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Tajikistan Reduced 1.14) Main Trends of Biodiversity Transformation 1.3. Main Trends of Biodiversity Transformation The ecological imbalance observed in • lack of relevant legislative acts and ineffi- recent decades resulted in the great change of ciency of current laws on biodiversity con- biodiversity composition and structure at all lev- servation; els – from ecosystems, communities, and spe- • insufficient status and power of environ- cies to populations. Many ecosystems are pre- mental authorities, including the National served in narrow ecological “niches”. Coordinator on Biodiversity; The main factors of influence on biodiver- • non-observance of state, institutional, and sity are: international decisions on the part of envi- • Increasing ploughed lands in the areas of ronmental bodies and local Khukumats; natural ecosystems and valuable • absence of the State biodiversity monitoring vegetation communities; system; • unregulated hunting for rare endemic • non-observance of the requirements of the species of animals and plants; Convention on providing information to the • uncontrolled gathering of medicinal, food, authorized body of National Biodiversity and forage plants; Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) develop- • trees and shrubs cutting; ment and irresponsibility of organizations • livestock overgrazing; managing unique areas; • construction of roads, electric power lines, • reducing activity in agroecosystem exploita- communication and irrigation systems; tion. • fires; Considerable transformation of biodiver- • location of industrial enterprises and sity is caused by anthropogenic factor that con- constructions in the zones of unique sists of many components (fig. 1.12). The main ecosystems without consideration of their anthropogenic factor for the specific diversity ecological capacity; alteration is the ecologically imbalanced • development of mining industry; scheme of nature use in natural ecosystems. • local and global climate change. The anthropogenic impact caused the The main socio-economic reasons for fragmentary replacement of natural ecosystems biodiversity degradation are: in the zones of rain-fed farming, natural pas- • uneven spread of the population and pro- tures and even forests. This process tends to ductive forces in natural and administrative grow, accompanied by reducing the diversity of zones; population, species, and biocoenoses and low- • lack of territorial, environmental, and na- ering the species resistance. ture-management plans and programs con- Altogether, anthropogenic factors pro- sidering ecological capacity; mote the quantitative and qualitative impover- • lack of economic and financial incentives ishment of biodiversity and, consequently, the and mechanisms in biodiversity conserva- transformation of natural ecosystems (table tion; 1.8). • lack of real economic evaluation of biodiver- Direct factors influencing the specific sity as a national heritage of the country; diversity are as follows: • uncontrolled sale of biodiversity compo- • Destruction of natural ecosystems, plough- nents at internal and external markets; ing steep-slope and forested areas; • low level of environmental education of the • Destruction of great numbers of animals and population; plants preyed and gathered for commercial • consumers’ use of biodiversity; purposes and collections; • barriers between branch institutions in the • Loss of animals at engineering construction realization of programs on the conservation sites and automobile roads; and rational use of biodiversity; • Mining natural resources within unique eco- systems; 39 Fig. 1.12. Main Factors of Anthropogenic Impact on Biodiversity Forms of anthropogenic impact on biodiversity Direct withdrawal Habitats transformation Spread of alien Preying Habitat degradation Environmental pollution species • Hunting • Ploughing • Choking • Water resources con- • Collection • Forests cutting • Destruction of ag- tamination • Felling forests • Irrigation ricultural crops • Waste • Fishing • Constructing reser- • Harvest reduction • Industrial construction • Poaching voirs and roads • Poisoning of ani- • Fertilizers and chemi- • Gathering medicinal • Cattle grazing mals and people cals use and food plants • Fires Table 1.8. Dynamics of areas and number of species in ecosystems (1950-2002) 1950 1970 1990 2002 First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation Conservation Biodiversity on Report National First No. Type of ecosystem Area, ha m. Area, ha m. Area, ha m. Area, ha m. *Numberspecies of *Numberspecies of *Numberspecies of *Number of species 130 130 140 180 1. Nival glacier 3.0 3.0 2.95 2.9 10 12 15 16-17 1500 1400 1300 1100 2. Subnival high-mountain desert 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.4 700 690 680 650 2500 2450 2400 2400 3. High-mountain meadow-steppe 3.1 3.1 3.05 3.150 750 750 730 730 3000 3000 2350 2900 4. Mid-mountain juniper forest 0.9 0.9 0.88 0.8 1300 1300 1290 1280 3500 3450 3400 3390 5. Mid-mountain mesophyllic forest 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.2 1800 1790 1710 1700 6000 6000 5980 5950 6. Mid-mountain xerophytic light forest 0.67 0.65 0.6 0.58 2500 2500 2450 2400 5000 4900 4800 4500 7. Mid- low-mountain savannoide 1.1 1.05 1.0 1.0 700 550 500 450 2500 2400 2200 2000 8. Foothill semidesert and desert 0.7 0.66 0.57 0.34 620 580 550 520 5000 4500 4200 4000 9. Wetland 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 600 530 450 400 3500 3200 3100 3000 10. Agroecosystem 0.7 0.73 0.82 0.85 1200 1100 1000 900 2800 2500 2200 2000 11. Urban 0.19 0.225 0.237 0.229 250 200 180 250 850 750 1000 2000 12. Ruderal-degraded 0.2 0.24 0.25 0.36 25 30 50 70 *Numbers of plants (denominator) and animals (numerator) 40 Main Trends of Biodiversity Transformation grass (Elytrigia rtichophora), bulbous barley (Hordeum bulbosum), Botriochloa ischaemum, thin-leaf vetch (Vicia tenuifolia), alfalfa (Medicogo sativa), esparcet (Onobrychis pul- chella), milk vetch (Astragalus sp.), and others that are a valuable genetic resource for selec- tion and introduction. The ploughed area of the republic is 849,6 ths ha (5.9% of the total area). During the last 40 years, the area of irrigated lands in- Ruderal-degraded ecosystem creased twice due to the use of valuable plants areas. • Complete water intake and exsiccation of The unique tugai forests and desert- small rivers; sandy ecosystems of Southern and Northern • Water contamination in the areas of unique Tajikistan have reduced to small (10-30 ths ha) animal species and ecosystems. islands (fig. 1.14). Change in the land-use structure, without During the last decades, deforestation considering the ecological capacity of the coun- has become really threatening. The area of try, led not only to a change in the vegetation valuable juniper (Juniperus), walnuts (Juglans), composition, landscapes, and ecosystems but birch (Betula), and pistachio (Pistacia) forests also in speeding up the process of land degra- has been reduced by 20-25%. This produces a dation and desertification (fig. 1.13). negative impact on the state of natural ecosys- tems and coenosis structures. The specific di- Land ploughing caused the reduction of versity is gradually transforming, and commu- valuable populations of some forage plants: bul- nity compositions loosing over 8-10 species of bous meadow grass (Poa bulbosa), hair wheat Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: Map-Scheme of land Unused lands: Degradation processes: Used lands: a degradation ry Arable lands: da yr S cliffs, rocks, alluvial and salinization irrigated deposits Khujand wood cutting rainfed glaciers land degradation Kayrakkum reservoir cities mountain deserts lakes and water mountain UZBEKISTAN reservoirs piedmountain deserts rivers medium mountain piedmountain KYRGYZSTAN Zeravshan ob Surkh Karakul Lake CHINA gou hin bik O Dushanbe ir o rv e P ch z a n e n a r j V ek em Nur gul Murg u az ab s Y h k a Y u ng Sarez Lake s l ta i r a iz B K Kulyab n a Kurgan-Tube g i n r Gunt i Yashilkul Lake f h a s K h Khorog k a Zorkul Lake V ra P a an d j kh Sha A AFGHANISTAN m Degrees u da rya Erosion Weak Medium Intensive nj a P Water Fig. 1.13. 0 50 100 150 Km Wind 41 Republic of Tajikistan The Legend: Map-Scheme of forests Forests a ry mesophyllic da yr cities S сoniferous lakes and water Khujand open woodlands reservoirs Kayrakkum reservoir tugai rivers tree-shrubs UZBEKISTAN flood-plain KYRGYZSTAN Zeravshan ob Surkh Karakul Lake CHINA gou hin bik O Dushanbe ir o rv P ch e a an z nj V re k em re gul Murg u u az ab N s Y h k a Y u ng Sarez Lake s l ta i r a iz B K Kulyab n a Kurgan-Tube g i n r Gunt i Yashilkul Lake f h a s K h Khorog k a Zorkul Lake V ra P a an d j kh Sha First National Report on Biodiversity Conservation Conservation Biodiversity on Report National First A AFGHANISTAN m u da rya nj a P Fig. 1.14. 0 50 100 150 Km List of Extinct Species of Plants and Animals ecosystems during 3-7 years. Tree cutting leads Name to an outbreak of weeds, alien and quarantine Plants plant species, erosion, and a progressive insic- Silene caudata cation and impoverishment of winter pastures. Juno popovii Shrub vegetation is being eradicated and used as fuel. Juno tadshikorum Astragalus darwasicus For the last 50 years due to the impact of anthropogenic factor, 226 plant taxa and 162 Hedysarum korshinskyanum animal species have become rare or endan- Oxytropis mumynabadensis gered and are listed in the Red Data Book of Allium gracillimum Tajikistan (fig. 1.18, 1.19); 10 invertebrate spe- Allium incrustatum cies are listed in the Red Data Book of the Allium minutum IUCN. Allium pauli 3 species of animals and 16 species of Allium schugnanicum plants are extinct. Bellevalia inconspicua The most vulnerable have become rep- Eremurus micranthus tiles and mammals. Of total species, 50% of mammals and 44.7% of reptiles are listed in the Tulipa anisophylla Red Data Book of Tajikistan.
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