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2004- Il Complesso Di Pretestato Sulla Via Appia Leggero.Pdf ROMA SOTTERRANEA CRISTIANA A CURA DEL PONTIFICIO ISTITUTO DI ARCHEOLOGIA CRISTIANA XII LUCREZIA SPERA IL COMPLESSO DI PRETESTATO SULLA VIA APPIA STORIA TOPOGRAFICA E MONUMENTALE DI UN INSEDIAMENTO FUNERARIO PALEOCRISTIANO NEL SUBURBIO DI ROMA 2004 CITTÀ DEL VATICANO ISBN 88-85991-34-3 © Pontificio Istituto di Archeologia Cristiana, 2004 I-00185 Roma, Via Napoleone III, 1 Tel. 064465574 - Fax 064469197 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.piac.it A Mariacarla, con amore immenso INDICE NOTA PRELIMINARE . ............Pag. 1 PARTE I LE PREMESSE INSEDIATIVE . ....»7 Capitolo 1 - Il sito fino alla media età imperiale: insediamenti residenziali e organismi produttivi . ....»9 Il contesto topografico ........»9 Strutture idrauliche e impianti produttivi nell’area della necropoli di Pretestato ..........»11 Capitolo 2 - Il primitivo uso sepolcrale dell’area . ....»21 PARTE II IL CIMITERO COLLETTIVO NEL III SECOLO . ....»31 Capitolo 1 - Le prime installazioni ipogee . ....»33 L’impianto primitivo G ........»33 La prima fase evolutiva dell’ipogeo G .....»39 Nuovi sviluppi del sepolcreto .......»47 La fase primitiva dell’impianto F ......»58 Capitolo 2 - Il riuso degli impianti idraulici nell’area orientale . » 65 Capitolo 3 - La necropoli sub divo ........»79 Capitolo 4 - Sviluppi della catacomba in età precostantiniana . » 101 La regione della “scala minore” (F)......»101 La regione della “scala maggiore” (G).....»106 Il cimitero nella cisterna (“regione centrale”)....»112 La “regione centrale”: i primi sviluppi a sud ....»132 La “regione centrale”: i primi sviluppi a nord ....»136 PARTE III STORIA TOPOGRAFICO-MONUMENTALE E FREQUENTATIVA DEL CIMITERO SOTTERRANEO TRA IV E V SECOLO . ....»147 Capitolo 1 - Le regioni occidentali . ....»149 La regione F .........»149 Gli ipogei del livello superiore ......»156 Fruizione sepolcrale nell’area della “scala maggiore”(G) ..»165 Interventi murari nelle regioni G e F .....»170 Capitolo 2 - Storia monumentale della spelunca magna nel IV secolo . » 173 Forme e tempi del potenziamento sepolcrale dell’impianto . » 173 I santuari lungo la spelunca magna.....»189 Restituzione diacronica dell’assetto strutturale ....»212 Capitolo 3 - L’evoluzione topografica della regione centrale ....»223 Gli sviluppi a sud .........»223 L’estensione a nord della spelunca magna durante il IV secolo . » 247 L’incremento funerario nelle aree-retrosanctos....»258 VIII INDICE PARTE IV GLI EDIFICI SUB DIVO NEI SECOLI IV-VI: RESTITUZIONE DOCUMEN- TARIA.............»265 Capitolo 1 - Il quadro archeologico........»267 Capitolo 2 - Restituzione critica del complesso sub divo ....»295 PARTE V DALLE VISITE DEI PELLEGRINI (VII-VIII SEC.) AL RECUPERO ARCHEO- LOGICO (XV-XX SEC.) . ....»309 Capitolo 1 - Frequentazione del complesso tra tarda antichità e alto medioevo . » 311 Capitolo 2 - Il medioevo tra spoliazioni, abbandono e persistenze . » 317 Capitolo 3 - L’età moderna: cronistoria di una scoperta ....»323 QUADRO RIEPILOGATIVO . ....»341 ABBREVIAZIONI.............»347 INDICE DELLE ILLUSTRAZIONI . ....»361 INDICE DEI NOMI DELLE PERSONE E DEI LUOGHI . ....»369 NOTA PRELIMINARE «Quivi potei cominciare quelle osservazioni esatte e molteplici sui monumenti sotterranei cristiani e sui loro gruppi nell’ordine topografico, che dal principio del mio tirocinio archeologico furono il sommo dei miei desideri. Imperocché mi sembrava, che un metodo tanto accurato, positivo e scientifico attentamente continuato per molti anni e in sotterranei diversi doveva rivelarmi quello appunto che alla scienza delle cristiane antichità fino allora era mancato; voglio dire la cronologia e la storia dei singoli monumenti. I tentativi di sì lungo e paziente lavoro iniziati nel cimitero di Pretestato mi dettero frutto maggiore d’ogni espettazione: e veramente io ricordo sempre con vivo diletto il processo di quegli scavi e di quelle prime osservazioni. Chiara luce mi balenò quivi alla mente: e quivi maturai il disegno della novella Roma sotterranea». (DE ROSSI 1872, pp. 63-64) Questo tentativo di lettura integrale del com- tore del terreno interessato dalla catacomba da plesso di Pretestato, articolato attraverso il dia- parte della Santa Sede2, ha ricomposto una rete gramma evolutivo del sito, muove principalmente ipogea complessa e notevolmente estesa, suscetti- da una revisione monumentale autoptica di det- bile soltanto di una migliore restituzione di alcu- taglio, quasi “filologica”, correlata e integrata con ni vani ancora ingombri di terre. L’area sub divo l’apparato documentario e bibliografico, esito so- attende, invece, un auspicabile importante ap- prattutto dei numerosi interventi di recupero ar- profondimento conoscitivo; questa, si vedrà, andò cheologico della necropoli paleocristiana. acquistando nei secoli della tarda antichità un pro- L’inizio di una vera e propria attività di sca- filo “urbanistico” variegato, con un ricco assetto vo nel cimitero situato al II miglio della via Ap- costruito polifunzionale3. pia, oltre la crepidine orientale di questa, sul trac- In rapporto al repertorio bibliografico e infor- ciato della moderna Appia Pignatelli1 (fig. 1), si mativo si devono lamentare alcuni “vuoti” docu- colloca negli anni centrali del XIX secolo e già le mentari, dovuti a circostanze sfavorevoli alla con- prime visite di Giovanni Battista de Rossi faceva- servazione del materiale riunito dagli archeologi no intuire le eccezionali potenzialità di questo in- più direttamente impegnati nelle varie ricerche sot- sediamento suburbano, nell’ottica delle esemplifi- terranee e di superficie, G. B. de Rossi e E. Josi: cazioni storiografiche sulla comunità cristiana di riferimenti ad un’importante raccolta di resoconti Roma in generale e in particolare sull’origine e lo e osservazioni, corredata da disegni dettagliatissi- sviluppo dei cimiteri della “Roma sotterranea”. mi, anche sullo status di rinvenimento di alcuni Un’ininterrotta serie di lavori, rallentata e ostaco- ambienti, e destinata al volume della Roma sot- lata dai difficili rapporti con i proprietari del fon- terranea progettato dal de Rossi, si rintracciano in do fino al 1920, anno dell’acquisizione di un set- diversi scritti dello stesso studioso, ma anche di 1 Infra, pp. 11, 23-25, 33, 88, 247, 296, 327 sull’esistenza 3 Infra, pp. 267-307. già in antico di questo asse viario. 2 Infra, p. 332. 2 NOTA PRELIMINARE autori successivi, come J. Wilpert prima e E. Josi storica apparentemente inerte nell’assetto topogra- dopo, i quali sembrerebbero aver in qualche mo- fico. do “ereditato” il prezioso materiale4. Una grave Perciò è apparsa idonea l’adozione di uno perdita, poi, è costituita dall’irreperibilità delle car- schema diacronico completo8, esito della “microa- te dello Josi, responsabile per più di un venten- nalisi” topografico-monumentale9, con alcune ine- nio delle indagini nel complesso, soprattutto in re- vitabili sovrapposizioni per le parti relative al so- lazione alle ricerche subdiali, di cui in più occa- pratterra, che ha talora richiesto una trattazione sioni egli preannunciò invano una trattazione esau- documentaria orizzontale e che, per le gravi la- stiva e dettagliata, proprio per “l’importanza d’un cune conoscitive, ha richiamato un metodo di esa- razionale coordinamento di scavi fra il sopraterra me attraverso una “prospettiva ribaltata” in rap- e il sotterraneo cimitero”5. porto ai sotterranei, essi stessi “contenitori” di uti- Di promesse non mantenute è purtroppo – si- li informazioni per la restituzione subdiale. tuazione quasi paradossale! – costellato l’intero iti- Nel quadro delle esigenze descrittive degli am- nerario illustrativo sulla necropoli di Pretestato, bienti ipogei, infine, si è preferito conservare so- dalle prospettive, spesso richiamate, si diceva, di stanzialmente il sistema di siglatura adottato dal imminente edizione del volume della Roma sotter - Tolotti (fig. 2), derivato, con alcune variazioni to- ranea6 alla pubblicazione mai continuata dal pograficamente significative, dal V volume delle Kanzler sulle indagini 1907-19097. Inscriptiones Christianae Urbis Romae, cui in ef- Una grave responsabilità pesa, dunque, sullo fetti tutta la recente bibliografia ha fatto riferi- studio che si presenta. Questo giunge, però, in un mento, inserendo semplicemente alcune sigle per momento in cui l’attenzione rivolta negli ultimi vani non contrassegnati, con i medesimi criteri ag- decenni alle dinamiche di trasformazione della città giuntivi utilizzati dallo studioso10, anche nel caso antica, con i suoi spazi intra ed extra muros, im- di revisioni della lettura topografica, al fine di evi- pone un approccio più “aperto” nell’analisi dei sin- tare scomode duplicazioni11. goli insediamenti, che non possono essere estra- polati dal divenire complesso di un paesaggio in- Fino agli studi del de Rossi la necropoli di tegrato tra realtà di superficie ed escavazioni sot- Pretestato risentiva ancora della particolare confu- terranee e sempre sollecitato dalle modifiche del sione interpretativa che, dopo l’abbandono e l’oblio rapporto tra uomo e “territorio” urbano, anche nel del periodo medievale, aveva segnato per diversi momento in cui la presenza monumentale passa secoli la conoscenza dei cimiteri sotterranei del ad essere, da realtà funzionalmente attiva, entità suburbio sud-est tra le vie Latina e Ardeatina12. 4 Cfr. soprattutto DE ROSSI 1872, p. 65 (“Ciò sarà dimo- 8 Anche sulla linea di analoghi e illustri “esperimenti” di strato nella Roma sotterranea da disegni accuratissimi di quan- analisi e edizione nello studio della “Roma sotterranea”, come to vidi nell’atto
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