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Flower Pigments Within Hemerocallis Fulva L. Fm. Fulva, Fm. Rosea, and Fm

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Flower Pigments Within Hemerocallis Fulva L. Fm. Fulva, Fm. Rosea, and Fm HORTSCIENCE 30(2):353–354. 1995. additional 10 min. The flow rate was 1 ml•min–1 , and the eluant was monitored at 540 nm. The anthocyanins were characterized by Flower Pigments within Hemerocallis coelution, with purified known standards from Hemerocallis (Asen and Arisumi, 1968). fulva L. fm. fulva, fm. rosea, and fm. Carotenoid analysis. The carotenoid pig- ments were characterized by HPLC as previ- disticha ously described for Ornithogalum L. (Griesbach et al., 1993). The petals and sepals R.J. Griesbach and L. Batdorf of individual flowers were removed and ground in 100 ml acetone and filtered through no. 3 U.S. National Arboretum, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Whatman paper. The solution was extracted Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center–West, Building 004, three times with petroleum ether using 50 ml Beltsville, MD 20705-2350 each time. The carotenoid-containing ether was reduced to dryness under vacuum, and the Additional index words. daylily, flower color, anthocyanin, carotenoid residue was dissolved in 100 µliter 25% acetonitrile and 75% methanol. The carotenoids Abstract. Various forms of Hemerocallis fulva differed in their relative anthocyanin : × carotenoid ratios and the type of anthocyanin present. Hemerocallis fulva fm. fulva were resolved on a radially compressed, 8 contained a single anthocyanin (cyanidin-3-rutinoside) and two carotenoids (zeaxanthin 100-mm Bondapak C18 column using a 20- and lutein). Hemerocallis fulva fm. rosea contained a single anthocyanin (cyanidin- min linear gradient of aqueous 75% to 100% 3-rutinoside) and traces of carotenoids. Hemerocallis fulva fm. disticha contained a single acetonitrile : methanol (25:75). The solvent anthocyanin (delphinidin-3-rutinoside) and two carotenoids (zeaxanthin and lutein). then was held at 100% for an additional 20 min. The flow rate was 1.5 ml•min–1, and the eluant was monitored at 445 nm. Flower colors are due to at least two types Materials and Methods The carotenoids were characterized by of pigments, the carotenoids and flavonoids. coelution with known standards from spinach The flavonoids can be subdivided into Plant material. Three color forms of H. (Spinacia oleracea L.) (Thammasiri et al., copigments (e.g., flavonols and flavonones) fulva were obtained from the U.S. National 1986). and anthocyanins. In vivo, the anthocyanins Arboretum (USNA), Washington, D.C. and copigments occur as a complex held to- Hemerocallis fulva fm. fulva is native to most gether through hydrogen bonding (Kondo et of Eurasia. In addition, it has a long history of al., 1992). The color seen is the result of the cultivation with many selected clones of un- physical exchange and interaction of electrons known origin. The clone of H. fulva fm. fulva between the carbon rings of the individual (USNA accession no. 37426) used in this anthocyanin and copigment molecules within study was collected in China by S-Y Hu of the this complex. The anthocyanin copigment Arnold Arboretum of Boston. complex is responsible for flower colors red Hemerocallis fulva fm. rosea is restricted through blue. to a small area near Kuling, China. Arlow Flower colors yellow through orange are Stout of the New York Botanical Gardens due to the presence of carotenoid pigments. selected the clone of H. fulva fm. rosea Most flowers contain either anthocyanin or ‘Rosalind’ (USNA 24421) used in this study. carotenoid pigments, not both. When the two He selected the ‘Rosalind’ daylily from a pigment classes do occur together, new and group of seedlings derived from self- unusual colors can be produced (Griesbach, pollination of a clone collected in 1924 by 1984). For example, in orchids, red flowers A.N. Stewart. could be either the result of a red anthocyanin– Hemerocallis fulva fm. disticha is native to copigment complex and the absence of caro- subtropical China and first was collected in tenoids or the result of a magenta anthocya- 1789. The clone of H. fulva fm. disticha (USNA nin–copigment complex and the presence of 30365) used in this study was collected in carotenoids. China by M. Matsuoka of the Osaka Botanical Flowers of Hemerocallis fulva contain caro- Gardens, Japan. tenoid and flavonoid pigments. Three forms of Anthocyanin analysis. The anthocyanin pig- this species exist—fm. fulva with orange flow- ments were characterized by high-pressure ers [Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) 28 B liquid chromatography (HPLC) as previously (RHS, 1966)], fm. rosea with rose flowers described for Petunia hybrida Juss. (Griesbach (RHS 51 B), and fm. disticha with brown et al., 1991). The petals and sepals of indi- flowers (RHS 171 B). In this study, we deter- vidual flowers were removed and ground at mined the pigments responsible for the several high speed in a blender (Waring, New Harford, color forms. Conn.) with 100 ml aqueous 10% acetonitrile, 15% acetic acid, and 1.5% phosphoric acid. The extract was filtered through no. 3 Whatman paper and reduced to dryness under vacuum at 40C. The residue was then dissolved in 100 µliter of the extraction solvent. The anthocya- nins were resolved on a 7.8 × 300-mm Bondapak C18 column (Waters, Milford, Received for publication 23 Aug. 1994. Accepted for publication 15 Nov. 1994. The cost of publishing Mass.) using a 30-min linear gradient of 0% to Fig. 1. High-pressure liquid chromatography antho- this paper was defrayed in part by the payment of 10% acetonitrile in aqueous 15% acetic acid cyanin profiles of Hemerocallis fulva (A) fm. page charges. Under postal regulations, this paper and 1.5% phosphoric acid, followed by a 10- fulva, (B) fm. rosea, and (C) fm. disticha. therefore must be hereby marked advertisement min linear increase to 20% acetonitrile. Fi- Cyanidin-3-rutinoside is peak 1 and delphinidin- solely to indicate this fact. nally, they were held in 20% acetonitrile for an 3-rutinoside is peak 2. HORTSCIENCE, VOL. 30(2), APRIL 1995 353 BREEDING, CULTIVARS, ROOTSTOCKS, & GERMPLASM RESOURCES Results fulva fm. disticha contained a single anthocya- and those without such a pigment.” It seems nin (delphinidin-3-rutinoside) (Fig. 1C) and that H. fulva fm. disticha is in the background The orange flowers of H. fulva fm. fulva two carotenoids (zeaxanthin and lutein) (Fig. of Stout’s purple-reds. The disticha form most contained a single anthocyanin (cyanidin- 2C). Hemerocallis fulva fm. rosea differed likely is in the background of Stout’s most 3-rutinoside) (Fig. 1A) and two carotenoids from the type species, H. fulva fm. fulva, famous cultivar, ‘Theron’. ‘Theron’ expressed (zeaxanthin and lutein) (Fig. 2A). The rose because it contained a lower concentration of a new color that Stout (1938) described as flowers of H. fulva fm. rosea ‘Rosalind’ carotenoid pigments; H. fulva fm. disticha Mars violet. Many of our modern purple and contained a single anthocyanin (cyanidin- differed from the type species because it con- black cultivars are descended from ‘Theron’. 3-rutinoside) (Fig. 1B) and little if any caro- tained a different anthocyanin pigment. Historically, H. fulva fm. fulva contributed tenoids (Fig. 2B). The brown flowers of H. gene(s) for red pigmentation, H. fulva fm. Discussion rosea for reducing carotenoid pigmentation, and H. fulva fm. disticha for purple pigmenta- Hemerocallis breeding has begun only re- tion. By mixing these genes in different com- cently. The first artificially created hybrid binations, the color forms of H. fulva are (‘Apricot’) was named in 1892. Until 1930, all responsible for the wide range of new flower introduced cultivars were similar to the spe- colors (e.g., pink, purple, and red) of the mod- cies progenitors in flower color (Arisumi, ern Hemerocallis. 1971). During the 1920s, Stout began a breed- ing program using new color forms of H. fulva. Literature Cited Stout’s pioneering breeding program was re- sponsible for creating cultivars with new flower Arisumi, T. 1971. The changing Hemerocallis. Flo- rist Rev. 147:24–25. colors (Eddison, 1992). Modern red cultivars Asen, S. and T. Arisumi, 1968. Anthocyanins from contain predominantly cyanidin-3-rutinoside; Hemerocallis. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. modern purple cultivars contain predominantly 92:641–645. delphinidin (Asen et al., 1968). These are the Eddison, S. 1992. A passion for daylilies. Harper same pigments found within the various H. Collins, New York. fulva forms. Griesbach, R.J. 1984. Effects of carotenoid–antho- We found that H. fulva fm. rosea differs cyanin combinations on flower color. J. Hered. from the type species by possessing a reduced 75:145–147. carotenoid concentration. This reduced con- Griesbach, R.J., S. Asen, and B. Leonhart. 1991. Petunia hybrida anthocyanins acylated centration was used by breeders to create pink with caffeic acid. Phytochemistry 30:1729– flowers. Stout (1942) believed that the impor- 1731. tance of H. fulva fm. rosea in breeding was due Griesbach, R.J., F. Meyer, and H. Koopowitz. 1993. to a reduction in plastid pigmentation and Creation of new flower colors in Ornithogalum reported that the clearest pink colorations were via interspecific hybridization. J. Amer. Soc. associated with the absence of plastid pig- Hort. Sci. 118:409–414. ments. Stout (1938) also found that the unique Hu, S-Y. 1968. The species of Hemerocallis. Amer. color of H. fulva fm. rosea was recessively Hort. Mag. 47:86–111. Kondo, T., et al. 1992. Structural basis of blue- inherited. He released several pink cultivars, colour development in flower petals from of which the most important to future breeding Commelina communis. Nature 358:515–518. was ‘Charmaine’. This cultivar is in the back- Leonian, L.H. 1939. Adventures in breeding red ground of many of the modern pink cultivars. Hemerocallis. Herbertia 6:202–203. Hemerocallis fulva fm. disticha differs from Royal Horticultural Society. 1966. Royal Horticul- the type species by possessing a different tural Society colour chart. Royal Hort. Soc., anthocyanin (e.g., delphinidin).
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