, and adopted as read. Atty. L. Holt was presented to the body. Mr. Holt asked that this Committee endorse a program of mass application to the white schools by the Negro students for the Fall session in September. II That the Committee report all acts of brutality. Ill That we would present Certificates to the young people, who have gone the last mile in this movement. It was moved and seconded that we table proposal No. II. It was pointed out that the Inter Citizen Committee is already in action in investigating acts of violence against persons. It was moved by Rev. Harold Long and seconded by Mr. John Drew that this committee go on record endorsing proposal No I (one) pending the decisions, and approval of the leaders, Boards, and Re-dress Committee. A letter was read from Rev. Fontray, Regional Representative of S.C.L.C. in Washington, D.C. It was suggested by Rev. M. L. King that a Birmingham Citizen Training Program be started.That Mr. Herman Long, Pres. of Talladega College, be invited to come down to train persons for Employment Committee etc. To teach the "Know How" in implementing the agreements made in negotiations. It was suggested that two committees of seven (7) persons each, an Employment Committee and a Lunch Counter desegregation Committee, be appointed immediately. The Chairman appointed three persons to screen and

52 recommend a Committee of 14 persons to present to the body for approval, to serve on the two Committees. Rev. Harold Long, Chairman, Mr. W E. Shortridge, and Rev. John Porter. The Chairman, Rev. Long asked that his Committee meet Friday morning at 10:00 A.M. Mrs. Drew and Mrs. Georgia Price were added to the Committee. The Chairman, Rev. Hayes appointed a committee of 3 headed by Mr. John Drew to contact the Chief of Police, Jamie Moore and Sheriff Melvin Bailey's office to ask for police protection for the churches where the mass meetings have been held, and for the Motel, also the Drews' home (where Negotiations were held) and Rev. Billups' home. Bishop Murchison and Rev. Linsey were added to the Committee. The closing prayer was offered by Rev. John Porter. Rev.J.W Hayes, Chairman Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

53 May 28, 1963 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the president of the Alabama Christian Movement, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth. The minutes of the previous meeting were omitted. Rev. Shuttlesworth stated that he was here to clear up one point. That he did not agree, and made no agreement to proposal four (4) which states in part "within 60 days from Court Order determining Bham's City government, the employment program will include at least One (1) sales person or Cashier."* It was pointed out to Rev. Shuttlesworth that when the Negotiation meeting ended that Thursday afternoon, they all left in agreement. Rev. Shuttlesworth insisted that even though he was heavily sedated, he made no agreement to be satisfied with one clerk in one store. Dr. Montgomery suggested that we ask for a meeting with White Committee to clear up proposal No. 4. Dr. Jefferson said that in negotiating with the other side, we should go more in detail, be more specific. Rev. Billups stated that all agreements should be put in writing, that the people must know what Negot. Comm. is doing, that the people do not trust us. The question was raised,"Who is doing the Negotiating?" Mr. Shortridge informed us that he was on the Negotiation Committee, but had not been called to the first Negotiation Meeting. That what ever is agreed too, or passed on by this Committee or any Committee which does not have, or meet the approval of the leader of the A.C.M., Rev. Shuttlesworth, it is not worth the paper it is written on.

* Editors' Note: When the Central Committee approved the negotiation statement Friday, May 8, no one expressed concern about this provision.

54 The Secretary stated that she was under the impression that everything this Committee had done, or agreed upon, had been done within the frame work of the Leaders' thinking. This statement was refuted by Mr. Shortridge. He said that Rev. Shuttlesworth had not agreed to the cessation of demonstrations. Pastor Ellwanger moved that the two Negotiation Committees meet to take up questions of the hiring of one salesperson, and clear up what the agreement was. The motion was seconded by Mrs.W Adams. Rev. Nelson Smith stated that the people were not satisfied with having a husband and wife on the Central Committee—namely, Mr. & Mrs. John Drew. This statement provoked much discussion. Mr. and Mrs. John Drew gave their resignation to the Committee, which the body refused to accept. Rev. Shuttlesworth had to leave the meeting to catch a plane. Rev. Nelson Smith had to leave also. Rev. Long reported that a subcommittee appointed by the Chairman to submit names to serve on the employment and lunch counter Committees (desegregation) had met and he, as Chairman, was ready to give the report. Due to the lateness of the hour, this report was postponed until the next meeting. Rev. Hayes closed the meeting with a prayer for guidance and understanding. Rev.J.W Hayes, Chairman Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

55 Wednesday May 29,1963 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman. Prayer was offered by Rev. A.Woods. The minutes of the previous meeting were read. With corrections made by Mr. Shortridge, the minutes were approved. A letter of resignation from Mr. & Mrs. John Drew was read. Comments on resignation, and the roles both Mr. and Mrs. Drew had played in the movement. The services given, and as was pointed out, are still giving, were expressed by members present. It was requested that one member of the Drew Family remain on the Committee and the other, work in other areas. It was suggested by Mr. Shortridge that before any dispensation be made in the form of a motion, he would call Mr. Drew and explain that the Committee members (present) are in accord with one member of his family remaining on the Negotiation Committee and the other will work on sub-committees where her name has been suggested. A report onVoter Registration was given by student Representative Annie Peterson, and Rev. Billups reported for the week of May 25th. Mr. Shortridge insisted that our student representative report all persons who were turned down (rejected) because of illegitimacy, lack of marriage certificates etc. Rev. Billups informed the Committee that 2 (two) persons from the Justice Dept. were present at the Court House. Rev. Billups also expressed the need for an office for the Alabama Christian Movement. Rev. Long gave the Sub Committee report:

56 Lunch Counter Committee 1. Mrs. Georgia Price — 5. Mrs. Pinkie Shortridge — FA 47704 785-2786 2. Rev. Calvin Woods, 6. Rev. Chas. Billups — Chairman 324-6178 592-2335 3. Rev. Edward Gardner — 7. Lester Cobb — FA 22088 595-0952 8. Mrs. Mamie Brown 4. Mrs. Addine Drew — 592-2335 AL-1087 9. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton 322-9996 Employment Committee 1. Will Hall 6. Rev. Jonathan McPherson 2. W H. Hollins — 324-8265 FA 33687 3. Mrs. A. G.Gaston 7. Rev. Harold Long VI16930 8. W E. Shortridge 4. Atty. Oscar Adams, 9. Lola Hendricks Chairman 324-4445 10. Herbert Oliver 5. Frank Dukes 11. Rev. John Porter 788 6578 (Miles College), St 62991 (Home) Consultants on Employment 1. Emory Jackson 4. L. H. Pitts 2. Charles Madden 5. Asbury Howard 3. Paul Harris 6. Howard Stovall

Mr. Shortridge gave a report on the expenses of the Alabama Christian Movement. $ 40,000 has been spent to date: $ 500.00 Telephone bill 800.00 Weekly Motel 700.00 Weekly Restaurant bill It was recommended by Rev. Billups that A.CM.H.R. should set up a speakers Bureau to speak in Cities all over the South and Country to present and represent the Birmingham situation—Tell the Birmingham Story. It was moved and seconded that the meeting be adjourned. Rev. Abraham Woods prayed the closing prayer. Willa Adams, Acting Sec.

57 June 4,1963 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman, Rev.J.W Hayes. Rev. Calvin Woods offered the opening prayer. The minutes of the previous meeting were read; after the necessary corrections the minutes were adopted as read. Rev. Shuttlesworth suggested that Mrs. Mamie Brown be added to the Lunch Counter Committee. It was reported that Dr. Herman Long would be in Birmingham Wednesday June 5. It was suggested that both Sub-Committees and the Central Committee meet with Dr. Long Wednesday night at 7:00 p.m. in the Gaston Conference room. Rev. Long suggested that someone make a tape of Dr. Long's lectures. Dr. M. L. King and Rev. F. Shuttlesworth agreed that out of deference to the National Baptist Convention the Alabama Christian Movement would have mass meetings only two nights a week. The regular Monday night meeting and the Saturday night (subject to change). Dr. King expressed concern over the void in communications with the white community. Rev. Shuttlesworth asked Dr. Gaston to make contact downtown and try to set up a meeting. Rev. Harold Long was asked to make contact with his merchant contact for a Negotiation meeting. Rev. Long was instructed to contact David Vann. Dr. King stated that we also needed a Committee to deal with the bonding situation. Rev. Bevel suggested that the Movement should take the initiative to contact the Mayor to discuss the bonding problem.

58 Mr. Shortridge suggested that we ask our Attorneys to talk with the City lawyers for a possible solution to the bonding problem. The Central Committee and the two Sub-Committees are scheduled to meet with Dr. Herman Long at 6:00 p.m. in the Conference Room of the Gaston bldg. Rev. John Porter prayed the closing prayer. The meeting adjourned. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

59 June 11, 1963 The meeting of the Central Committee was opened with a prayer by Rev. Calvin Woods. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and adopted. Mr. Shortridge suggested that the minutes should be kept in a permanent record. The secretary was authorized to purchase a secretary's ledger type book. The secretary noted that this recommendation comes three months and seven days late since she was elected Secretary. Rev. Long reported that there had been informal talks between our lawyers, Shores and Amaker, and David Vann of the white community and himself. They talked about possible solutions to bonding situation. He also reported that the Mayor wanted this Committee to send in 25 names with biographical data for the Bi- racial Committee. All 25 names would not be used for the bi-racial Comm. Some would be used for sub-Committees. The question was raised, "How do we go about selecting the Committee of 25 persons?" Dr. King suggested that a small committee would sit down and make a list and submit to the Central Committee. He also suggested that this Committee would seek to be able to sit behind closed doors with Power Structure to pressure that white leaders of Community be on the Bi-racial Committee. Rev. Porter suggested that once the list of 25 is formulated that we should call community leaders together, and make this list known. Mr. Shortridge suggested that the list be formulated—submitted to Central Committee for approval, then presented to Rev. Shuttlesworth for his endorsement. Let the leaders take the list to

60 the mass meeting for presentation stating that they (the leaders) have approved the list of 25. It was suggested that we give this mass meeting where the names are presented great publicity. It was moved and seconded that the same Committee that drew up sub-Committees for Employment and Lunch Counter desegregation would bring in Committee of 30 names. H. Long, J. Porter, A. Drew, Shortridge, Price and L. Hendricks. Dr. King also stated that there is no communication between the Central Committee and the Senior Citizens Committee, and suggested that we get in touch with DavidVann and persuade him to see the urgency of a meeting between the races. Rev. Long was asked to contact DavidVann to see if a meeting could be set up for Thursday. It was brought to the attention of the Committee that many of the Committee members would be leaving the City soon, and the importance of having an official contact man. It was moved and seconded that Rev. John Porter would be the official contact man and Mr. John Drew and Rev. Harold Long would assist when they are in the City. It was pointed out that Rev. Porter was not on the Negotiating Committee. Rev. Hayes suggested that Rev. Porter be placed on the Negotiating Committee. It was so moved & seconded. There were no objections. Rev. Hayes prayed the closing prayer. Rev.J.W. Hayes Chrn R. K. Barefield-Pendleton, Sec.

61 June 14, 1963 The meeting of the Central Committee was called to order by the Chairman Rev.J.W Hayes. Rev. Oliver prayed the opening prayer. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and adopted after the necessary corrections. Rev. Calvin Woods, Chairman of the Lunch Counter Committee, made the report of the Committee's meeting with Dr. Herman Long. They discussed the mechanics for successful implementation of the lunch counter de-segregation program. Lester Cobb, a member of the Comm., reported that the managers of the five stores with lunch counters had been contacted. All lunch counters are now opened, but on a segregated basis; however all agreed that their deadline for integrating is August 15th, but cannot do anything until they hear from the Senior Citizens Committee. Rev. Long gave the report of the Employment Committee in absence of the secretary of the Committee, Mrs. A. G. Gaston. He reported that they talked in terms of up-grading and hiring and Federal Contracts. He reported that they have a list of Industries that have federal contracts (that the Federal Govt, has a Man-Power program).That the Federal Govt, will come into a city upon request, but this must be an integrated program. The report of the Negotiation Committee meeting with the Senior Citizens Committee was made by Rev. Long. The meeting took place at the Chamber of Commerce 8:00 A.M. morning; Members of the Senior Citizens Comm. present were: Mr. Frank Newton, B. A. Monaghan, Mark Hodo, DavidVann, John Steger and a Mr. Smith. Members of the Negotiation Committee present were: Rev. Harold Long, Mrs. John Drew, Mr.John Drew, Mr.Wm Shortridge, Dr. Jas. T. Montgomery, Mrs. Lola Hendricks, Rev. Edward Gardner, Rev. Calvin Woods, Rev. N. H. Smith, Rev. H. Oliver, Rev. John Porter. It was reported that the Senior Citizens Committee stated that they had not seen the actual agreements, and did not know what they were. That Mr. Sid Smyer is in Europe. That Mr. Hodo informed them that there will not be an appointment of an Employment Committee. It was reported that our Chairman, Rev. Long was insistent on what the actual agreements are, which Mr. DavidVann agreed to, and stated that their copy of the agreement is in a bank vault. The two Committees are scheduled to meet next Thursday the 20th. Mr. Shortridge observed that our Committee and the Senior Citizens Committee are not together on any issue. It was moved and seconded that Rev. Harold Long will be the Chairman of the Negotiation Committee and Rev. Herbert Oliver will be the Asst. Chairman of the Negot. Comm. Rev. Long asked for a meeting of the Negotiation Comm. Monday morning 10:00 A.M. Conference room of the Gaston Bldg. Mr. Shortridge suggested that the Central Committee meet at 11:00 A.M. Monday. A list of 31 names from which 25 names are to be selected for the Mayor to choose members for his Committee of Community Relations was submitted by the Sub-Committee to the body. The name, No 23, Mrs. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton was deleted from the list upon her request. The Reverends Linsey and Oliver requested that their names be placed on an alternate list.

63 The Committee voted to place the names WW Whetstone, Rev. C. H. George and Dr. Joel Boykin on the alternate list. The 25 names with biographical data to be submitted to the Mayor are: Dr.A. G. Gaston, L. S. Gaillard Jr.,E. H. Murphy, John J. Drew, W E. Shortridge, Frederick Ellis, James Armstrong, Mrs. Lucinda B. Robey, Dr. L. H. Pitts, Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, Rev. Edward Gardner, Rev. N. H. Smith, Rev.John Porter, Rev. J.W. Hayes, Rev. Abraham Woods, Rev. John Cross, Mrs. Georgia Price, Mrs. Katie Jefferson, Mrs. P. Franklin,Atty.Arthur Shores,Atty W L.Williams, Atty. Peter A. Hall, Atty Oscar Adams, Dr. James T. Montgomery and Dr. H. L. Hamilton. Mr. Shortridge recommended that the list of names be sent to Rev. Shuttlesworth immediately. Or a telephone call be made. Members present of the Central Committee that voted on the 25 names are: Rev. John Porter Rev.J.W Hayes Mrs. John J. Drew Mrs. Georgia Price Rev. Edward Gardner Rev. Calvin Woods Rev. N. L. Linsey Rev. Harold Long Rev. Herbert Oliver Mrs. Ruth Barefield-Pendleton Mrs. Willa Adams Lester Cobb Sherrill Marcus George Scott Rev. Long reported, that he had been invited by Mr. Hamilton, Executive Secretary of the Mayor, to come to talk with him this afternoon. Rev. Long requested that Rev. Gardner and Rev. Hayes go with him. Rev. Long asked the body that he may be authorized to request from City Hall a statement (in writing) what this Committee's function is supposed to be. A statement that specifies just what the 25 names are wanted for. Rev. Long was so authorized. It was suggested by the Chairman that the sub-Committee that brought in the 31 names be responsible for contacting the 25 persons selected, asking for a biographical sketch of their life including the following information: name, age, place of birth, education, vocation, major, organization member of and length of residence in the City. The Chairman, Rev. Hayes remarked that this has been very lengthy meeting. Rev. Gardner moved that the meeting be adjourned. Rev.A.Woods prayed the closing prayer. Rev.J.W Hayes, Chairman R. K. Barefield-Pendleton, Secretary

65 Timeline of Civic and Civil Rights Events August 1962-July 1963, Birmingham, Alabama 1962 August 28 Birmingham citizens obtain more than 11,000 signatures to petition for an election to change the city's municipal government from a three-man commission, with Eugene T."Bull" Connor as Commissioner of Public Safety, to a mayor-council system with a mayor and nine city councilors. September 26 Birmingham merchants pledge to begin de-segregating stores. A Selective Buying Campaign organized by Miles College Students and the ACMHR during the spring of 1962 had generated widespread support in the black community and caused affected merchants significant economic impact as blacks withdrew their spending from segregated stores. September The Reverend Fred F. Shuttlesworth, president of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR), again invites the Reverend Martin Futher King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Feadership Conference (SCFC) to participate in demonstrations against segregation in Birmingham. King finally agrees to come to Birmingham in January 1963. October 2 Judge J. Paul Meeks enters an order calling for an election for the citizens to decide the form of government they would have. November 6 Birmingham citizens vote to change the form of city government to a mayor-council system. Commissioner Connor will have to run for Mayor to stay in power. George Wallace is elected governor on a staunch segregation platform. December When merchants stop their de-segregation efforts, ACMHR renews its economic boycott of the downtown stores during the Christmas buying season. December 13 Bethel Baptist Church, Shuttlesworth's church from 1953 to 1961 and the headquarters for the ACMHR during his pastorate, is bombed for a third time (the prior two attacks came in 1956 and 1958). Children rehearsing for a Christmas pageant escape unharmed. 1963 January 4 Judge Edgar Bowron upholds the Mayor-Council Act; City Commission appeals. January 16 In his inaugural address, Governor Wallace calls for "Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever." March 5 Birmingham citizens vote for Mayor, with Albert Boutwell and Bull Connor forced into a runoff; ACMHR-SCFC postpone demonstrations until after the runoff. April 2 Runoff election: Albert Boutwell is elected Mayor. April 3 Joint ACMHR-SCFC demonstrations begin with a boycott of retail facilities and sit-ins in downtown stores. April 6 Shuttlesworth leads the first march headed to City Hall and is arrested. April 7, Palm Sunday The Reverends A. D. King, N.H. Smith, John Porter and Nathaniel Finsey lead the second march on City Hall. Bull Connor uses police dogs against spectators for crowd control. April 9 The Central Committee meets for the first time, in Room 30 of the Gaston Motel. April 10 Alabama Circuit Court Judge William A.Jenkins issues a temporary injunction against the demonstrations. April 12, Good Friday Violating the injunction, the Big Three of the SCFC—the Reverends King, Shuttlesworth, and Abernathy—lead a march. King and Abernathy are arrested for demonstrating without a permit and go to jail. Shuttlesworth remains behind to coordinate the demonstrations and raise funds. While incarcerated until April 20, King writes his "Fetter from Birmingham Jail." April 15 Mayor Boutwell and nine new city councilors are sworn in, but Connor and the other city commissioners refuse to vacate their offices; Boutwell sues. For the next 38 days,

67 Birmingham has two city governments and two sets of public officials: three commissioners and a mayor with nine council members. April 16 The first meeting of the new City Council takes place. April 20 King and Abernathy are released from jail. April 23 Judge Bowron enters an order holding the mayor-council government as the legal and proper government.The comissioners refuse to accept the decision and file an appeal bond. Although rejected three times by Birmingham voters, Commissioner of Public Safety Bull Connor continues to oversee Birmingham's police and fire departments. May 2 "D-Day": Birmingham school children march for the first time; more than 1,000 persons are arrested. May 3 "Double D-Day":The children march again. Police and firemen use police dogs and fire hoses against the demonstrators. Attorney DavidVann is asked to negotiate with the demonstrators on behalf of the downtown businessmen. The first official meeting of blacks and whites takes place in the back room of the Birmingham Realty Company Building, under the leadership of Sidney Smyer, president of this company and president of the Chamber of Commerce during 1962. Assistant U.S. Attorney General Burke Marshall represents John F. Kennedy, president of the United States. Due to the political circumstances, initial agreements de- emphasize demands dealing with government practices and focus on de-segregation of public facilities, signs, jobs, and other private-sector changes. May 5 Reverend Charles Billups leads 1,500 persons from New Pilgrim Baptist Church on Southside to the park across from the jail, where they pray for those incarcerated; fire hoses are not used on the participants. The Central Committee's Negotiating Committee suggests its Four Points for Progress in a meeting with white leaders. May 6 Comedian Dick Gregory leads an estimated 2,000 children in marches to City Hall and the retail district. May 7 2,000 more children march; all area jails and holding areas are filled. After overseeing the care of the demonstrators, 68 Shuttlesworth is targeted with fire hoses and sent to the hospital. The negotiating team of blacks and whites reaches an agreement that is then reviewed with the all-white Senior Citizens Committee of the Chamber of Commerce. May 8 The Central Committee accepts the agreements of the merchants and promises of the Senior Citizens to address their demands, amending the terms to give attention to the situation of those in the jail. May 9 The next morning, negotiating attorney DavidVann takes the agreement to Dr. King at John Drew's house. Shuttlesworth is in the hospital. Per Vann, the agreement is: Stop the demonstrations; after a cooling-off period, desegregate lunch counters, take down all signs of segregation, and begin an employment program. Reverend Shuttlesworth checks himself out of the hospital, arrives at Drew's house, and lambasts King for calling off the demonstrations without consulting him and for doing so by accepting promises. Funds to underwrite the bonds to release the demonstrators are put up by the unions. May 10 The Big Three hold a press conference to announce the final accord. May 11 During the night, the Gaston Motel and the home of Rev. A. D. King are bombed. Both bombings are thought to be assassination attempts on the Rev. Martin Futher King, Jr. May 14 Student demonstrators, protesting expulsions, boycott public schools, a violation of the truce agreement. King convenes the Central Committee and meets with students, convincing them to call off their boycott. May 23 The Alabama Supreme Court upholds the new government. May 28 In its first official session, the new City Council authorizes the organization of the first bi-racial committee in the history of the city, the Committee on Community Affairs, "with a series of sub-committees on every subject of municipal importance from streets to finance, including a committee to support the school board"—thereby fulfilling the fourth of the Central Committee's Four Points for Progress.

69 June 11 Governor Wallace stands "in the schoolhouse door" to prevent the integration of the University of Alabama. That evening, President Kennedy speaks to the nation, announcing new federal legislation to ban segregation of public facilities—legislation moved to the forefront by the Birmingham marches and demonstrations.This landmark legislation will become the Civil Rights Act of 1964, guaranteeing to all citizens access to public accommodations. June 14 At the final meeting of the Central Committee, a list of 25 names is approved for submission to the Mayor "to choose members for his Committee on Community Relations." Late June The first meeting of the new mayor and council with their bi-racial citizens' advisory committee takes place in the council chambers.The halls outside the room are filled with people jeering their disapproval. July 23 In one meeting of the City Council, the City of Birmingham repeals all existing segregation ordinances. July Desegregation of Birmingham retail stores is coordinated by attorney DavidVann and the Reverend Calvin Woods. Plain-clothed policemen protect the de-segregation teams.

70 Persons Associated with the Central Committee

The Secretary's List of Members Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) Willa (Mrs. Oscar) Adams, active in civic and voting rights issues. Ruth (Mrs. Tyree) Barefield-Pendleton, secretary, Central Committee; volunteer, previously active in voting rights issues, assisted student sit-ins and the selective buying campaign led by Miles College students during 1962; attended mass meetings and transported students, entertainers, and others in support of the Movement. Rev. John Cross, newly installed pastor, Sixteenth Street Baptist Church. Addine (Mrs. John) "Deenie" Drew, ACMHR member and volunteer; actively attended mass meetings and supported student sit-ins; would lead de-segregation of the Birmingham Public Fibrary. John Drew, owner, Alexander & Co., a successful insurance company that insured vehicles in the Montgomery Bus Boycott; head of the Bond Committee and regular participant in the Negotiating Committee meetings. When in Birmingham, Martin Futher King Jr. was a frequent guest at Drew's Dynamite Hill residence; their fathers had been schoolmates. Pastor Joseph Ellwanger, pastor, St. Paul Futheran Church,Titusville; civil rights activist and president, Birmingham Council on Human Relations; the only white member of the Central Committee. Rev. Flonoy, full name and background information not known. Rev. Edward Gardner, vice president, ACMHR; pastor, Mount Olive Baptist Church, Woodlawn; scheduled ACMHR meeting churches and conducted the mass meetings; his sister, Minnie Gardner, was A. G. Gaston's wife. Dr. A. G. Gaston, successful Birmingham businessman; owner of funeral home and insurance companies, an office building, a motel, and a business school run by his wife. Rev. C. H. George, incorporation signer, ACMHR; pastor, Regular (St. Matthew) Missionary Baptist Church, East Birmingham. Rev. Joshua W. Hayes, recently designated pastor,Trinity A.M.E. Zion Church, Ensley; active participant in and arrested during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1956; chairman of the Central Committee.

71 Lola Hendricks, secretary, ACMHR; liaison between ACMHR and SCFC staff; in her day job, worked for John Drew. Dr. Bernard M. Jefferson, dentist. Rev. A. D. Williams King, member, executive board, ACMHR; younger brother of Martin Futher King, Jr.; became pastor of First Baptist Church of Ensley, a stalwart ACMHR supporter, in 1962; co-led the April 7 march with the Reverends Nathaniel FinseyJohn Porter, and N. H. Smith. Rev. Nathaniel L. Linsey, pastor,Thirgood (Memorial) C.M.E. Church, an ACMHR meeting church; high school classmate of Martin Futher King, Jr.; hosted the mass meeting prior to the April 7 march, which he co-led with the Reverends A. D. King, John Porter, and N. H. Smith. Rev. Harold D. Long, pastor, First Congregational Church, North Smithfield-Dynamite Hill; a lead participant in the negotiations with the white community, attending all meetings and reporting to the Central Committee. Attorney Shores and Ruth Barefield-Pendleton attend his church and live nearby. A friend of Andrew Young, Fong had also served on the Alabama Council of Human Relations. Dr. James T. Montgomery, Rev. Shuttlesworth's family physician. Bishop E. P. Murchison, presiding prelate of the Fifth Episcopal District (Alabama and Florida) of the Christian Methodist Episcopal (C.M.E.) Church. Rev. C. Herbert Oliver, a Presbyterian minister; secretary of the Inter- Citizens Committee, an organization whose work included documenting incidents of police brutality in Birmingham; member, Alabama Advisory Committee of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Dr. Lucius H. Pitts, President, Miles College (1961-1971); actively engaged in and strong advocate for the local Movement, permitting faculty and students to take active roles in sit-ins, the selective buying campaign, and other Movement activities; often attempted to mediate between blacks and whites; served on the Negotiating Committee, providing reports to the Central Committee. Rev. John Porter, former associate of Martin Futher King, Jr. at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Montgomery; recently designated pastor, Sixth Avenue Baptist Church, Southside, a church that had not been actively involved in the Movement; co-led the April 7 march with the Reverends A. D. King, Nathaniel Finsey and N. H. Smith.

72 Georgia Price, executive committee member and officer, ACMHR. Atty. Arthur Shores, Birmingham's long-time civil rights attorney; worked with the NAACP since 1939 and the ACMHR since 1956; won many cases providing equal access to housing, transportation, education, and jobs; served as advice and bonding attorney for the Central Committee and the hundreds of demonstrators who were arrested and jailed. W. E. Shortridge, treasurer, ACMHR; executive board member, SCFC; owner of an Ensley funeral home; eldest member of the Central Committee and a civil rights activist since the 1930s; a staunch supporter of Rev. Shuttlesworth and the ACMHR in their campaign to achieve "first-class citizenship." Rev. F. L. Shuttlesworth, president, ACMHR 1956-1969; pastor, Bethel Baptist Church, Collegeville, 1953-1961; pastor, Revelation Baptist Church, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1961-1966; the heart, soul, brains, and guts of the Birmingham Movement that met every Monday night, and every night in times of crisis, in churches across the industrial city to educate and organize the opposition to segregated life in Birmingham. Rev. Nelson H. Smith, Secretary, ACMHR; pastor New Pilgrim Baptist Church, a staunch Movement church with many members providing long and sustained support to the Movement; co-led the April 7 march with the Reverends A. D. King, Nathaniel Finsey, and John Porter. Rev. Andrew W. Thomas, St. Fuke A.M.E. Church, North Birmingham, a church that was bombed for its support of ACMHR mass meetings. Rev. Abraham Woods, member, executive board, ACMHR; pastor, First Metropolitan Baptist Church, Southside. Rev. Calvin Woods, member, executive board, ACMHR; pastor, East End Baptist Church, Southside; leads the first sit-in of the Birmingham campaign and is arrested; working with attorney DavidVann, he becomes the coordinator for de-segregation teams in the summer of 1963.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)* Rev. Ralph D. Abernathy, vice president, SCFC; former pastor, First Colored Baptist Church, Montgomery (1952-1962); actively involved in the formation and running of the Montgomery Bus Boycott; moved to Atlanta in 1962 to pastor West Hunter Street Baptist Church.

Editor's Note: SCLC titles are from The SCFC Story in Words and Pictures (Atlanta: Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1964).

73 Rev. James Bevel, worked in the Nashville Student Movement and participated in the 1960 sit-ins there that led to the founding of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); with his wife, Diane Nash, helped coordinate student involvement in the Freedom Rides; conceived the idea to enlist student demonstrators and trained them for the Children's Marches. Rev. Charles Billups, formerly the youth pastor of New Pilgrim Baptist Church and an employee of Hayes Aircraft, where his promotion led to a beating by a Klansman; in 1963, he lived in New York and later Chicago in his work with SCFC. A stalwart supporter of the ACMHR, he led the Sunday Walk of 1,500 from New Pilgrim to the Birmingham jail on May 5. He and Reverend Shuttlesworth led the first march of the campaign on April 6. Dorothy Cotton, director, Citizenship School; worked with the organization and training of the student marchers during the Birmingham campaign. Carole Hoover, background information not known. Rev. A. D. Williams King, See Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR), above. Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., president, SCFC; former pastor, Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, Montgomery, Alabama; propelled into the national spotlight during the 1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott, from which he emerged as the leader of the national civil rights Movement; in 1957, co-founded with the Rev. Shuttlesworth and others the SCFC to "redeem the soul of America"; moved back to Atlanta in 1960 to co-pastor Ebenezer Baptist Church with his father and to direct SCFC. Rev. Bernard Lee, founding member, SNCC; led student sit-ins at Alabama State University in 1960; worked primarily with the students during the Birmingham campaign; co-led the May 5 walk from New Pilgrim Baptist Church to the jail. Rev. Joseph Lowery, a Mobile pastor; participated in the Montgomery Bus Boycott; founding member, SCFC; in 1964, he would become pastor of Birmingham's St. Paul United Methodist Church, an ACMHR mass meeting site. Willie Pearl Mackey, secretary to Wyatt Tee Walker. Dora E. McDonald, secretary to Dr. Martin Futher King, Jr.

74 Rev. C.T.Vivian, director of affiliates, SCFC; worked in the Nashville Student Movement, organizing sit-ins and the 1960 march on City Hall; participated in the 1961 Freedom Rides. Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker, first full-time executive director, SCFC (1960— 1964) and chief of staff for Martin Futher King, Jr.; chief strategist, tactician, and coordinator of the Birmingham campaign and its headquarters in the Smith Building at 17th Street and 5th Avenue North; involved with SCFC since its founding in 1957; co-founder of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1958. Rev. Andrew Young, formerly active in educating voters in rural areas across the south; becomes director of voter registration for SCFC and a principal adviser to King; coordinated logistics for the Birmingham negotiating sessions between blacks and whites, representing King at these sessions.

Lawyers Oscar Adams, appointed as an additional advice and bonding attorney to the April-May 1963 Birmingham Campaign; also served as lawyer of visitation; a graduate ofTalladega College and Howard University; upon being admitted to the Alabama bar in 1947, launched his own private practice specializing in civil rights cases. Norman Amaker, NAACP, New York. Orzell Billingsley, a graduate ofTalladega College and Howard University, he worked with attorneys Peter Hall and J. Mason Davis at this time in the firm, Hall-Billingsley-Davis. Jack Greenberg, NAACP, New York. Clarence Jones, SCFC, New York. Arthur Shores, See The Secretary's Fist of Members, seepage 13.

Students U.W. Clemon Lester Cobb Wilbert Crochen Luther Dickerson Frank Dukes, student body president, Mies College; a Korean War veteran.

75 Sherrill Marcus, student, Miles College; chair, Student Committee on Human Rights. Annie Peterson, worked on voter registration. George Scott

Other Persons Attending Central Committee Meetings James Armstrong, barber and ACMHR stalwart; member, New Pilgrim Baptist Church; brought the suit against the Birmingham Board of Education that led in the fall of 1963 to the entrance of his sons to Graymont Elementary School as the first blacks to be admitted to an all- white Birmingham school. Leroy Clark, attorney, NAACP. Rev. Cunningham, of St. James. Rev. Sam Davis John Doar, First Assistant and then Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Justice, 1960-1967. Vincent Harding, graduate of Columbia University and the University of Chicago; historian, journalist, and civil rights participant; during the early 1960s, as members of the Mennonite Church, he and his wife traveled throughout the South, working as counselors and reconcilers to the groups working for civil rights. He attends information negotiating sessions during April and the final Negotiating Committee meeting on May 7. Charles Madden Jonathan McPherson, a Miles College faculty member and adviser to student activists; an ACMHR member who demonstrated and was arrested. Mr. Milbrook, SCFC Constance Motley, attorney, NAACP. Rev. James Phifer, member, executive board, ACMHR; a Baptist minister; trusted friend and assistant to Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, pastor Zion Star Baptist Church. Lucinda Robey, teacher and principal; a stalwart member of the ACMHR and its executive board throughout the life of the Movement, despite threats of job loss; also active with the NAACP and student chapters prior to the ACMHR. Cleve Smith

76 Other Key Players Albert Boutwell, elected Mayor of Birmingham on April 2,1963, as part of a revised governmental setup in which he served with nine councilmen in leadership of the city; inaugurated as Mayor on April 15,1963; a former state senator and lieutenant governor, he served as Mayor until 1967; introduced provisions for establishment of the city's first bi-racial committee, the Community Affairs Committee (CAC),fn May 1963 and oversaw the abolishing of racial ordinances in July 1963. Bull Connor, Commissioner of Public Safety in charge of Birmingham's police and fire departments; after being voted out of office on April 2,1963, he refused to vacate his office and continued to personally command police and fire personnel during the April-May 1963 demonstrations. Burke Marshall, Assistant U.S. Attorney General for Civil Rights, detailed by President John F. Kennedy to assist in mediating a settlement of the Birmingham demonstrations. Marshall shuttled back and forth between whites and blacks, urging them to settle the situation locally. Sidney Smyer, president, Birmingham Realty Company, the successor firm to the company that founded Birmingham and remained a large land owner in the city center; president of the Chamber of Commerce in 1962; the businessman who led the campaign to change the form of government to oust Bull Connor from office and who stood tall in all subsequent negotiating sessions to help bring about progress in race relations and community improvement. David Vann, Birmingham attorney selected by area businessmen to represent them in negotiating an end to the Birmingham demonstrations; his ties to businessmen and politicians helped bring about a successful accord; the chief architect and passionate and dedicated advocate and worker for the change in form of government from a three-man commission to a mayor and council; a former law clerk to U.S. Chief Justice Hugo Black, Vann would serve as councilman from 1971 to 1975 and as Mayor of Birmingham from 1975 to 1979. Senior Citizens Committee Members: Milton Andrews, president, Birmingham Savings & Trust; Samuel Burr, Bank for Savings and Trust; Walter Bouldin, president, Alabama Power Co.; B. Campbell Blake, vice president, Connor Steel Division; Fee C. Bradley, attorney;William Bullock, president,W J. Bullock, Inc.; H. A. Brice Jr.,Brice Building Co.; Donald Comer, president, Avondale Mills; Hugh Daniel, president, Daniel Construction Co.; Frank Dixon, lawyer and former governor of Alabama; Nabb Drennen, president, Drennen Motor Co.;W R.J. Dunn,Jr., Dunn Construction Co.; Sterling Edwards,Jr.,

77 chairman, Exchange Security Bank; C. H. Ellison, Jr., president, Southern Cement Co.;WW French,Jr., president, Moore Handley Hardware; Robert Garrett, president, U. S. Pipe & Foundry Co.;W Cooper Green, vice president, Alabama Power Co.; Henry Goodrich, vice president, Rust Engineering Co.; John A. Hand, president, First National Bank; Clarence Hanson, publisher, The Birmingham News; Mark Hodo, president, City Federal Savings & Foan; William Hulsey, chairman, Realty Mortgage Co.; O. Z. Hall, president, Hall Motor Co.; Preston Haskell, president, Pratt Coal Co.; John C. Henley III, president, Birmingham Publishing Co.; Roy Hickman, chairman, Alabama Engraving Co.; Frank Hulse, president, Southern Airways; F. F. Jeffers, president, Hayes International Corp.;John Jemison Jr., president, Jemison Investment Co.; Crawford Johnson III, vice president, Crawford Johnson & Co.; Mortimer Jordan, vice president, Southern Natural Gas Corp.; Joseph Johnston, attorney; Hugh Kaul, president, Kaul Fumber Co.; Claude Fawson, chairman, U. S. Pipe & Foundry Co.; Frank Fankford, president, Metal Plate and Coatings;William Fathrop, Jr., president, Southern Fife & Health Insurance Co.; James C. Fee, Jr., president, Buffalo Rock Bottling Co.; Robert Fuckie, Fuckie Co.; Howard Feake, vice president, Hendon Co.; B. A. Monaghan, Jr., president,Vulcan Materials Co.; S. D. Moxley, president, ACIPCO; James Mills, editor, Birmingham Post-Herald; James Morgan, president, Molton, Allen & Williams; Caldwell Marks, chairman, Owen-Rchard Co.;W P. McGough, president, McGough Bakeries;T M. McClellan, president, Nifty Manufacturing Co., Division St. Regis Paper Co.; Frank Newton, vice president, Southern Bell Telephone Co.; Edward Norton, financier; Phil Neal, president, Ala. By-Products Corp.; John C. O'Dell, president, O'Dell Drug Co.; Kirkman O'Neal, president, O'Neal Steel Co.; Frank Plummer, president, Birmingham Trust National Bank; James Pearce, president, Royal Crown Bottling Co.;W S. Pritchard, attorney; R. A. Puryear,Jr., president, Alabama Gas Corp.; Robert Russell, president, Exchange Security Bank; Allen Rushton, president, Birmingham Ice & Storage Co.;William Rushton, chairman, Protective Fife; George Rust, president, Alabama Brick & Concrete Co.; Pratt Rather, president, Southern Natural Gas Co.; Franck Samford, Sr., chairman, Fiberty National Fife; Amasa Smith, manager, Chicago Bridge & Iron Co.; Herbert Smith Jr., president, Vulcan Rvet & Bolt Corp.; Sidney Smyer, president, Birmingham Realty Co.; Alfred Shook III, vice president, Shook & Fletcher Supply;William Spencer III, president, Oreo Welding; Henry Seibels, Jr., president, Jemison-Seibels, Inc.; William Sellers,Jr.,president,BaggettTransportation Co.;James Shackleford, president, Wimberly and Thomas Hardware; Elton Stephens, president, Ebsco Industries; Hall Thompson, president, Thompson Tractor Co.;John Urquart, chairman, Woodward Iron Co.; James A.Vann, attorney; Arthur Wiebel, president U. S. Steel's Tennessee Coal and Iron Division; Robert Weatherly management consultant; Warren Whitley, president, Cloud Sons Inc.; Carl Wittichen, president,Wittichen Chemical Co. Editors' Note: The names of the Senior Citizens Committee were published in The Birmingham News, May 16, 1963, pp.1, 2.

78 City of Birmingham Segregation Ordinances* Enacted by Order of the City Commission, October 31,1944.

Sec. 369. Separation of races. It shall be unlawful to conduct a restaurant or other place for the serving of food in the city, at which white and colored people are served in the same room, unless such white and colored persons are effectually separated by a solid partition extending from the floor upward to a distance of seven feet or higher, and unless a separate entrance from the street is provided for each compartment. (1930, 5288.) Sec. 597. Negroes and white persons not to play together. It shall be unlawful for a negro and a white person to play together or in company with each other in any game of cards or dice, dominoes or checkers. Any person, who, being the owner, proprietor or keeper or superintendent of any tavern, inn, restaurant or other public house or public place, or the clerk, servant or employee of such owner, proprietor, keeper or superintendent, knowingly permits a negro and a white person to play together or in company with each other at any game with cards, dice, dominoes or checkers, or any substitute or device for cards, dice, dominoes or checkers, in his house or on his premises, shall, on conviction, be punished as provided in section 4. (1930, 5066, 5067) Sec. 859. Separation of races. (a) It shall be unlawful for any person in charge or control of any room, hall, theatre, picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ball park, public park, or other indoor or outdoor place, to which both white persons and negroes are admitted, to cause, permit or allow therein or thereon any theatrical performance, picture exhibitions, speech, or educational or entertainment program of any kind whatsoever, unless such room, hall, theatre, picture house, auditorium, yard, court, ball park, or other place,

* Editors' Note: These ordinances are transcribed from The General Code of the City of Birmingham, Alabama: The General Ordinances of the City, Published by Order of the City Commission (Charlottesville, VA:The Michie Company, 1944). The General Code is found in the Government Documents Department of the Linn-Henley Research Library, a Birmingham Public Library.

79 has entrances, exits and seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of white persons, and other entrances, exits and seating or standing sections set aside for and assigned to the use of negroes, by well defined physical barriers, and unless the members of each race are effectively restricted and confined to the sections set aside for and assigned to the use of such race. (b) It shall be unlawful for any member of one race to use or occupy any entrance, exit or seating or standing section set aside for and assigned to the use of members of the other race. Sec. 939. Separation of races. It shall be unlawful for a negro and a white parson to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards. Any person who, being the owner, proprietor or in charge of any poolroom, pool table, billiard room or billiard table, knowingly permits a negro and a white person to play together or in company with each other at any game of pool or billiards on his premises shall, upon conviction, be punished as provided in section 4. (1930, 5066,5067.) Sec. 1002. Separation of races.* Every common carrier engaged in operating streetcars in the city for the carriage of passengers shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races by providing separate cars or by clearly indicating or designating by physical visible marks the area to be occupied by each race in any streetcar in which the two races are permitted to be carried together and by confining each race to occupancy of the area of such streetcar so set apart for it. Every common carrier engaged in operating streetcars in the city for the carrying of passengers shall provide for each car used for white and colored passengers, separate entrances and exits to and from such cars in such manner as to prevent intermingling of the white and colored passengers when entering or leaving such car, but this provision for

^Editors' Note: This section and section 1413 regarding public transport were removed from the city code due to successful litigation by Reverend Shuttlesworth's Alabama Chris tian Movement for Human Rights. All other segregation sections were removed by ordinance of the city council on July 23, 1963.

80 separate entrances and exits shall not apply to the cars operated on the following lines:the South Highlands, Idlewild and Rugby Highland lines or routes. It shall be deemed unlawful for any such common carrier to operate or cause or allow to be operated, or for any servant, employee or agent of any such common carrier to aid in operating for the carriage of white and colored passengers, any streetcar not equipped as provided in this section. And it shall be unlawful for any person, contrary to the provisions of this section providing for equal and separate accommodations for the white and colored races on streetcars, to ride or attempt to ride in a car or a division of a car designated for the race to which such person does not belong. Failure to comply with this section shall be deemed a misdemeanor. (1930,5699.) Sec. 1110. Toilet facilities—Male. Every employer of white or negro males shall provide for such white or negro males reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities in such umber that there shall be available a separate water closet for each twenty- five or lesser number of white or negro males having access thereto during a single day. Such separate white and negro toilet facilities shall be clearly marked to distinguish each from the other and it shall be unlawful for any person to use any facility not designated for such person's comfort. (1930, 5210,5212) Sec. 1111. Same—Female. Every employer of white or negro females shall provide for such white or negro females reasonably accessible and separate toilet facilities in such number that there shall be available a separate water closet for each twenty-five or lesser number of white or negro females having access thereto during a single day. Such separate white and negro toilet facilities shall be clearly marked to distinguish each from the other and it shall be unlawful for any person to use any facility not designated for such person's comfort. (1930,5211,5213.)

81 Sec. 1413. Separation of races.* Every owner or operator of any jitney, bus or taxicab in the city shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white and colored races by providing separate vehicles or by clearly indicating or designating by visible markers the area to be occupied by each race in any vehicle in which the two races are permitted to be carried together and by confining each race to occupancy of the area of such vehicle so set apart for it. It shall be unlawful for any person to operate or cause or allow to be operated or to aid in operating for the carriage of white and colored passengers any vehicle not equipped as provided in this section. And it shall be unlawful for any person, contrary to the provisions of this section providing for equal and separate accommodations for the white and colored races, to ride or attempt to ride in a vehicle or a division of a vehicle designated for the race to which such person does not belong. Failure to comply with this section shall be deemed a misdemeanor.

^Editors' Note: This section regarding public transport was removed from the city code due to successful litigation by Reverend Shuttlesworth's Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights.

82 Minutes of the City Council of Birmingham, Establishing the Committee on Community Affairs May 28, 1963 In this, the first full and regular meeting of the Council of the City of Birmingham since its authority has been clearly established beyond legal question, we believe the full membership of the Council will concur in the conviction of this Committee that the Council should move immediately and affirmatively to carry out its mandate to provide the City of Birmingham, not only with the authority of government, but also with leadership. We have acknowledged, in the statement made by Council President Wiggins, in our behalf, after the decision of the Supreme Court establishing the Mayor-Council form of government, the many and serious problems which confront our government and our people. Those problems, none of which are insoluble by reason, cooperation and good will, are confined to no phase of public life, to no single community, and to no one segment of our population or our society. They are common problems, mutually shared by the whole community, not only of this city but by the broad area of incorporated and unincorporated areas that surround us and make up the greater Birmingham community, This is a democratic nation, a democratic state and city. We firmly believe that problems mutually shared, should mutually be worked out for the good interest of the whole area. Because the difficulties that have slowed the economic and cultural growth and prevented the fulfillment of the great hopes and ambitions of people and industries are so varied, -because they do indeed involve industry and commerce, labor and management, education, civic, social and cultural growth, this Committee believes that we should assemble for information and advice the best talents of the entire area. The Committee takes note of the fact that during the recent crisis which confronted the city, when the authority of its government was in technical question before the courts and there existed a vacuum in which governmental and civic leadership was difficult or impossible, a group of courageous and public-spirited citizens, upon their own initiative took independent action to meet that crisis and to avoid the possible consequence of total disorder. This group of citizens called themselves the

83 "Senior Citizens", and they acted with full knowledge that they could not speak or act for anyone but themselves. This Committee does not pass judgment upon the wisdom of their decision. But we do emphatically approve their courage and the public interest which prompted it. It is the considered belief of this Committee that the City Council, as the policy-making and legislative body of this government should fulfill its obligation to joint leadership, with the Mayor, for a progressive program of economic and cultural development. With that end and purpose in mind, Mr. President, I ask now for unanimous consent and approval to introduce, for the Council's consideration, the resolution which I now read to you: RES OLUTI ON. Resolved that the Council of the City of Birmingham does hereby create and establish a public citizen's committee, and does request and instruct the Mayor, acting with the consultation and advice of the Council, to appoint said committee and instruct it in its purposes. The title of said Committee shall be the "Committee on Community Affairs," and its duties shall be to inform advise and recommend to the Mayor and to the Council for their individual or collective consideration what steps may be taken toward the development, improvement, and general growth of the Birmingham area in every phase of its activities. It shall be the further duty of said committee to consider the difficulties which confront us as a community, and to study and recommend steps that may lead toward their successful solution. The Mayor is empowered to call upon representative citizens from all walks of life, from the responsible organizations which represent the economic and civic life of this city and its surrounding area, and from the religious, educational, and cultural leadership of the area, so that this committee may have full advantage of all our talents for constructive planning and leadership." The ordinance was read, and unanimous consent for its immediate consideration being granted, whereupon Councilman Hawkins moved its adoption which motion was seconded by Councilman Drennen and upon the roll being called on said motion and the granting of unanimous consent, the vote was as follows:

84 Ayes: [Alan] Drennen, [Don] Hawkins, [E. G] Overton, [George] Seibels, [Tom] Woods, [M. E.] Wiggins (Councilman [Nina] Miglionico had previously left the meeting) Nays: None The vote was then announced by the City Clerk, whereupon President Wiggins declared the resolution adopted.

Minutes of the City Council, Abolishing Segregation Ordinances, July 23, 1963

The following ordinance was introduced by Councilman Bryan:

ORDINANCE NUMBER 63-15 AN ORDINANCE TO REPEAL SECTIONS 369, 597, 859, 939, 1110 and 1111 OF THE GENERAL CODE OF THE CITY OF BIR MINGHAM OF 1944AS AMMENDED BE IT ORDAINED By the Council of the City of Birmingham that Sections 369,597,859,939,1110 and 1111 of the General Code of the City of Birmingham of 1944 as amended be, and each of said sections, are hereby repealed. The ordinance was read by the City Clerk, and unanimous consent for its immediate consideration being granted, whereupon Councilman Bryan moved its adoption which motion was seconded by Councilman Drennen and upon the roll being called on said motion and the granting of unanimous consent, the vote was as follows: Ayes: [John] Bryan, [Alan] Drennen, [John] Golden, [Don] Hawkins, [Nina] Miglionico, [George] Seibels, [Tom] Woods, [M. E.] Wiggins Nays: None The vote was then announced by the City Clerk, whereupon President Wiggins declared the ordinance adopted.

Editors' Note: Minutes of the City Council are held at the Birmingham City Hall in the Department of Records Management and were made available for this publication by Bruce Wright, Briggette George, and James Bosage.

85 INDEX

Central Church of Christ, 18,36

Abernathy, Rev. Ralph D., 3,9,14,17,18,35,43,44; Central Committee, v, 3-6,8-9; minutes, 13-65 49,50,67,68,73 Central Park Church of God, 36 Adams, Oscar, attorney, 4,9,20,31, 57,64,75 Chamber of Commerce, Birmingham, 2, 5,11,27,40, Adams, Mrs. Oscar (Willa), v, 4,8,28,41, 55, 57,64,71 45,62,68,69,77. See also Senior Citizens Com A. G. Gaston Motel. See Gaston Motel mittee Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (AC Civil Rights Act of 1964, 5,70 MHR), v, 1-4,8,9,11-12,66,67,71-73,74,76 Clancy, Willie, 16 Alabama Council of Human Relations, 72 Clark, Leroy attorney, 9, 50,76 Alexander _k Co., 71 Clemon,U.W,v,4,9,75 Amaker, Norman, attorney, 4,9,60,75 Cobb, Lester, 4,9,21,44, 57,62,64,75 Andrews, Milton, president, Birmingham Savings _k Coke, Homer, 22 Trust, 77 Comer, Donald, president, Avondale Mills, 77 Armstrong, James, 9,24,64,76 Committee on Community Affairs (CAC), 6-7,70, Atlantic Mills Cafeteria, 15,18,25 83-84. See also Bi-racial Committee Congress of Racial Equality (COPJ3), 25,75 B Connor,EugeneT. ("Bull"), 2,35,66,67,68,77 Bailey, Jefferson County Sheriff Melvin, 53 Cotton, Dorothy, 3,9,74 Barefield-Pendleton, Ruth (Mrs.T.J.),iv, v, vi,4,8,13, Crochen,Wilbert,9,50,75 14,16,17,21,23,24,26,31,32,33,35,36,38,41, Cross, Rev. John, 3,8,24,64,71 44,49,51,55,57,59,61,63,64,65,71,72 Cunningham, Reverend, St. James Baptist Church, 9, Barefield-Pendleton, Dr.T.J. (Tyree),v, 19,22 24,76 Belafonte, Harry, 2 Bethel Baptist Church, 1,67,73 D Bevel, Rev. James, 3,9,48, 58,74 Daniel, Hugh, president, Daniel Construction Co., 77 Billingsley, Orzell, attorney, 4,9,16,32, 50,75 Davis, J. Mason, Jr., attorney, 22,75 Bi-racial Committee, 5,6-7,12,20,23,27,29,34,42, Davis, Rev. Sam, 9,24,76 60-61,70,77 Davis, Sammy, Jr., 3 Billups, Rev. Charles, 3,9,33, 53, 54, 56, 57,68,74 Dickerson, Luther, 4,9,14,75 Birmingham Board of Education, 43,48,49, 50,70,76 Dixon, Dr. C.R, 22 Birmingham Council on Human Relations, 71 Dixon, Frank, attorney, former governor of Alabama, Birmingham Public Library, 15,71 77 Blake, B. Campbell, vice president, Connor Steel Divi Doar, John, U.S. Department of Justice, 9, 50,76 sion, 77 Drennan, Alan, Birmingham City Council, 85 Bouldin,Walter, president, Alabama Power Co., 77 Drennen, Nabb, president, Drennen Motor Co., 77 Boutwell, Albert, Mayor, City of Birmingham, 2,17,20, Drew,Addine ("Deenie," Mrs. John J.), iv, v, 4,8,14. 27,28,67,68,77 19,21,24,28,31,32,41,44,53,55,56,57,61,63, Bowron, Judge Edgar, 67,68 64,69,71 Boykin, Dr. Joel, 19,64 Drew, John J., 3,4, 5,8,14,16,21,24,27,31,35,38,40, Bradford, Dr. D.E., 19,22 44,52,53,55,56,61,63,64,71,72 Bradford,Dr. ED,Jr.,22 Dukes, Frank, v, 4,9,18,21, 57,75 Bradley, Lee C, attorney, 77 Dunn,W R J.,Jr., Dunn Construction Co., 77 Branch,Taylor, v Brewer, Dr.A.L., 19,22 Brewer, Dr. H.H., 19,22 East End Baptist Church, Southside, 73 Brice, H.A.,Jr.,Brice Building Co., 77 Edwards, Sterling,Jr., chairman,Exchange Security Britts, v, 13,21,25 Bank, 77 Brown, Judge Charles, 32 11th Avenue Methodist Church, 36 Brown, Mrs. Mamie, 57, 58 Elliott, Dr. R, 22 Bullock,William president,W J. Bullock, Inc., 77 Ellis, Frederick, 64 Burr, Samuel, Bank for Savings and Trust, 77 Ellis, Judge Talbot, Juvenile Court, 50 Ellison, C. H.,Jr.,president, Southern Cement Co., 78 Ellwanger, Pastor Joseph, 3,8,14,25,29, 50, 55,71 Carpenter House, Offices of the Episcopalian Bishop Evans, Ira, 22 of Alabama, 521 N. 20th Street, 26,31 Evans, Preston, 22

86 Hayes, Rev. JoshuaW, 3,8,15,16,17,18,27,29,32, Farmer, James, Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). 33,34,35,38,43,44,48,49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 58, 25 61,62,64,65,71 Fifth Episcopal District, C.M.E. Church, 72 Hendricks, Lola, 4,8,20,21, 57,61,63,72 First Baptist Church, 18 Henley,John C, III,president,Birmingham Publishing First Baptist Church of Ensley, 72 Co., 78 First Congregational Church, North Smithfield-Dy- Hibbler, Al, entertainer, 3,13,14 namite Hill, 72 Hickman, Roy, chairman, Alabama Engraving Co., 78 First Methodist Church, 36 Highlands Methodist Church, 36 First Metropolitan Baptist Church, Southside, 73 Hodges, Judson, City Clerk, City of Birmingham, 28 First Presbyterian Church, 18,36 Hodo, Mark, president, City Federal Savings _k Loan, Fontray, Rev. Regional Representative, SCLC,Wash 62,63,78 ington, DC, 52 Hollins,WilburH.,21,22,57 Four Points for Progress. See Points for Progress Holt, L., attorney, 52 Franklin, Mrs. P, 64 Hoover, Carole, 3,9,74 French,WW,Jr.,president, Moore Handley Hardware. Howard, Asbury 22, 57 78 Howard, Dr. R„ 22 Hulse, Frank, president, Southern Airways, 78 Hulsey,William, chairman, Realty Mortgage Co., 78 Gaillard, Leroy S.,Jr., 64 Hunter Street Baptist Church, 36 Gaillard, Ruth, v Gardner, Rev. Edward, 4,8,18,21,23,24,27,31,41, I 57,63,64,65,71 Inter-Citizens Committee, 52,72 Garrett, Robert,president, U.S. Pipe _k Foundry Co.. 78 j Gaston, Dr. A. G., 3,4,8,14,21,23,24,27, 58,64,71 Jackson, Emory, 57 Gaston, Minnie (Mrs. A. G.), 21, 57,62,71 Jackson, R., 22 Gaston Building, 14,59,63 Jeffers,L. F,president, Hayes International Corp., 78 Gaston Motel, v, 3,8,10,44,67,69 Jefferson, Dr. Bernard M., 22,38,41, 54,72 George, Rev. C. H., 3,8,19,64,71 Jefferson, Mrs. Katie (B. M.), 64 Goodrich, Henry, vice president, Rust Engineering Jemison,John,Jr.,president,Jemison Investment Co., Co., 78 78 Grants, 21 Jenkins, Judge William A., 67 Graymont Elementary School, 76 Johnson III, Crawford, vice president, Crawford John Green, Charlie, North Carolina Mutual, 22 son _k Co., 78 Green,W Cooper, vice president, Alabama Power Co., Johnston, Joseph, attorney, 78 78 Jones, Clarence, 4,9,19,75 Greenberg, Jack, attorney, NAACP, 4,9,75 Jordan, Mortimer, vice president, Southern Natural Gas Greens, H. L.,25 Corp., 78 Gregory, Dick, comedian, 69 K H Kaul, Hugh, president, Kaul Lumber Co., 78 Hall, Peter A., attorney, 67,75 Kennedy, U.S. President John F, 4, 5,18,68,70,77 Hall,OZ.,78 Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General Robert F, 18 Hall, O Z., president, Hall Motor Co., 78 Kimball, Ruth. See Barefield-Pendleton, Ruth Hall,Will,21,57 King, Rev. Addison Williams (A. D), 3,4,8,9,16,18, Hamilton, Dr. Hershel L., 19,22,64 21,44,67,69,72,73,74 Hamilton,W C. (Billy), campaign manager and execu King, Dr. Martin Luther,Jr., 1,2,3,4, 5,9,10,13,14, tive secretary to Mayor Albert Boutwell, 27,65 15,17,18,28,29,33,34,35,43,44,46-47,48,49, Hand, John A., president, First National Bank, 78 50, 52, 58,60,61,66,67,68,69,71,72,74,75; state Harding,Vincent, 5,9,40,41,43,44,76 ment of, 46-47 Harris, Paul, 22, 57 Kress, v Harris,Dr. S.E., 19,22 Harris, Virgil, 22 Hanson, Clarence, publisher, The Birmingham News, 78 Lankford, Frank, president, Metal Plate and Coatings, Haskell, Preston, president, Pratt Coal Co., 78 78 Hawkins, Don, Birmingham City Council, 85 Lathrop,William,Jr.,president, Southern Life _k Health Insurance Co., 78

87 Lawson, Claude, chairman, U.S. Pipe _k Foundry Co., National Baptist Convention, 58 78 Neal, Phil, president,Ala. By-Products Corp., 78 Leake, Howard, vice president, Hendon Co., 78 Negotiation Committee, list of members of, 21 Lee, Rev. Bernard, 3,9,74 New Pilgrim Baptist Church, 28,68,73,74,76 Lee, Geneva, 22 Newton, Frank, vice president, Southern Bell Tele Lee, James C.,Jr., president, Buffalo Rock Bottling phone Co., 62,78 Co., 78 Nixon, John, 22 Linsey, Rev. Nathaniel L., 3, 5,8,13,15,24,34,40,41, Norton, Edward, financier, 78 44,53,63,64,67,72,73 Long, Rev. Harold, v, 3,4, 5,8,13,14,17,18,21,23,31, O 32,34,35,38,40,41,44, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58,60, O'Dell,John C,president, O'Dell Drug Co., 78 61,62,63,64,65,72 Oliver, Rev. Herbert, 3,4,8,14,15,21,44, 57,62,63, Long, Dr. Herman, president,Talladega College, 52, 64,72 58,59,62 O'Neal, Kirkman,president, O'Neal Steel Co., 78 Loveman's, v, 12,13,21; in Roebuck Shopping Center, Operation New Birmingham, 7 17 Overton, E. C., Birmingham City Council, 85 Lowery, Rev. Joseph, 3,9,24,74 L. R. Hall Auditorium, 14 Luckie, Robert, Luckie Co., 78 Pearce,James,president, Royal Crown Bottling Co., 78 Peterson, Annie, 4,8,9, 50, 56,76 M Phifer, Rev. James, 24,76 Mackey Willie Pearl, 3,9,74 Pitts, Dr. Lucius H.,president, Miles College, iv, v, 4,8, Madden, Charles, 4,21,22, 57,76 21,22,23,24,27,28,31,38,40,41,49, 57,64,72 Main Street Birmingham, 7 Pizitz, v, 12,13,21; in Roebuck Shopping Center, 17 Marcus, Sherrill, 4,9, 50,64,76 Plummer, Frank, president, Birmingham Trust National Marks, Caldwell, chairman, Owen-Richard Co., 78 Bank, 27,78 Marshall, Burke, head, Civil Rights Division, U S. Plump, Dr. A.W (Adolphus), 22 Department of Justice, 4,17,68,77 Points for Progress, 4,6,27,29,34-35,38,40-43,45, Martin,Thomas, President,Alabama Power Co., 28 54-55,69,70 McClellan,T M.,president, Nifty Manufacturing Co., Porter, Rev. John, 3,8,16,18,21,24,28,40,41,44,49, Division St. Regis Paper Co., 78 53,57,59,60,61,63,64,67,72,73 McDonald, Dora E„ 3,9,74 Price, Georgia, 8,21, 53, 57,61,64,73 McGough,W P,president, McGough Bakeries, 78 Pritchard,W S., attorney, 78 McPherson, Rev. Jonathan, v, 14, 57,76 Puryear, R. A., Jr., president, Alabama Gas Corp., 78 Meeks, Judge J. Paul, 66 Miglionico, Nina, Birmingham City Council, 85 R Milbrook, Mr., SCLC staff, 48,76 Randolph, A. Philip, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Miles College, iv, v, 1,4,15,66,71,72,75,76 Porters, 25 Mills, James, editor, Birmingham Post-Herald, 18 Rather, Pratt, president, Southern Natural Gas Co., 78 Monaghan, Barney A., Jr., president,Vulcan Materials, Regular (St. Matthew) Missionary Baptist Church, East 27,62,78 Birmingham, 71 Montgomery, Althea, v PJ3V Birmingham, 7 Montgomery, Dr. James T, 3,4,8,21,24,31,32,33,41, Robey, Lucinda B., 9,24,64,76 49,54,63,64,72 Robinson, Ben, traffic engineer, City of Birmingham, Moore, Jamie, Birmingham Chief of Police, 53 28 Morgan, Chuck, 26 Rushton, Allen, president, Birmingham Ice _k Storage Morgan, James, president, Molton, Allen & Williams, 78 Co., 78 Motley, Constance, attorney, NAACP national office, Rushton,William, chairman, Protective Life, 78 9,50,76 Russell, Robert, president Exchange Security Bank, 78 Mount Olive Baptist Church,Woodlawn, 71 Rust, George, president Alabama Brick _k Concrete Moxley Stephen D, president, ACIPCO, 27,78 Co., 78 Murchison,Bishop E. P, 3,8,24,36,41,44, 53,72 Murphy, E. H„ 64 St. James Baptist Church, 9,24,25,76 N St. Luke A.M.E. Church, North Birmingham, 73 Nash, Diane, 74 St. Paul Catholic Church (Cathedral of St. Paul), 36 National Association for the Advancement of Colored St. Paul Lutheran Church,Titusville, 71 People (NAACP), 1,4,9,73,75,76 St. Paul United Methodist Church, 74 Samford, Frank, Sr., chairman, Liberty National Life, 78 Scott, George, 4,9, 50,64,76 Taggart, Dr. Ernest, 22 Sears, 25 Talladega College, 52,75 segregation ordinances, Birmingham, 79-82; repeal of, Thirgood (Memorial) C.M.E. Church, 17,25,72 6,70,77,85 Thomas,Rev.A.W,3,8,73 Seibels, George, Birmingham City Council, 85 Thompson, Hall, president, Thompson Tractor Co., 78 Seibels, Henry,Jr.,president,Jemison-Seibels, Inc., 78 Trinity A.M.E. Zion Church, Ensley, 71 Sellers, William, Jr., president, Baggett Transportation 2121 Building-Federal Building, 25 Co., 78 Senior Citizens Committee, Birmingham Chamber of U Commerce, 2, 5,6,26,38,40,42,45,61,62,63,69, Urquart,John, chair man, Woodward Iron Co., 78 77-78; list of members, 83 77th Street Church of Christ, 36 Shackleford, James, president, Wimberly and Thomas Vann, David, attorney, 2,6,7, 58,60,61,62,63,68,69, Hardware, 78 70,73,77 Shakespeare, Dr. Aubrey, 22 Vann, James A., attorney, 78 ShookAlfred, III, vice president, Shook _k Fletcher Vivian, Rev. CT, 3,9,17,28,33,44,75 Supply, 78 Shores,Arthur, attorney, 3,4, 5,6,8,9,16,19,21,24, W 32,40,41,50,51,60,64,72,73,75 Walker,Rev.WyattTee,3,4,9,12,13,14,15,17,18,19, Shortridge, Pinkie (Mrs.William E.), 57 25,26,28,36,74,75 Shortridge,William E., 3,4,8,19,20,20,21,25,26,41, Wallace, George, Governor ofAlabama, 66,67,70 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59,60,61,63,64,73 Weatherly Robert, management consultant, 78 Shuttlesworth, Rev. Fred L., v, 1,2,3,4, 5,8,10,11,12, Welch, Dr. Sidney, 19,22 14,19,21,24,26,27,28,29,30,31,42,43,44,49, West, Reverend, 13 54, 55, 58,60,64,66,67,69,72,73,74,76,80,82; Whetstone, WW, 64 statement of, 45 Whitley,Warren,president, Cloud Sons Inc., 78 Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, 42 Wiebel, Arthur, president, U.S. Steel's Tennessee Coal 16th Street Baptist Church, 37,71 and Iron Division, 78 Sixth Avenue Baptist Church, Southside, 72 Wiggins, M. E., president, Birmingham City Council, Sixth Avenue Presbyterian Church, 36 83,85 Smith, Mr., 32 Wilkins, Roy, National Association for Advancement of Smith,Amasa, manager, Chicago Bridge _k Iron Co., 78 Colored People (NAACP), 25 Smith, Cleve, 14,76 Williams,W L., attorney, 64 Smith, Herbert,Jr.,president,Vulcan Rivet _k Bolt Wittichen, Carl, president,Wittichen Chemical Co., 78 Corp., 78 Woodlawn Baptist Church, 36 Smith, Rev. Nelson H., 3,4,8,18,21,24,36,44, 55,63, Woodlawn Presbyterian Church, 36 64,67,72,73 Woods, Rev. Abraham, 3,4,8,21,24,25,26,41,43,44, Smyer, Sidney, president, Birmingham Realty Co., 2, 56,57,64,65,73 26,27,38,63,68,77,78 Woods, Rev. Calvin, 3,8,24,26,32,33,40,41,44,48, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 57,58,60,62,63,64,70,73 1-4,9,66,67,72,73-75,76 Woods,Tom, Birmingham City Council, 85 Southside Baptist Church, 36 Woolworth, 10,13,21 Spencer,William, III, president, Oreo Welding, 78 Steger,John, 62 Stephens, Elton, president, Ebsco Industries, 78 Young, Rev. Andrew, 4,9,19,25,43, ,72,75 Sterling,William,Jr., 22 Young,Whitney, Urban League, 25 Stewart, Dr. R.C., 22 Stovall, Howard, 22, 57 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Zion Star Baptist Church, 76 (SNCC), 74

89 Editors: Julius E. Linn,Jr., Katherine M.Tipton, and Marjorie L.White

Design: Scott Fuller

Publisher: Birmingham Historical Society 2013

ISBN D-lM3Tm-3fl-l 50000

9 780943"994383