Geology Along the Daniel I. Carey, Martin C. Noger, and Donald C. Haney

The oldest rocks exposed at the surface in , the 450-million-year-old Camp Nelson Limestone formed in the Ordovician Period, can be seen at the Kentucky River Palisades.

Martha Layne Collins Woodford Bluegrass Parkway Anderson

Nelson Mercer

Kentucky Geological Survey Hardin Washington James C. Cobb, State Geologist and Director SPECIAL PUBLICATION 11 Series XII, 2011 , LEXINGTON 2 Terrain Along the Bluegrass Parkway While travelling the Bluegrass Parkway, you will see a variety of terrain. Where natural landforms (lay of the land) differ significantly from one area to another, this generally indicates that each landform is underlain by a different type of rock. These different areas are known as physiographic regions. The major physiographic regions crossed by the Bluegrass Parkway are the Pennyroyal, Muldraugh's Hill, Knobs, Outer Bluegrass, Bluegrass Hills, and Inner Bluegrass. Figure 1 shows all physiographic regions in Kentucky, as well as the location of the Bluegrass Parkway.

As you drive east along the parkway to mile 3.5, you are in the Pennyroyal Region. The Pennyroyal is an upland underlain 90°W 89°W 88°W 87°W 86°W 85°W 84°W 83°W 82°W by limestone and characterized by complex underground drain-

39°N 39°N age systems marked by sinkholes and caves; the limestone Inner Bluegrass Bluegrass Hills weathers to form thick, reddish residual soils. Most of the lime- Outer Bluegrass stones in this area were deposited in an ancient sea that was Knobs Martha Layne Collins similar to Florida Bay. Mississippian Plateau Bluegrass Parkway Eastern Kentucky Coal Field The Knobs are from mile 3.5 to 13.0. The area is a narrow Western Kentucky Coal Field belt of ridges and conical hills, many of which are capped by Jackson Purchase 38°N 38°N resistant siltstone and limestone. These hills are generally Kentucky R iver separated by broad, shale-floored valleys that are underlain Muldraughs H ill

Esca rpment Palis ades by siltstone and silty shale. The Outer Bluegrass is from mile 13.0 to 42.0, and is 015 30 60 Miles characterized by rolling uplands underlain by interbedded limestone, shaly limestone, and shale.

Esca rpment The Bluegrass Hills, underlain by impervious and easily 37°N Cumberla nd 37°N Dripping eroded shales, is defined by steep-sided hills and narrow Spr ings valleys that extend from mile 42.0 to 54.0. The rich soils and gently rolling terrain of the Inner Blue- grass are underlain by interbedded limestone, dolomite, and 90°W 89°W 88°W 87°W 86°W 85°W 84°W 83°W 82°W shale stretching from mile 54.0 to the end of the parkway. All the rocks underlying the parkway formed while Kentucky was Figure 1. Physiographic regions in Kentucky and location of the Bluegrass Parkway. beneath ancient shallow seas near the equator.

Roadlog and Strip Maps

Geologic units are shown approximately 0.5 mile on either side of the highway. 36 Mile marker Stream Figure 2 shows the symbols used on all the strip maps. The construction of these ! continuous strip maps was facilitated by the availability of detailed 1:24,000-scale U (up) Observation point Geologic fault (1 inch on the map equals 24,000 inches or 2,000 feet on the ground) geologic # D (down) data in digital form for the entire state; the digital data were converted from geologic quadrangle maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey in a joint project with the 18 Photo location Concealed geologic fault Kentucky Geological Survey from 1960 to 1978. The parkway's area is covered by 14 of these maps. Figure 3 shows the 7.5-minute quadrangles the parkway County line Lakes, ponds passes through. The roadlog covers the entire extent of the Bluegrass Parkway. All descriptions Railroad Mapped sinkholes of rock strata and geologic features are referenced to the highway mile markers that are located at 1-mile intervals along the shoulder of the highway. Mile-marker numbers Abandoned railroad Artificial fill are the same on both sides of the highway. Some of the roadcuts identified during a survey in the 1990's, particularly into shale, may now be revegetated. The descriptions U.S. or Ky. highway are nonetheless retained in order to identify what now lies beneath the overgrowth.

Figure 2. Symbols used on the strip maps. 3 Stratigraphy Figure 3. Index of 7.5-minute A stratigraphic column (Fig. 4) is a generalized graphic representation of the rock layers geologic quadrangles maps present at the earth's surface. Figure 4 shows the rock units exposed along the Bluegrass covering the Bluegrass Parkway. Parkway, and indicates the units’ geologic ages. To make it easier to study and describe these stratigraphic units, geologists have subdivided them into groups, formations, members, and beds. A group is a major stratigraphic unit containing two or more formations. A formation is a unit of rock that has characteristic and distinctive rock types and layering that are mappable. A member is a subdivision of a formation that is distinguishable from adjacent parts of the formation. A bed is a rock unit lower in rank than a member, which has a distinctive lithology (for example, a coal bed). The abbreviations used on geologic maps to designate specific rock units are indicated in parentheses after the unit name in Figure 4.

Geologic Time Scale Unit Description Geologic Time Scale Unit Description silt, clay, sand, and gravel limestone, dolomite, Present Alluvium (Qal) 440 million years ago Drakes Formation (Od) and shale 2 million years ago Terrace deposits (Qtf) sand Saluda Dolomite (Ods) shaly dolomite Nearly 300 million years of the geologic Bardstown Member (Odb), nodular-bedded record are absent in Kentucky, either from nondeposition or erosion, including Drakes Formation limestone and shale the Jurassic, Triassic, Permian, and part Rowland Member (Odr), greenish-gray, dolomitic of the Pennsylvanian Periods Drakes Formation limestone and shale 325 million years ago St. Louis Limestone (Msl) cherty limestone Ashlock Formation (Oa) limestone and shale nodular-bedded Salem Limestone (Ms) shaly limestone Grant Lake Limestone (Ogl) limestone and shale Harrodsburg Gilbert Member (Oag), crossbedded limestone micrograined limestone Limestone (Mhb) Ashlock Formation Calloway Creek interbedded limestone and Borden Formation (Mb) shale and siltstone Limestone (Occ) shale, limestone dominant

Mississippian dolomitic siltstone Muldraugh Member (Mbm), interbedded limestone Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf) Borden Formation dolomitic limestone and shale Nancy Member (Mbn), greenish-gray shale Upper part of the crossbedded limestone Borden Formation Lexington Limestone (Olu) nodular-bedded limestone New Providence Member greenish-gray shale Millersburg Member (Olm) , nodular-bedded lime- (Mbnp), Borden Formation Lexington Limestone stone and shale New Albany Shale (Dna) carbonaceous shale Tanglewood Member No. 3 clastic limestone (Olt3), Lexington Limestone cross-bedded limestone

355 million years ago Sellersburg Limestone (Dsb) limestone Ordovician Sulphur Well Member (Ols), nodular-bedded limestone Lexington Limestone New Albany Shale and carbonaceous shale Tanglewood Member No. 2 nodular-bedded lime-

Devonian Beechwood Limestone (Dnsb) limestone (Olt2), Lexington Limestone stone and shale 415 million years ago Louisville Limestone (Slv) dolomitic limestone Brannon Member (Olb), interbedded limestone Louisville Limestone, Lexington Limestone and shale Tanglewood Member No. 1 Waldron Shale, and limestone, shale, dolomite crossbedded limestone Laurel Dolomite (Slwl) (Olt1), Lexington Limestone Grier Limestone Member (Olg), Waldron Shale (Sw) clay shale nodular-bedded limestone Silurian Lexington Limestone Lower part of the crossbedded limestone Laurel Dolomite (Sl) dolomite Lexington Limestone (Ollr) nodular-bedded limestone 440 million years ago interbedded shale limestone, limestone and Osgood Formation (So) Tyrone Limestone and and dolomite shale, cherty shale 480 million years ago Oregon Formation (Oto) Brassfield Dolomite (Sb) dolomite dolomite Figure 4. Generalized stratigraphic column. Geology Along the Martha Layne Collins 4 Bluegrass Parkway: Miles 0.0–12.9

Mile 12.4: Louisville Limestone (Slv), Waldron Shale Mile 10.5, 10.7, 10.9: (Sw), Laurel Thin, laminar layers of Dolomite (Sl) greenish-gray New Providence shale. 5 733 Beech Fork RQ !# #(! Mile 10.5, 10.7, 10.9: New Providence # Member (Mbnp) of the Borden 1256 UV Dnsb !12 2 Formation. 6 # (!5#!11 #(! 3 Rolling # 10 Mile 2.3: Salem Limestone (Ms); shaly Fork ! Mile 3.2: Dolomitic siltstone and limestone of limestone. The Salem in most of Kentucky is !9 too shaly for commercial use. To the north in the Muldraugh Member (Mbm) of the Borden , the formation has less shale, so it is Formation. The sediments that form the # Muldraugh were deposited on a downslope UV1500 # quarried extensively there. RQ52 !8 Nelson (right to left), resulting in rolling beds. UV1048 Geologic Map Index Mile 3.5: Landscape changes to the east from RQ583 County an upland area of complex sinkholes and thick L32 Lebanon Junction # Mb residual soils underlain by soluble limestones to Younger Creek7 L33 Cravens Qala ! Hardin a belt of cone-shaped hills and narrow ridges County M31 Elizabethtown underlain by shales and siltstones. This change M32 Nelsonville marks the boundary between the Mississippian Mbm !6 Plateaus and the Knobs. Mhb Mile 7.2, 8.3: Greenish-gray (!4 shale of the New Providence # UV1046 !5 Member (Mbnp) of the UV1036 !3 (!#3 # !4 6 (!1#(!2 Borden Formation. !2# Ms Mile 0.0 ¨¦§65 UV1500 !1

!#0 Msl ± Buffalo Creek

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Mile 11.4: Closeup of the New Mile 11.4: The New Albany Shale (Dna) Albany Shale (Dna) reveals was formed in low-oxygen (anaerobic) seas the fissile (almost paper-thin that preserved the organic matter in the layers) weathering and pyrite 4 sediments. In some areas, the black shales (yellow) formation. Photo by contain enough organic matter to burn, Mile 2.1: Brandon Nuttall, Kentucky Mile 5.3: Silty shale containing glauconite and are a potential source of oil. The shale Closeup of Geological Survey. (greenish iron silicate crystals) of the Nancy provides rolling land for agriculture, but is chert nodules Member (Mbn) of the Borden Formation. unstable on slopes and requires drainage in the St. Louis 1 The shale breaks down quickly when ex- management. Limestone. posed to air and water, and is unstable on Mile 2.1: St. Louis Limestone (Msl); slopes. In this case, stone barricades are cherty limestone. used to provide support. Geology Along the Martha Layne Collins 5 Bluegrass Parkway: 12.9–27.0

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9 7 !27 Mile 18.1–19.0: Laurel Dolomite (Sl) af- 11 Mile 13.0–13.3: Contact between New Albany fected by chemical weathering. Rainwater Mile 24.0: The very fine-grained, dense Laurel RQ605 Shale (Dna), Sellersburg Limestone (Dsb), combines with carbon dioxide in the air, Dolomite (Sl) is extensive, and has been widely !26 Louisville Limestone (Slv), and Laurel Dolo- forming weak carbonic acid, which moves quarried for agricultural lime, construction ag- mite (Sl). Sellersburg Limestone of Middle down through cracks and openings, gradu- gregate, asphalt filler, and building stone. 245 Devonian age rests unconformably on the ally dissolving the calcium carbonate in the RQ UV1108 Louisville Limestone of Late Silurian age. dolomite and producing an irregular surface !25 Lower Devonian units, which are present in that may be filled in and covered by insol- the subsurface in other parts of Kentucky, are uble clay residuum. UV1110 missing here. The Louisville Limestone and ¤£150 Waldron Shale (Sw) of Late Silurian age, Mile 17.9: Contact between (!11 ± 24 which are present here, are missing at mile Laurel Dolomite (Sl) and #! So 1109 20.5. Osgood Formation (So) UV

Nelson County Mile 16.0–16.5: Laurel Slwl Dolomite (Sl) and Beech !20 # 733 !23 Mile 13.9: Sellersburg Osgood Formation (So) RQ (!#10 # !21 Limestone (Dsb), Louis- # (!9 UV1106 Mile 15.4: !18# #!19 ville Limestone (Slv), and # Fork # # Waldron Shale (Sw) Laurel UV1202 ¤£31 Dolomite (Sl) !22 Dnsb !17 10 Mile 14.3: New Mile 19.5: Waldron Albany Shale (Dna) # Shale (Sw); gray shale UV1127 49 Mb missing at mile 20.5 RQ #!16 UV1204 Mile 17.5: Contact between Osgood #!13 Mile 21.4–22.4: Contact #(!7 # Formation (So), Brassfield Dolomite 14 !15 between Laurel Dolomite #!(!8 # Sl (Sb), and Saluda Dolomite (Ods) of # (Sl; dolomite and shale), the Drakes Formation Osgood Formation (So), Brassfield Dolomite (Sb), and Saluda Dolomite (Ods) Mile 13.0: Landscape changes to the east, marking the The Knobs boundary of the Knobs and Outer Bluegrass Regions. The Knobs are hundreds of isolated, steep-sloping, Mile 20.5–20.9: Middle Devonian Sellersburg often cone-shaped hills at the outer edge of the Blue- Limestone (Dsb) rests unconformably on grass Region. The hills are monadnocks (erosional Geologic Map Index Middle Silurian Laurel Dolomite (Sl). The remnants) that were originally part of the Mississippian L33 Cravens missing Lower Devonian units, present in the Plateaus (Pennyroyal Region), but were separated from L34 Bardstown subsurface in other parts of Kentucky, and the plateau by stream erosion. Many of the knobs are 8 Upper Silurian units, exposed at mile 12.4, still capped by erosion-resistant limestones or sand- 13.0, and 14.0, represent an interval of 30 stones. The sloping sides are mostly shales of the 350-million-year-old Mississippian Borden Formation (Mb), million years. The fine-grained dolomite is which are more easily eroded than the overlying limestones and sandstones. The Knobs are associated with quarried for building stone. Other units are the outcrop belt of Silurian and Devonian black and clay shales. Streams such as the Rolling Fork River carve quarried for construction aggregate and wide valleys with fertile alluvium. agricultural lime. 6 Mile 31.7: Contact Geology Along the Martha Layne Collins between Grant Lake Limestone (Ogl; nodu- Bluegrass Parkway: Mile 27.0–41.2 lar-bedded limestone Ogl and shale, limestone Mile 37.4: Contact between Calloway dominant) and Gilbert Creek Limestone (Occ; interbedded limestone and shale, limestone dominant) Member (Oag; micro- Mile 36.6, Mile 40.3: Clays Ferry grained limestone) of 37.0, 37.2 and Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf; inter- bedded limestone and shale) Formation (Ocf) and Oag the Ashlock Forma- Clays Ferry Calloway Creek tion (Oa). Formation (Ocf) Mile 39.2: Limestone (Occ) Chaplin River 14 RQ458 Nelson Washington Run County County 13 McCan # !#37 # # # UV1754 Mile 27.6, 27.9: Rowland Member (Odr) UV2738 !36# #(!16 !38 UV1047 of the Drakes Formation (Od); greenish-

Occ Jessie Mile 32.3, 33.2: (!15 # (!17 East Fork Simpson Cr 35# # gray, dolomitic limestone and shale. Grant Lake ! 1024 #!39 # !#40 !34 # UV UV1025 Branch ! Limestone (Ogl) # Ocf # # # Geologic Map Index # Mile 13.0–42.0: In the Outer Bluegrass, # 1345 41 UV ! 1049 limestone in the underlying Ordovician Camp !33 K35 Bloomfield UV UV1302 rocks predominates over the shale. The ¤£62 UV1022 K36 Chaplin Charity Cr resulting terrain is gently rolling and 555 # L34 Bardstown Mile 39.4, 40.0: RQ suitable for agriculture. RQ55 L35 Maud UV1017 !32 Mile 33.4, 33.7, 34.4, Clays Ferry UV1345 #(!14 35.1, 35.3: Grant Lake L36 Brush Grove Formation (Ocf) Limestone (Ogl) Mile 28.0, 29.3, 29.5, 29.7, 29.9, Mile 40.5: Contact between 30.1, and 30.4: Grant Lake !31 Oa Calloway Creek Limestone Limestone (Ogl) (Occ; interbedded limestone # and shale, limestone dominant) Ogl UV1014 and Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf; # #!30 interbedded limestone and shale) # # # ¤£62 #!29 Mile 35.1: Rubble at UV1858 the base of the Grant ± Lake clearly shows #28 (!13 ! the nodularity of the # Od 15 limestone. (!#12 Mile 35.1: Grant Lake Limestone (Ogl; 16 nodular-bedded limestone and shale). ! Slwl Dnsb The Grant Lake provides rolling terrain and fertile soils for the Outer Bluegrass. RQ605 17 ! Mile 39.0: Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf); interbedded limestone and shale. Shale beds between the limestone are thicker in the Clays Ferry. When exposed to air and water, the shale breaks down quickly, which leaves overlying lime- Mile 35.8, 36.1, 37.6: Calloway Creek stone layers with no support, and they 12 Limestone (Occ), interbedded limestone collapse. This process creates a more Mile 27.5: Bardstown Member (Odb) of the Mile 27.5: Coral that grew and shale, limestone dominant. Con- rugged terrain, and the rolling Outer Drakes Formation (Od); nodular-bedded on the seabed that was trasted with the rubbly appearance of Bluegrass is transformed into the Blue- limestone and shale. Kentucky over 425 million the Grant Lake Limestone (Ogl), the grass Hills (Eden Shale Belt). years ago is preserved in evenly bedded Calloway Creek the rock along the parkway. appears neat and orderly. 7 Geology Along the Martha Layne Collins Bluegrass Parkway: Miles 41.2–57.0

The landscape of the Bluegrass Parkway is revealed in satellite imagery. The dark green areas are the Knobs, Bluegrass Hills, and Kentucky River ! Palisades. The light yellow areas are the Outer and Inner Bluegrass. Tan areas are urban. Source: Kentucky 2001 Anderson Level III Land Cover, Kentucky Division of Geographic Information. # ! 18 ##!(20 56 Mile 44.6: The Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf); 1312 ! Anderson Buchanan UV weathered interbedded limestone and shale. 19 County 55 Olu The Clays Ferry bedrock creates the rugged ! Mile 48.3: Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf); in- topography of the Bluegrass Hills along the terbedded limestone and shale. Cedar trees #!54 parkway between the Chaplin River and the Creek Mile 56.3: and grass quickly reclaim an exposed slope Salt River Salt River. UV1103 in the Clays Ferry. !53 UV1107 Mercer County Geologic Map Index !52 K36 Chaplin UV1207 !51 Cheese Lick K37 Ashbrook UV1110 Mile 54.0: Landscape changes to the east from K38 McBrayer Tucker Branch 1109 fairly steep-sided ridges and narrow valleys to RQ53 UV L36 Brush Grove a gently rolling upland containing sinkholes. !50 UV1103 This change marks the boundary between the !49 UV1208 Bluegrass Hills (Eden Shale Belt) and the Mile 43.5, 45.2: Beaver Cr !(19# Inner Bluegrass. !48 Clays Ferry UV1291 UV1209 Formation (Ocf) UV1214 1240 47 UV 46 ! ± ! UV1212 Wide Lick 45 # ! 53 !(18 RQ UV1213 1031 Mile 42.1: Ocf !44 UV Chaplin River Anderson # County Washington County !43 UV1042 UV1047 # Pigeon Branch # !42 # # UV1345 ! Mile 42.2: Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf). Easterly change in landscape from 20 RQ555 a gently rolling upland to a region UV1345 of steep ridges and rounded hills. Mile 56.4: Sulphur Well Member (Ols) of the This change marks the boundary The Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf) underlying the Bluegrass Hills has a higher Mile 41.6, 41.8: Lexington Limestone; nodular-bedded, between the Outer Bluegrass Clays Ferry shale content than the limestones of the Inner and Outer Bluegrass. The fossil-rich (bryozoan) limestone. Formation (Ocf) and the Bluegrass Hills (Eden resulting terrain is more rugged. It can serve as pasture land, but has limited Shale Belt). row crop potential. Small ponds on the impermeable shale are common. 8 Olt2 Geology Along the Martha Layne Collins Bluegrass Parkway: Miles 57.0–71.0 Olb ¤£60 # 23 Olt1 26 UV1100 Mile 63.7: Tanglewood Limestone Mile 65.6: Grier Limestone Member (Olg; Member No. 2 (Olt2) of the Lexing- 22 nodular-bedded limestone) of the Lexing- QR33 !70 ton Limestone. A unique distorted ton Limestone. Mile 61.2: Tanglewood Limestone No. 2 (Olt2; bedding that may be the result of # UV1100 Mile 71.0 Mile 66.1–66.7: Tanglewood !69 nodular-bedded limestone and shale), Brannon dewatering and collapse of soft Grier Cr # End of Parkway (Olb; thin-bedded limestone and shale), and sediments before they lithified Limestone No. 2 (Olt2) and Olt3 Brannon (Olb) Members of #!68 Tanglewood Limestone No. 1 (lower tongue) (turned to rock) is exposed. UV1106 Lexington Limestone 27# (Olt1; crossbedded limestone) Members of the (! !#67 1200 Lexington Limestone, in the westbound lane. UV Mile 68.7, 69.4: Tanglewood Mile 64.4: Tanglewood UV1964 # Olt2 Limestone Member No. 3 (Olt3) Mile 60.7: High-level grass- Limestone Member No. 2 of the Lexington Limestone ± # covered sand deposits (Qtf) (Olt2) of the Lexington 66 ! Mile 67.0: Tangle- Mile 58.7, 59.8: Contact between of the ancient Kentucky Limestone 1215 #!26 wood Limestone Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf; inter- River, which was part of UV ( 27 Member No. 2 bedded limestone and shale) and !65# the preglacial Teays River 25# Sulphur Well Member (Ols; nod- (! (Olt2) of the Lex- Olt system, overlie the Grier Olu # ular-bedded, bryozoan-rich lime- (!24 ington Limestone Limestone Member (Olg) of !#64 stone) of the upper Lexington the Lexington Limestone (Ol) (!23# Limestone (Olu), in the westbound Kentucky Geologic Map Index lane. Ordovician limestones # UV1119 UV1120 River Mile 63.3, 65.1: Brannon provide a gently rolling landscape 63 Member (Olb) of the and fertile soils for the Horse ! Lexington Limestone

Capital of the World Br Bear Oto # # !61 #(!22# # # Mile 62.6–62.8: Tanglewood Limestone Olb # Olb !62 # # (lower tongue) (Olt1) and Grier (Olg) 60# Qtf Craig Cr ! 1215 Limestone Members of the lower Lexington 21# UV (! Limestone (Ollr) J39 Tyrone D J40 Versailles Mile 67.4, 67.9: Tanglewood Limestone U Mile 61.3–61.8: Mile 62.2–62.4: Grier Limestone Member K38 McBrayer 513 59 Woodford No. 2 (Olt2; clastic limestone) and Bran- QR !QR513 Lexington Lime- (Olg) of the lower Lexington Limestone (Ollr) K39 Salvisa Anderson County non (Olb; interbedded thin limestone and # stone (Ol) County D shale) Members of the Lexington Mile 60.1, 60.3: Brannon Member 24 UOllr Limestone (Ol). Ocf (Olb) of the Lexington Limestone 58 ! (Ol); contains large flow rolls ¤£127 Olm # !57 UV1114 ##(! ! Olt Mile 57.2: Contact between Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf) and 25 the upper Lexington Mile 64.8: Tanglewood Limestone Member No. 2 Limestone (Olu) Mile 64.0: Millersburg (Olm; nodular-bedded 21 limestone and shale) and Tanglewood Lime- (Olt2) of the Lexington Limestone contains phos- phate, which has been mined on a small scale Mile 59.7: Clays Ferry Formation (Ocf); stone No. 3 (Olt3; granular limestone) Mem- nearby. interbedded limestone and shale. bers of the Lexington Limestone (Ol). 9 References Carey, D.I., 2007, Generalized geologic map for land-use planning, Washington County, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Map and Chart 158, scale 1:48,000.

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Nelson, H.L., Jr., 2000, Spatial database of the Salvisa quadrangle, central Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-760. Adapted from Cressman, E.R., 1968, Geologic map of the Salvisa quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-760, scale 1:24,000.

Nelson, H.L., Jr., 2001a, Spatial database of the Cravens quadrangle, Bullitt and Nelson Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-737. Adapted from Peterson, W.L., 1968, Geologic map of the Cravens quadrangle, Bullitt and Nelson Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-737, scale 1:24,000. 10

Nelson, H.L., Jr., 2001b, Spatial database of the Lebanon Junction quadrangle, central Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-603. Adapted from Peterson, W.L., 1967, Geologic map of the Lebanon Junction quadrangle, central Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-603, scale 1:24,000.

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Nelson, H.L., Jr., 2001d, Spatial database of the Versailles quadrangle, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-325. Adapted from Black, D.F.B., 1964, Geologic map of the Versailles quadrangle, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-325, scale 1:24,000.

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Nelson, H.L., Jr., 2003a, Spatial database of the Maud quadrangle, Nelson and Washington Counties, Kentucky: Kentucky Geological Survey, ser. 12, Digitally Vectorized Geologic Quadrangle Data DVGQ-1043. Adapted from Peterson, W.L., 1972, Geologic map of the Maud quadrangle, Nelson and Washington Counties, Kentucky: U.S. Geological Survey Geologic Quadrangle Map GQ-1043, scale 1:24,000.

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