DOCSLIB.ORG

0615 Dissertation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
0615 Dissertation LABILITY OF VERBS AND THE CHANGE-OF-STATE CONSTRUCTION IN CHINESE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN CHINESE JUNE 2017 By Liulin Zhang Dissertation Committee: Song Jiang, Chairperson Haidan Wang Hsin-I Hsieh Li Jiang William O’Grady Keywords: Chinese, Verb, Change of state, Construction, Cognitive linguistics ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am a girl born in summer. Summer is my favorite season, and the only season here in Hawaii. Coincidentally, Hawaii is translated as in Chinese, and is also the Chinese character for summer. Before I came here, I asked myself whether it would be the place for me. Things were not that dreamy, despite the amazing beaches and the year-round beautiful weather. Being in a Ph.D. program in Chinese linguistics means that one’s interaction with the nature is indirect. Studying and making a living at the same time in a completely unfamiliar, extremely complicated environment was the most challenging situation I had ever faced in my life. I am not sure whether I would have made it through without Prof. Song Jiang and Prof. Haidan Wang. They are more like parents than professors to me. In fact, I shared emotions with them that I would not even have shared with my parents, for in the Ph.D. program, I realized I was still not strong enough to fight against the loneliness of studying, working and exploring independently. The solace of their smiles, their encouragement, and their patience lit up my path, and I have learned and grown steadily through the opportunities they have provided. To me, they are warmer than the sunshine of Hawaii. Through their care, I felt reborn in my new land. Prof. Li Jiang and Prof. William O’Grady guided my research in a professional direction. Prof. Jiang and I shared distinct beliefs in language, and though the intensity of our respective views often led to disagreements and conflicts, I learnt from all of them – including about the importance and techniques of scholarly debate. I am grateful to have a professor, and a friend, who is so willing to fight with me. Prof. O’Grady, meanwhile, is a true legend: always ready to help me through my obsessional scholarly problems. Far from acting arrogantly about his infinitely great knowledge and experience, however, he has been unfailingly kind and empathetic. It has been said that love and hatred are the same thing, and that their opposite is indifference. It was frustrating to be initially confronted with indifference from the person who inspired me to come here. However, this only made it sweeter when a glimmer of care later appeared. I realized Prof. Hsin-I Hsieh had been supporting me in his own way, which forced me to be more independent. I appreciate your existence, Prof. Hsieh, and my story of commitment, admiration, struggle, frustration, rebirth, and growing up all begins with you. Whatever does not kill you makes you stronger. The beauty of Hawaii, a Paradise on Earth, belongs only to the strong. ABSTRACT It has often been noted that some Chinese verbs can be used transitively or intransitively, and that the syntactically privileged argument (subject) in these different uses has different semantic roles. Many terms have been introduced to describe this phenomenon, among which verb lability appears to be the most felicitous one, given its transparency and straightforwardness: it does not pertain to notions absent in Chinese, nor does it encode any information about the function of the transitive/intransitive construction pair, which has been highly contentious in previous studies. Set within the framework of cognitive linguistics and construction grammar, this dissertation proceeds from the assumption that language is usage-based instead of rule-generated. Accordingly, it employs a diachronic corpus-based approach. Meanwhile, to adapt to the special feature of Chinese, i.e., the rich varieties of Chinese are connected by characters, this dissertation’s diachronic analysis of lexical semantics is based on Chinese characters. Corpus data from the pre-Qin period (Old Chinese), the Tang dynasty (Middle Chinese), and the Ming dynasty (Early Mandarin) show that the ‘theme + labile verb’ construction is extraordinarily ancient and stable in Chinese, and that historically, labile verbs prototypically denote changes of state. An extensive study of verbal semantics in Modern Mandarin reveals two semantic factors determining verb lability: change of state and spontaneity. While change of state is the prototypical function of labile verbs and the construction pairs formed by them, the contingency between labile verbs and their transitive/intransitive use is sensitive to the likelihood of spontaneous occurrence of the event being described. This finding holds in a cross-linguistic context, reflecting general characteristics of human conceptualization. The complex event structure represented by a change-of-state event gives way to two competing strategies for profiling in human construal – agent orientation and theme orientation – which respectively lead to the transitive use and intransitive use of a verbal. However, as an isolating language in which causative/anticausative is not marked, Chinese exhibits an overwhelmingly large group of labile verbs in comparison with other languages. The intransitive change-of-state construction (CSC) formed by labile verbs has traditionally been referred to as the notional passive construction, and distinguished from the so- called Chinese passive construction marked by 么 bei. After investigating the process of grammaticalization of the character 么, it is found that 么 derived an ‘affected’ sense in construal from its lability (denoting ‘cover/receive’), and thus the 么 bei construction (BEIC) can be roughly represented as ‘affectee +么+ event’. In contrast to CSC, BEIC predominantly takes animate subjects as affectees, and the events that affect them are not limited to change-of- state events. In Chinese, the overall frequency of CSC is much higher than that of BEIC, but this prevalence is not commented upon or otherwise reflected in Chinese textbooks. Moreover, previous studies have reported contradictory findings about learners’ acquisition of CSC and BEIC. Taking a usage-based approach to language acquisition, The present research includes two experiments involving picture-description tasks. The results indicate that Chinese learners use more BEICs and fewer CSCs than native speakers do. Additionally, due to the difference in markedness, CSC is much more difficult to notice during incidental exposure than BEIC is, rendering explicit instruction necessary. It needs to be noted that such explicit instruction merely functions to counteract the attentional bias, and is not necessarily about the selectional constrainsts between these two constructions, which are inherent in learners’ cognition. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ABSTRACT ABBREVIATIONS TIMELINE OF CHINESE DYNASTIES HISTORICAL PERIODS OF THE CHINESE LANGUAGE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Observation and Characterization 1.2 Disputed Terminology 1.2.1 Object deletion 1.2.2 Transitivity alternation 1.2.3 Controversial transitivity alternation 1.2.4 Summary of the terminological dispute 1.3 Research Questions 1.4 Organization CHAPTER 2 FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Background of Construction Grammar: Major Movements of Linguistics 2.1.1 From structuralism to generative grammar 2.1.2 From generative grammar to cognitive linguistics 2.1.3 Cognitive linguistics and construction grammar (CG) 2.1.4 Summary 2.2 Basic Tenets of CG 2.2.1 Prototype theory 2.2.2 Syntax-lexicon continuum 2.2.3 The usage-based approach 2.2.4 Interaction between verb meaning and construction meaning 2.3 Advantages of CG in the Study of Chinese Intransitive Labile Construction 2.3.1 Theoretical plausibility 2.3.2 Applicability to Classical Chinese, Chinese dialects, and novel use 2.3.3 Pedagogical adaptability 2.4 Methodologies 2.4.1 Bottom-up approach 2.4.2 Lexical semantic approach 2.4.3 Character-based approach 2.4.4 Diachronic approach 2.5 Summary: Revisiting the Research Questions from the Perspective of CG CHAPTER 3 DIACHRONY OF MONOSYLLABIC LABILE VERBS AND THE INTRANSITIVE LABILE CONSTRUCTION IN CHINESE 3.1 The Intransitive Labile Construction in the Pre-Qin Period (Old Chinese) 3.1.1 The intransitive labile construction in Mencius 3.1.2 Contingency between verb types and the intransitive labile construction 3.1.3 Summary of the intransitive labile construction in the pre-Qin period 3.2 The Intransitive Labile Construction in the Tang Dynasty (Middle Chinese) 3.2.1 The intransitive labile construction in Chuanqi stories 3.2.2 Contingency between verb types and the instransitive labile construction 3.2.3 Summary of the intransitive labile construction in the Tang dynasty 3.3 The Intransitive Labile Construction in the Ming Dynasty (Early Mandarin) 3.3.1 The intransitive labile construction in Sanyan stories 3.3.2 Contingency between verb types and the intransitive labile construction 3.3.3 Summary of the intransitive labile construction in the Ming dynasty 3.4 Summary and Implications CHAPTER 4 COMPOUNDING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINESE LABILE VERBALS 4.1 The Structure of Compound Verbs and Verb Compounds 4.2 Compounding and the Structure of Labile Verbals in the Ming Dynasty (Early Mandarin) 4.2.1 Compound labile verbals in Sanyan stories 4.2.2 Contingency between compound verbals and the intransitive labile construction
Load more

Recommended publications
  • P020110307527551165137.Pdf
    CONTENT 1.MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 03 2.ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 05 3.HIGHLIGHTS OF ACHIEVEMENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 Coexistence of Conserve and Research----“The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species ” services biodiversity protection and socio-economic development ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 06 The Structure, Activity and New Drug Pre-Clinical Research of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids ………………………………………… 09 Anti-Cancer Constituents in the Herb Medicine-Shengma (Cimicifuga L) ……………………………………………………………………………… 10 Floristic Study on the Seed Plants of Yaoshan Mountain in Northeast Yunnan …………………………………………………………………… 11 Higher Fungi Resources and Chemical Composition in Alpine and Sub-alpine Regions in Southwest China ……………………… 12 Research Progress on Natural Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Inhibitors…………………………………………………………………………………… 13 Predicting Global Change through Reconstruction Research of Paleoclimate………………………………………………………………………… 14 Chemical Composition of a traditional Chinese medicine-Swertia mileensis……………………………………………………………………………… 15 Mountain Ecosystem Research has Made New Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16 Plant Cyclic Peptide has Made Important Progress ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17 Progresses in Computational Chemistry Research ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18 New Progress in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products ………………………………………………………………………………………………………
    [Show full text]
  • The Romance of the Three Kingdoms Podcast. This Is Episode 144. Last
    Welcome to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms Podcast. This is episode 144. Last time, Jiang Wei had launched yet another Northern campaign, trying to catch his enemies off guard while they were dealing with an internal rebellion by Zhuge Dan. This time, Jiang Wei was focusing his attention on the town of Changcheng (2,2), a key grain store for the Wei forces. He put the town under siege and it looked like the town was about to fall. But just then, a Wei relief force showed up. Sigh, I guess we’ll have to take care of these guys first. So Jiang Wei turned his army around to face the oncoming foe. From the opposing lines, a young general rode out with spear in hand. He looked to be about 20-some years old, with a face so fair that he looked as if he were wearing powder, and his lips were daubs of red. This young man shouted across the field, “Do you recognize General Deng?!” Jiang Wei thought to himself, “That must be Deng Ai.” So he rode forth to meet his foe, and the two traded blows for 40 bouts without either gaining an edge. Seeing that the young warrior showed no signs of faltering, Jiang Wei figured he needed to pull some shenanigans to win this fight. So he turned and fled down a mountain path on the left. The young general gave chase, and as he approached, Jiang Wei pulled out his bow and fired an arrow at the man. But his foe had sharp eyes and quickly dodged the arrow.
    [Show full text]
  • Valency Changes in the History of English Elly Van Gelderen Arizona State University Naples, 27 May 2010, [email protected]
    Valency changes in the history of English Elly van Gelderen Arizona State University Naples, 27 May 2010, [email protected] It has been claimed that languages differ in basic valency orientation. Thus, Haspelmath (1993), Nichols (1993), Abraham (1997), Nichols, Peterson & Barnes (2004), Comrie (2006), and Plank & Lahiri (2009) show that languages have a basic valency orientation that shows itself in being morphologically simpler than the non-basic one. Many of these authors (e.g. Nichols and Comrie) note a diachronic stability. However, Modern English differs markedly from its Germanic neighbors in having more ambivalent/labile and more transitive verbs. Therefore, in this paper, basic valency changes in the history of English are explored. I argue that Old English already has quite a number of labile verbs. Using an expanded VP shell, I show how changes in morphology affected the argument structure. 1. Terminology and framework Unergative, unaccusative, ergative, inchoative/transitive, change of state, anti-causaitive, etc. Grammatical relations: SAO. (1) a. The ball rolled down the hill. Theme b. I rolled the ball down the hill Agent Theme c. I made him roll the ball. Causer Agent Theme (2) vP ei DP v’ ei initiator v ASPP ei ASP’ ei telic/def ASP VP ei Theme DP V’ ei V AP/PP Result Some questions I am interested in: (3) - Why can unergatives not be used as causatives (e.g. laugh a baby), like burn and boil; why does it need make? (Possible answer: Causer and Agent cannot be together unless make licenses a new position; conflict internal and external cause) 1 - Why are many unergatives denominal and why do they readily take (cognate) Themes? (Possible answer: if the N incorporates to V, the absence of Theme is accounted for) - Why are many unaccusatives deadjectival? (Possible answer: the adjective represents the result and are therefore good for change of state) - Why can unaccusatives causativize using make (I made it fall, although kids say you fell me down, Susie 4, Anne Walton Ramirez p.c.
    [Show full text]
  • Mandenkan, 50 | 2013 Transitivity in Bakel Soninke 2
    Mandenkan Bulletin semestriel d’études linguistiques mandé 50 | 2013 Numéro 50 Transitivity in Bakel Soninke La transitivité en soninké de Bakel Транзитивность в сонинке р-на Бакел Denis Creissels and Anna Marie Diagne Electronic version URL: https://journals.openedition.org/mandenkan/211 DOI: 10.4000/mandenkan.211 ISSN: 2104-371X Publisher Llacan UMR 8135 CNRS/Inalco Printed version Date of publication: 1 December 2013 Number of pages: 5-38 ISSN: 0752-5443 Electronic reference Denis Creissels and Anna Marie Diagne, “Transitivity in Bakel Soninke”, Mandenkan [Online], 50 | 2013, Online since 01 December 2013, connection on 08 July 2021. URL: http://journals.openedition.org/ mandenkan/211 ; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/mandenkan.211 This text was automatically generated on 8 July 2021. Les contenus de Mandenkan sont mis à disposition selon les termes de la Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale - Partage dans les Mêmes Conditions 4.0 International. Transitivity in Bakel Soninke 1 Transitivity in Bakel Soninke La transitivité en soninké de Bakel Транзитивность в сонинке р-на Бакел Denis Creissels and Anna Marie Diagne AUTHOR'S NOTE Abbreviations ANTIP = antipassive CAUS = causative CMP = completive D = determination marker DEM = demonstrative DET = detransitivization marker GER = gerundive FOC = focalization marker IMPER = imperative INTR = intransitive LOCCOP = locative copula LOCCOPF = locative copula in focalization context NEG = negative OBL = oblique This gloss is used for a postposition with a variety of uses that cannot be covered in a satisfying way by a more precise term. PL = plural POS = positive REFL = reflexive SG = singular SUBJ = subjunctive TR = transitive Mandenkan, 50 | 2013 Transitivity in Bakel Soninke 2 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Transitivity in Bakel Soninke
    Mandenkan, No. 50, 2013, pp. 5-38 Transitivity in Bakel Soninke Denis Creissels, Université de Lyon, [email protected] Anna Marie Diagne, IFAN (Dakar) [email protected] 1. Introduction Soninke (sooninkanqanne), spoken mainly in Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, and The Gambia, belongs to the Soninke-Bozo sub-branch of the western branch of the Mande language family. The only relatively well-documented Soninke variety is that spoken in Kaedi (Mauritania), for which two comprehensive grammars are available (Diagana O.M. (1984 or 1995) and Diagana Y. (1990 or 1994)), as well as a dictionary (Diagana O.M. 2011). In this paper, building on these works, on the analysis of voice in Kaedi Soninke provided by Creissels (1991a), and on Anna Marie Diagne’s work on the phonology and morphology of Bakel Soninke (Diagne (2008)), we describe the morphosyntactic phenomena related to transitivity in the Soninke variety spoken in Bakel (Senegal). 1 The article is organized as follows. In Section 2, we provide basic information on Soninke phonology and morphosyntax, emphasizing the particularities of Bakel Soninke. In Section 3, we present the three valency-changing morphological derivations found in Bakel Soninke. In Section 4, we discuss the classification of verbs as strict transitive, strict intransitive, A-labile, P-labile, and A/P-labile, and the division of transitive verbs into several sub-classes according to the morphological marking of their deagentive and depatientive uses. In Section 5, we discuss the status of Soninke according to the distinction between transitivizing and detransitivizing languages proposed by Nichols & al. (2004). Section 6 summarizes the main conclusions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Tale of Two Morphologies
    A Tale of Two Morphologies Verb structure and argument alternations in Maltese Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie vorgelegt von Spagnol, Michael an der Geisteswissenschaftliche Sektion Sprachwissenschaft 1. Referent: Prof. Dr. Frans Plank 2. Referent: Prof. Dr. Christoph Schwarze 3. Referent: Prof. Dr. Albert Borg To my late Nannu Kieli, a great story teller Contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................. iii Notational conventions .................................................................................................................... v Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... viii Ch. 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. A tale to be told ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Three sides to every tale ........................................................................................................................... 4 Ch. 2. Setting the stage ...................................................................................................................... 9 2.1. No language is an island .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 4 Mehweb Verb Morphology Michael Daniel National Research University Higher School of Economics
    Chapter 4 Mehweb verb morphology Michael Daniel National Research University Higher School of Economics The paper describes the morphology of the verb in Mehweb, a Dargwa lectof central Daghestan, Russia. The description is partly based on previous research (Magometov 1982, Sumbatova unpublished) and partly on the field data the author has been collecting from 2009 to the present. Mostly, formal morphology of syn- thetic verb forms and complex verbs are discussed. Keywords: East Caucasian, Dargwa, Mehweb, verb, inflection, perfective, imperfec- tive, transitivity, complex verbs. 1 Introduction In this chapter, I provide an overview of the verb morphology of Mehweb, a lect of the Dargwa branch of East Caucasian languages, spoken in the village of the same name in the Gunib district of the Republic of Daghestan. The pa- per is mostly focused on formal and synthetic morphology. Periphrastic forms are treated only peripherally, and the semantics of the verbal categories is not discussed at all. As a result, labels provided for different inflectional categories are conventional and to a large extent based on previous research. While forma- tion of deverbal nominal forms – nominalizations and participles – is covered, their further inflection as nominals is also left out. The previous treatment ofthe Mehweb morphology, Magometov (1982), provided the basis for many analytical solutions. Mehweb verbs agree in gender (noun class) with their nominative argument, distinguishing three primary genders – masculine (M), feminine (F) and neuter (N) in the singular, human plural (HPL) and non-human plural (NPL) in the plu- ral. There is an additional gender for unmarried girls and women. Agreement marking is largely similar to agreement in adjectives, spatial forms, numerals Michael Daniel.
    [Show full text]
  • Kumakhov Vamling CC1.Pdf
    Caucasus Studies 1 CIRCASSIAN Clause Structure Mukhadin Kumakhov & Karina Vamling Malmö University, 2009 Culture and Society Department of International Migration and Ethnic Relations (IMER) Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Linguistics, Moscow Caucasus Studies 1 Circassian Clause Structure Mukhadin Kumakhov & Karina Vamling Published by Malmö University Faculty of Culture and Society Department of International Migration and Ethnic Relations (IMER) S-20506 Malmö, www.mah.se © Mukhadin Kumakhov & Karina Vamling Cover illustration: Caucasus Mountains (K. Vamling) ISBN 978-91-7104-083-1 Holmbergs, Malmö Contents Foreword 7 Abbreviations 8 Transcription 9 Tables and Figures 10 Outline of the book 13 1 The Circassians and their language 15 1.1 Circassians in the Russian Federation 15 1.2 Circassian among the Northwest-Caucasian languages 17 1.3 Literary standards for the Circassian languages 18 1.4 The Circassian diaspora 19 1.5 The present situation of the Circassians 19 1.6 ‘Circassian’ and related terms 20 2 Circassian grammar sketch 21 2.1 Nouns 21 2.1.1 Definiteness 21 2.1.2 Case 22 2.1.3 Number 24 2.1.4 Possessive 25 2.1.5 Coordinative 26 2.2 Pronouns 27 2.3 Adjectives 28 2.4 NP structure 28 2.5 Verbal morphology 30 2.5.1 Transitive and intransitive verbs 31 2.5.1.1 Labile verbs 33 2.5.1.2 Stative and dynamic forms 34 2.5.1.3 Transitivizing processes 34 2.5.1.4 Intransitivizing processes 36 2.5.2 Verbal inflectional morphology 37 2.5.2.1 Person and number 37 Third person – zero versus overt marking 41 Non-specific reference 42
    [Show full text]
  • PIE Verb Morphology Part
    _tÇzâtzx TÜàá 2 | 2016 | VERSION 2016-03-11 OPEN – ACCESS Freely available online Proto-Indo-European Verb Morphology. Part 1. Inflection Roland A. Pooth* FIU Cologne, University of Cologne ‡, Leiden University ‡, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History ◊ Abstract: This article provides an overview of Proto-Indo-European verb morphology. Keywords: Reconstruction of morphology, PIE verbal morphology, PIE aspect system, PIE grammar ** Citation: Pooth, R. A. (2016): “Proto-Indo-European Verb Morphology. Part 1. Inflection”, Language Arts 2, issue version 2016-03-11, author manu- script version 2016-03-11 Editor: Dr. Roland A. Pooth, Merheimer Str. 117, D 50733 Cologne (Nippes), Western Germany Written: Winter 2015/2016; published online at https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/RolandPooth , 2016-03-11 Copyright: © 2016 R. A. Pooth. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. *E-mail: [email protected] _tÇzâtzx TÜàá is an open-access freesheet for linguistic arts, pre-publication, DIY publication, and post-publication amendment. It is edited by the FIU Cologne (cf. J. Beuys 1978: “Aufruf zur Alternative”, Frankfurter Rundschau, Dec. 23; J. Beuys & H. Böll 1973: "Manifesto on the foundation of a 'Free International School for Creativity and Interdisciplinary Research’” , in: C.M. Joachimides & N. Rosenthal (eds.) 1974: Art into Society, Society into Art: Seven German Artists [...]. Institute of Contemporary Arts, London, pp. 49ff. , reprinted in : J. Beuys 1993 (C. Kuoni, ed.): Joseph Beuys in America: Energy Plan for the Western Man.
    [Show full text]
  • Labile Relational Verbs in English and Their Dutch Counterparts a Contrastive, Corpus-Based Study of Bureaucratic Language
    LABILE RELATIONAL VERBS IN ENGLISH AND THEIR DUTCH COUNTERPARTS A CONTRASTIVE, CORPUS-BASED STUDY OF BUREAUCRATIC LANGUAGE Marthe Lemeire Studentennummer: 01404739 Promotor: Prof. dr. Miriam Taverniers Masterproef voorgelegd voor het behalen van de graad van Master in de richting Taal- en Letterkunde: Nederlands – Engels Academiejaar: 2017 – 2018 Acknowledgements First of all I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dr. Miriam Taverniers for her guidance throughout my writing process and for answering my countless e-mails. Even when everything got very busy, she still helped me when I needed it. I also want to thank her for the faith she had in me when she asked me to continue research in this very complex domain of grammar. Secondly, I would like to thank three of my university friends. To begin with, Ellis Oosterlinck and Marlien Ruysschaert, who were always there to support me with their pep talks. Also, I would like to thank Kimberley Hellenbrand, who was equally struggling with writing a paper and with whom I could always share my thoughts. These friends helped me find the courage not to give up. Without everyone’s support I truly do not think I could have finished this thesis. 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Literature overview ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Lability in English .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Additional Le1.Pdf
    Table S1. Variables with missing value and missing rates for total population in CCC - ACS project (N=92509). Variables Missing rates, N (%) Age 361(0.39) Systolic blood pressure 161(0.17) Diastolic blood pressure 196(0.21) Heart rate 221(0.24) Serum creatinine 3671(3.97) Hemoglobin 3299(3.57) Fasting plasma glucose 12157(13.14) Total cholesterol 9695(10.48) HDL-cholesterol 9515(10.29) LDL-cholesterol 9109(9.85) Triglyceride 9295(10.05) CCC - ACS, The Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China-Acute Coronary Syndrome; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein. Table S2. Prevalence of discrepancy in different population. Subgroup Increased HbA1c group Increased FPG group P value Age (years) 0.583 ≥ 65 (n=1261) 977(78.0) 284(22.0) < 65 (n=1011) 784(77.1) 227(22.9) Sex 0.713 Male (n=1532) 1184(77.3) 348(22.7) Female (n=740) 577(78.0) 163(22.0) Hemoglobin (g/l) 0.965 ≥ 120 (n=1719) 1332(77.5) 387(22.5) < 120 (n=553) 429(77.6) 124(22.4) eGFR (ml min-1 [1.73m]-2) 0.078 ≥ 60 (n=1738) 1362(78.4) 376(21.6) < 60 (n=534) 399(74.7) 135(25.3) Killip class 0.289 I, II (n=1932) 1505(77.9) 427(22.1) III, IV (n=340) 256(75.3) 84(24.7) Type of acute coronary <0.001 syndrome NSTE-ACS (n=1280) 1045(81.6) 235(18.4) STEMI (n=992) 716(72.2) 276(27.8) Glucose-lowering drug <0.001 Yes (n=1097) 809(73.7) 288(26.3) No (n=1175) 952(81.0) 223(19.0) eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; NSTE-ACS, non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.
    [Show full text]
  • (China). INSTITUTION National Committee on United States-China Relations, New York, NY
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 462 364 SO 033 628 TITLE China: Tradition and Transformation Curriculum Projects. Fulbright-Hays Summer Seminars Abroad Program, 2001 (China). INSTITUTION National Committee on United States-China Relations, New York, NY. SPONS AGENCY Center for International Education (ED), Washington, DC. PUB DATE 2002-00-00 NOTE 568p.; Some individual projects contain graphics and text which may not reproduce adequately. For China 2000 projects, see ED 452 132. PUB TYPE Collected Works General (020) Guides Classroom Teacher (052) EDRS PRICE MF02/PC23 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Area Studies; *Asian History; Asian Studies; *Chinese Culture; Comparative Analysis; *Curriculum Development; Elementary Secondary Education; Females; Foreign Countries; Global Approach; *Social Studies; Thematic Approach IDENTIFIERS *China; Fulbright Hays Seminars Abroad Program; Oral Presentations; Response to Literature ABSTRACT The curriculum projects in this collection represent the culmination of a Fulbright-Hays summer seminar for educators which took place in China in 2001. The collection contains 16 curriculum projects: "Notes on Giving a Presentation to a Parents Group, School Board or Other Public Audience Regarding Modern China" (David Bilka); "Teaching Methodologies of Exposing Students to the Chinese Culture in Elementary Education" (Sherry E. Carr); "A Comprehensive Study of China Prepared for World Cultures Students (10th Grade)" (Daniel Chittick); "Understanding Contemporary China, 1945-Present: An Instructional Unit for 10th Grade Global History" (Judith A. DuPre); "The Women of China: From Manchu to Mao to Modern" (Claire McCaffery Griffin); "Awaking China from Its Slumber: From Gunboat to Ping-Pong Diplomacy" (Dana N. Lynch); "From Golden Peaches to Golden Arches: Silk Roads Old and New" (Michael A. Marcus); "Integrating Media into China Studies" (Nancy Nemchik); "Chinese Trade Show" (Suzanne Otte); "Dancing with the Dragon: Exploring 20th Century China through Adeline Yen Mah's Memoir 'Falling Leaves'" (Valerie A.
    [Show full text]