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Selected Fiction in Jalisco, México and Antioquia, Colombia

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Selected Fiction in Jalisco, México and Antioquia, Colombia UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Ecocritical Approaches to Fiction of Two Regional Traditions: Selected Fiction in Jalisco, México and Antioquia, Colombia A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Spanish by Dalia Ixchel Gomez June 2018 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Raymond L. Williams, Chairperson Dr. Alessandro Fornazzari Dr. Christina Soto van der Plas Copyright by Dalia Ixchel Gomez 2018 The Dissertation of Dalia Ixchel Gomez is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Prefacio Esta tesis doctoral es el resultado de una travesía en el estudio de la representación de la naturaleza en la literatura latinoamericana que comenzó en un seminario en ecocrítica, “Aproximaciones ecocríticas a la narrativa mexicana”, que tomé en el invierno del 2016 con el profesor Raymond L. Williams. En este seminario comencé a explorar la representación de la naturaleza en: las interacciones del ser humano con el medio ambiente, alusiones a tecnología sustentable y el abuso a la tierra, entre otros conceptos que aborda el enfoque ecocrítico como la pertenencia al lugar (attachment to place). En este seminario comencé a estudiar alusiones a la naturaleza en textos como Xicontencal (1826) de autor anónimo, La Parcela (1898) de José López Portillo y Rojas, La tierra pródiga (1960) de Agustín Yáñez, Todos santos de California (2002) de Luis Felipe Lomelí, y La soledad de los animales (2014) de Daniel Rodríguez Barrón. El análisis de estos textos orientados en el medio ambiente estuvo basado en parte en estudios de la naturaleza en la literatura de, The Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture (1995) de Lawrence Buell, y The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology (1996), publicado por los editores Cheryll Glotfelty y Harold Fromm, entre otros. Además de este seminario, por medio de una beca que recibí del Departamento de Estudios Hispánicos y otra beca que me otorgó Center for Ideas and Society tuve la oportunidad de asistir a otro seminario en ecocrítica en el verano del 2016 en la universidad EAFIT en Medellín, Colombia para desarrollar mi tesis doctoral. Estos iv seminarios y experiencias dieron dirección al desarrollo de mi investigación, así como añadieron matices. Sobre la selección de las novelas, me gustaría mencionar que las cuatro novelas permiten un análisis de la representación de la naturaleza desde los criterios que propone Lawrence Buell para definir los textos orientados hacia el medio ambiente. Los autores de las ficciones que estudio en mi tesis doctoral: Tomás Carrasquilla, Agustín Yáñez, Homero Aridjis, y Pablo Montoya son escritores que no se identifican como activistas medioambientales como lo hace Aridjis. Sin embargo, estos textos contienen alusiones significantes a la naturaleza. Entre estas novelas, la novela de Aridjis destaca por esta orientación activista, remedial por la condición de la naturaleza, así como también el texto de Yáñez por la representación que hace de la recepción e implementación de tecnología sustentable en una comunidad rural en Las tierras flacas. Esta ficción de Agustín Yáñez, particularmente, representa la tecnología sustentable como una herramienta para trabajar la tierra responsablemente como lo hace también en su novela La tierra pródiga al sugerir la implementación de energía mareomotriz, un sistema de producción de energía renovable para la construcción de un desarrollo turístico en la costa jalisciense. Pablo Montoya y Tomás Carrasquilla, representan el impacto de las interacciones del ser humano en el medio ambiente en diferentes épocas. La contribución de estos autores es fundamental para denunciar la subordinación de la naturaleza, así como también para señalar e imaginar mundos donde el ser humano y la naturaleza cohabiten armoniosamente. v Agradecimientos Primeramente, agradezco a la Universidad de California, Riverside y al Departamento de Estudios Hispánicos por haberme dado la oportunidad de ser parte de este programa de estudios de posgrado en el español en el cual me he desarrollado en la investigación y en la enseñanza. Asimismo, quiero expresar mi más sincero agradecimiento al comité de mi tesis doctoral: a mi director de tesis, el profesor Raymond L. Williams, al Dr. Alessandro Fornazzari, y a la Dra. Christina Soto van der Plas por su apoyo, consejo, y dirección. Particularmente, quiero agradecer a mi director de tesis, el profesor Raymond L. Williams por el apoyo y la dirección que recibí para la realización de mi tesis doctoral. Su experiencia y su consejo han sido invaluables. Igualmente, quiero expresar mi gratitud a María Carmen Ballester por todo su apoyo y dirección para la enseñanza del español, así como también por la camaradería y la solidaridad de mis colegas y compañeros. Finalmente, quiero agradecer a mi familia por su apoyo y comprensión durante estos años. vi ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Ecocritical Approaches to Fiction of Two Regional Traditions: Selected Fiction in Jalisco, México and Antioquia, Colombia by Dalia Ixchel Gomez Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in Spanish University of California, Riverside, June 2018 Dr. Raymond Leslie Williams, Chairperson This dissertation focuses on the portrayal of human attitudes and actions and their impact on the environment in the works of Mexican authors, Agustín Yáñez and Homero Aridjis, and Colombian writers, Tomás Carrasquilla and Pablo Montoya. Although, these writers did not identify themselves as environmentalists, (with exception of Homero Aridjis), I observe that overall, their works implicitly denounce human actions on the environment. In my chapter “Return to Nature in Frutos de mi tierra (1896),” by Tomás Carrasquilla, I analyze how Medellín’s Nineteenth-Century capitalist society promotes a life-style that desensitizes human identification and coexistence with the natural world. In “Domination or Coexistence in Nature in Las tierras flacas (1962),” by Agustín Yáñez, I observe how the use of sustainable technology is implemented in a rural town to improve agriculture, as well as the different positions of domination, stewardship, and coexistence between humans and nature, arguing that Yáñez’ portrayal suggests that both stewardship and dominion, like patriarchy, assume human superiority over all non-human beings. In “Cultural Attitudes Towards the Environment in El hombre que amaba el sol (2005),” by vii Homero Aridjis, I reflect on the representation of environmental injustice of the State failing to educate society in environmental awareness so that it might more harmoniously coexist and protect nature, and particularly the Monarch butterfly. In “The Colonization of Nature in Tríptico de la Infamia (2014),” by Pablo Montoya, I explore how human actions impact the environment. I also study the imperial gaze brought by French colonizers during Sixteen-Century to the “New World” and contrast it the Timucuas’ interdependence with the nonhuman world. viii Índice Prefacio …………………………………………………………………………………..iv Agradecimientos …………………………………………………………………………vi Resumen ………………………………………………………………………………...vii Índice …………………………………………………………………………………….ix Capítulo I: La naturaleza en dos zonas biogeográficas: Jalisco, México y Antioquia, Colombia ...………………………………………………………………………..1 Introducción a la ecocrítica ……………………………………………………….4 Capítulo II: El regreso a la naturaleza en Frutos de mi tierra de Tomás Carrasquilla ...32 Los espacios urbanos …………………………..………………….…………….40 Regreso a la naturaleza ………………………………………………………….79 Desensibilización de la naturaleza ………………………………………………84 Capítulo III: Dominación o coexistencia en la naturaleza en Las tierras flacas ………86 Tecnología sustentable en Las tierras flacas ……………………………………93 Reforestación ……………………………………………………………………97 Resistencia al establecimiento de una industria minera ………………………....99 Ética de la tierra ………………………………………………………………..103 Plantas curativas ………………………………………………………………..106 ix Capítulo IV: Actitudes culturales hacia el medio ambiente en El hombre que amaba el sol de Homero Aridjis …………………………....…………………………….137 Educación ambiental …………………………………………………………...140 La mariposa Monarca ………………………………………………………….158 Remediación y activismo ecológico …………………………………………...166 La naturaleza y los aztecas …..…………………………………………………172 Capítulo V: La colonización de la naturaleza en Tríptico de la infamia de Pablo Montoya ………..................................................................................................................191 La naturaleza y la tribu timucua en la Florida ……… ………………………...199 La degradación y el abuso a la naturaleza en París en el siglo XVI ...................208 La subordinación de la naturaleza en la sociedad moderna ……………………231 Capítulo VI: Conclusión …………………………………………………………...….244 Notas …………………………………………………………………………………...255 Obras citadas …………………………………………………………………………...263 x Introducción: La naturaleza en dos zonas biogeográficas: Jalisco, México y Antioquia, Colombia. “Entonces me aventuro a pensar qué respondería Théodore de Bry si le refiero algunos eventos de mi época, no para angustiarlo, sino más bien para consolarlo … la escasez de agua, la explosión demográfica, el deshielo de los polos” (Montoya 268-269). El presente estudio examina las intersecciones entre la cultura y la naturaleza en cuatro novelas de escritores de Colombia y México: Frutos de mi tierra (1896) de Tomás Carrasquilla, Las tierras flacas (1962) de Agustín Yáñez, El hombre que amaba el sol (2005) de Homero Aridjis y Tríptico
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