DOCSLIB.ORG

Kobe University Repository : Thesis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Kobe University Repository : Thesis Kobe University Repository : Thesis Policy Decisiveness and Collaboration in Housing Program Delivery: 学位論文題目 Leadership Patterns in Four Philippine Cities(住宅供給プログラムにお Title ける政策決定力と協力：フィリピン４市におけるリーダーシップパタ ーン) 氏名 POTUTAN Gerald Ejem Author 専攻分野 博士（学術） Degree 学位授与の日付 2014-09-03 Date of Degree 公開日 2016-09-03 Date of Publication 資源タイプ Thesis or Dissertation / 学位論文 Resource Type 報告番号 乙第3254号 Report Number 権利 Rights JaLCDOI URL http://www.lib.kobe-u.ac.jp/handle_kernel/D2003254 ※当コンテンツは神戸大学の学術成果です。無断複製・不正使用等を禁じます。著作権法で認められている範囲内で、適切にご利用ください。 PDF issue: 2021-10-04 Policy Decisiveness and Collaboration in Housing Program Delivery Leadership Patterns in Four Philippine Cities Kobe University Graduate School of International Cooperation Studies Gerald E. Potutan This page is left blank. Preface Heightened urbanization in the Philippines has changed the context of cities. It has resulted in a more complex local environment accompanied with problems such as lack of housing, environmental degradation, declining literacy rates, and rising unemployment rates. Among these, the lack of housing is seen as the most politicized because it involves hu ge number of urban poor voters. To facilitate an improved housing program delivery, especially at the city levels, collaboration (facilitated by institutional synergy) has been encouraged through structural mechanisms such as national legislation and polic ies. In the process, the strategy for program delivery has been focused more on structural factors such as institutions, rules, and laws. In view of this, the role of policy decisiveness (facilitated by leadership) in program delivery is somewhat neglected. While there are good reasons to emphasize the importance of institutional synergy to effectively address the rising housing demands, it is also essential to rethink the importance of leadership in facilitating and directing institutional synergy. This paper argues that policy decisiveness – which can be observed through the choices, decisions, and actions of a leader – matters because it has the potential to affect change. The paper explores whether policy decisiveness can offer a more viable option for addressing the complex challenges in housing program delivery. In particular, it will look into the role of policy decisiveness in managing the socio-political dynamics, the competing demands of interest groups, and the different opinions of people in the communities. In the recent context where popular technologies such as smart phones, internet, televisions, and social networking sites are widely accessible, local people are more empowered to know and express their voices about the decisions and actions of i their political leaders. Under this condition, it is critical to know whether the leader is able to convene the different voices towards a common goal and avoid policy gridlock in program delivery. While it is commonly thought the policy decisiveness can potentially improve program delivery, little attention is given to this subject, and therefore, there is a knowledge gap. To fill this gap, this research has collected, documented, and analyzed case studies to validate or invalidate such thought. In pursuit of this research, it is expected that the findings will inform the policies and strategies for an improved housing program delivery in the future. This research is also expected to offer new insights on policy decisiveness which can be useful for academic scholars, students, and policymakers. ii Table of Contents Preface i List of Tables and Figures vii Acronyms ix Abstract 0 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 2 1.1.1 Organizing Concepts 3 1.1.2 Shifting Patterns: From Personalities to Institutions 3 1.1.3 Housing Program Delivery: The Case Point for Analysis 9 1.1.4 Collaboration: Structure-focused Approach 16 1.1.5 Policy Decisiveness: Agency-focused Approach 19 1.2 Statement of the Problem 23 1.2.1 Research Question 24 1.2.2 Objectives 25 1.3 Scope, Limitations, and Contributions 25 1.4 Organization of the Dissertation 27 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 29 2.1 Structure and Agency 29 2.1.1 Structural Perspective 30 2.1.2 Agential Perspective 31 2.1.3 Structure-Agency Complementarity 33 2.2 Collaboration 34 2.2.1 Non-Collaboration Pattern 37 2.2.2 Collaboration Pattern 39 2.2.3 Synergy 43 iii 2.3 Policy Decisiveness 45 2.3.1 Policy Decisiveness as Unity of Purpose 46 2.3.2 Policy Indecisiveness as Gridlock 48 2.3.3 Analytical Advantage of Applying Policy Decisiveness 49 2.3.4 Leadership 50 2.4. Summary 56 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 57 3.1 Research Design 57 3.1.1 Hypothesis 57 3.1.2 Research Framework 59 3.2 Selection of Cases 61 3.2.1 Unit of Analysis 62 3.2.2 Choice of Issue 62 3.3 Data Collection 63 3.4 Summary 63 CHAPTER 4 MARIKINA CITY 64 4.1 Profile of Marikina City 64 4.1.1 Location 66 4.1.2 Quick Statistics 67 4.1.3 Serving Mayors 68 4.2 Bayani F. Fernando: The Mayor 69 4.2.1 Strong Resolve 70 4.2.2 Non-Collaboration Perspectives in Program Delivery 75 4.2.3 Other Initiatives 79 4.3 The “Squatter-Free” Program 82 4.3.1 Decisions 83 4.3.2 Delivery Mechanism 89 iv 4.4 Policy Decisiveness of BF 95 4.5 Summary 99 CHAPTER 5 NAGA CITY 100 5.1 Profile of Naga City 100 5.1.1 Location 103 5.1.2 Quick Statistics 104 5.1.3 Serving Mayors 105 5.2 Jesse M. Robredo: The Mayor 106 5.2.1 Semblance of True Grit 108 5.2.2 Collaboration Perspectives in Program Delivery 112 5.3 The “Kaantabay sa Kauswagan” Program 119 5.3.1 Decisions 120 5.3.2 Delivery Mechanism 121 5.4 Policy Decisiveness of Robredo 129 5.5 Summary 132 CHAPTER 6 MANDALUYONG AND CEBU 133 6.1 Mandaluyong City 133 6.1.1 City Profile 133 6.1.2 Neptali M. Gonzales II: The Mayor 137 6.1.3 The City Housing Program 141 6.1.4 Policy Indecisiveness of Gonzales 149 6.2 Cebu City 151 6.2.1 City Profile 151 6.2.2 Tomas Osmeña: The Mayor 154 6.2.3 The City Housing Program 159 6.2.4 Policy Indecisiveness of Osmeña 168 6.3 Summary 171 v CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS 172 7.1 Summary of Findings 172 7.1.1 How does policy decisiveness facilitate program delivery? 173 7.1.2 Should we accept policy decisiveness and reject collaboration? 177 7.1.3 How to achieve policy decisiveness? 178 7.1.4 Contributions of the Findings to the General Knowledge 180 7.2 Recommendations 180 7.2.1 Policy Recommendations 181 7.2.2 Recommendations for Further Research 182 BIBLIOGRAPHY 185 ANNEXES Annex 1 Website Links of Four City Mayors 206 Annex 2 List of Mayors in Four City Cases 2010-2013 212 Annex 3 Acknowledgements 213 vi List of Tables and Figures Tables Table 1.1 Housing Needs for 2005-2010 11 Table 1.2 Housing Targets and Accomplishments 2001-2004 13 Table 2.1 Characteristics of Non-Collaborative Pattern 37 Table 2.2 Characteristics of Collaborative Pattern 40 Table 4.1 Quick Statistics of Marikina City 68 Table 4.2 Serving Mayors in Marikina since 1988 Elections 69 Table 4.3 Major Settlements Sites 85 Table 4.4 Community Associations and Households 88 Table 4.5 Estimated Numbers of Squatters in Marikina 1993-2007 96 Table 4.6 Achievements of Squatter-Free Program (2008) 96 Table 5.1 Quick Statistics of Naga City 104 Table 5.2 Serving Mayors in Naga since 1988 Elections 105 Table 5.3 Housing Needs of Naga City 2001-2010 120 Table 5.4 Estimated Numbers of Squatters in Naga 1995-2007 130 Table 5.5 Achievement of Housing Program (2007) 130 Table 6.1 Profile of Mandaluyong City 135 Table 6.2 Income and Expenditures 1998-2003 135 Table 6.3 Serving Mayors in Mandaluyong since 1988 Elections 136 Table 6.4 Land Acquisition as of December 2002 143 Table 6.5 Eviction and Demolition Projects (2002-2003) 144 Table 6.6 Contribution of Adopt-A-Home Project 150 Table 6.7 Profile of Cebu City 153 Table 6.8 Serving Mayors in Cebu City since 1988 Elections 154 Table 6.9 Land Areas that Still Need to Be Acquired 161 vii Table 6.10 Estimated Numbers of Squatters Served 166 Table 6.11 Estimated Numbers of Squatters in Cebu 1993-2007 168 Table 7.1 Comparative Number of Squatters Before and After the Program 173 Table 7.2 Estimated Numbers of Squatters in Marikina 1993-2007 174 Table 7.3 Estimated Numbers of Squatters in Naga 1995-2007 174 Table 7.4 Estimated Numbers of Squatters in Mandaluyong 2004-2007 174 Table 7.5 Estimated Numbers of Squatters in Cebu 1993-2007 175 Table 7.6 Estimated Number of Beneficiaries Served in Four Cities 175 Figures Figure 3.1 Research Framework 59 Figure 3.2 Unique Features of Cases 61 Figure 4.1 Location of Marikina City 66 Figure 4.2 MSO Functional Structure 90 Figure 5.1 Location of Naga City 103 Figure 5.2 “Kaantabay sa Kauswagan” Operations Framework 122 Figure 5.3 Relationship between COPE and NCUF 123 Figure 5.4 Situating COPE and NCUF in NCPC 125 Figure 5.5 Collaboration Structure of Naga City 127 Figure 6.1 Location of Mandaluyong City 134 Figure 6.2 MHDB-GK Supplementary Project Structure 148 Figure 6.3 Location of Cebu City 152 Figure 6.4 Complementarity between DWUP and FORGE 164 Figure 7.1 Summary of Findings 172 viii Acronyms ADB Asian Development Bank AIM Asian Institute of Management BLGF Bureau of Local Government Finance BOI Board of Investment BOT Build Operate Transfer BRBDP Bicol River Basin Development Program CA Community Association CCUP Cebu City Commission for the Urban Poor CDC City Development Council CPDO City Planning and Development Office CHR Commission on Human Rights CISFA Comprehensive and Integrated Shelter Financing Act CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan CMP Community Mortgage Program COHRE Center for Housing Rights and Eviction COPE Community Organization of the Philippines Enterprises CSO Civil Society Organization DILG
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ateneo Factcheck 2016
    FactCheck/ Information Brief on Peace Process (GPH/MILF) and an Autonomous Bangsamoro Western Mindanao has been experiencing an armed conflict for more than forty years, which claimed more than 150,000 souls and numerous properties. As of 2016 and in spite of a 17-year long truce between the parties, war traumas and chronic insecurity continue to plague the conflict-affected areas and keep the ARMM in a state of under-development, thus wasting important economic opportunities for the nation as a whole. Two major peace agreements and their annexes constitute the framework for peace and self- determination. The Final Peace Agreement (1996) signed by the Moro National Liberation Front and the government and the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (2014), signed by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, both envision – although in different manners – the realization of self-governance through the creation of a (genuinely) autonomous region which would allow the Moro people to live accordingly to their culture and faith. The Bangsamoro Basic Law is the emblematic implementing measure of the CAB. It is a legislative piece which aims at the creation of a Bangsamoro Political Entity, which should enjoy a certain amount of executive and legislative powers, according to the principle of subsidiarity. The 16th Congress however failed to pass the law, despite a year-long consultative process and the steady advocacy efforts of many peace groups. Besides the BBL, the CAB foresees the normalization of the region, notably through its socio-economic rehabilitation and the demobilization and reinsertion of former combatants. The issue of peace in Mindanao is particularly complex because it involves: - Security issues: peace and order through security sector agencies (PNP/ AFP), respect of ceasefires, control on arms;- Peace issues: peace talks (with whom? how?), respect and implementation of the peace agreements;- But also economic development;- And territorial and governance reforms to achieve regional autonomy.
    [Show full text]
  • Fourteenth Congress of the Republic)
    . .. > FOURTEENTH CONGRESS OF THE REPUBLIC) OF THE PHILIPPINES 1 *;; , , ,' ~ -, .! . 1 <; First Regular Session 1 SENATE P. S. R. No. 4b5 Introduced by Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago RESOLUTION DIRECTING THE PROPER SENATE COMMITTEE TO CONDUCT AN INQUIRY, IN AID OF LEGISLATION, ON THE FLASH FLOOD THAT DISPLACED 1,500 BARANGAY BAGONG SILANGAN RESIDENTS WHEREAS, the Constitution, Article 2, Section 9, provides that, "The State shall promote a just and dynamic social order that will ensure the prosperity and independence of the nation and free the people from poverty through policies that provide adequate social services, promote full employment, a rising standard of living, and an improved quality of life for all"; WHEREAS, the Philippine Daily Inquirer in its 14 May 2008 news article reported that shoulder-high waters flooded Barangay Bagong Silangan, an impoverished community in Quezon City, forcing more than 1,500 people out of their houses; WHEREAS, according to residents, the water level suddenly rose in their barangay during a heavy downpour at around 4:30 PM of 12 May 2008; WHEREAS, residents claimed that the water came from an embankment that gave way when a nearby creek overflowed; WHEREAS, Superintendent Constante Agpoa , commander of the Quezon City Police District Station 6, countered the residents' claim, stating that the affected community is located in a low-lying area, and as a result, water coming from higher places naturally flow in that direction; WHEREAS, most of the residents affected by the flood lost their personal
    [Show full text]
  • The Erosion of Liberalism and the Rise of Duterte in the Philippines Lisandro Claudio
    The Erosion of Liberalism and the Rise of Duterte in the Philippines Lisandro Claudio To cite this version: Lisandro Claudio. The Erosion of Liberalism and the Rise of Duterte in the Philippines. 2019. halshs-03151036 HAL Id: halshs-03151036 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03151036 Submitted on 2 Mar 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. EUROPEAN POLICY BRIEF COMPETING INTEGRATIONS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA The Erosion of Liberalism and the Rise of Duterte in the Philippines This brief situates the rise and continued popularity of President Rodrigo Duterte within an intellectual history of Philippine liberalism. First, the history of the Philippine liberal tradition is examined beginning in the nineteenth century before it became the dominant mode of elite governance in the twentieth century. It then argues that “Dutertismo” (the dominant ideology and practice in the Philippines today) is both a reaction to, and an assault on, this liberal tradition. It concludes that the crisis brought about by the election of Duterte presents an opportunity for liberalism in the Philippines to be reimagined to confront the challenges faced by this country of almost 110 million people.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychographics Study on the Voting Behavior of the Cebuano Electorate
    PSYCHOGRAPHICS STUDY ON THE VOTING BEHAVIOR OF THE CEBUANO ELECTORATE By Nelia Ereno and Jessa Jane Langoyan ABSTRACT This study identified the attributes of a presidentiable/vice presidentiable that the Cebuano electorates preferred and prioritized as follows: 1) has a heart for the poor and the needy; 2) can provide occupation; 3) has a good personality/character; 4) has good platforms; and 5) has no issue of corruption. It was done through face-to-face interview with Cebuano registered voters randomly chosen using a stratified sampling technique. Canonical Correlation Analysis revealed that there was a significant difference as to the respondents’ preferences on the characteristic traits of the presidential and vice presidential candidates across respondents with respect to age, gender, educational attainment, and economic status. The strength of the relationships were identified to be good in age and educational attainment, moderate in gender and weak in economic status with respect to the characteristics of the presidentiable. Also, there was a good relationship in age bracket, moderate relationship in gender and educational attainment, and weak relationship in economic status with respect to the characteristics of a vice presidentiable. The strength of the said relationships were validated by the established predictive models. Moreover, perceptual mapping of the multivariate correspondence analysis determined the groupings of preferred characteristic traits of the presidential and vice presidential candidates across age, gender, educational attainment and economic status. A focus group discussion was conducted and it validated the survey results. It enumerated more characteristics that explained further the voting behavior of the Cebuano electorates. Keywords: canonical correlation, correspondence analysis perceptual mapping, predictive models INTRODUCTION Cebu has always been perceived as "a province of unpredictability during elections" [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Emindanao Library an Annotated Bibliography (Preliminary Edition)
    eMindanao Library An Annotated Bibliography (Preliminary Edition) Published online by Center for Philippine Studies University of Hawai’i at Mānoa Honolulu, Hawaii July 25, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface iii I. Articles/Books 1 II. Bibliographies 236 III. Videos/Images 240 IV. Websites 242 V. Others (Interviews/biographies/dictionaries) 248 PREFACE This project is part of eMindanao Library, an electronic, digitized collection of materials being established by the Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa. At present, this annotated bibliography is a work in progress envisioned to be published online in full, with its own internal search mechanism. The list is drawn from web-based resources, mostly articles and a few books that are available or published on the internet. Some of them are born-digital with no known analog equivalent. Later, the bibliography will include printed materials such as books and journal articles, and other textual materials, images and audio-visual items. eMindanao will play host as a depository of such materials in digital form in a dedicated website. Please note that some resources listed here may have links that are “broken” at the time users search for them online. They may have been discontinued for some reason, hence are not accessible any longer. Materials are broadly categorized into the following: Articles/Books Bibliographies Videos/Images Websites, and Others (Interviews/ Biographies/ Dictionaries) Updated: July 25, 2014 Notes: This annotated bibliography has been originally published at http://www.hawaii.edu/cps/emindanao.html, and re-posted at http://www.emindanao.com. All Rights Reserved. For comments and feedbacks, write to: Center for Philippine Studies University of Hawai’i at Mānoa 1890 East-West Road, Moore 416 Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 Email: [email protected] Phone: (808) 956-6086 Fax: (808) 956-2682 Suggested format for citation of this resource: Center for Philippine Studies, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa.
    [Show full text]
  • HFCNE 04102010:News Ed.Qxd
    OPINION PHILIPPINE NEWS MAINLAND NEWS inside look Was Manny Villar 3 U.S. Embassy 11 Doctors Sue To 13 APRIL 10, 2010 Really Poor Issues Advisory vs Overturn The Health Travel to Mindanao Care Bill H AWAII’ S O NLY W EEKLY F ILIPINO - A MERICAN N EWSPAPER PHILIPPINE OLYMPIC MEDALIST TO BE INDUCTED INTO SWIMMING HALL OF FAME HFC Staff By e is to the Philippines what Duke Kahanamoku is to Hawaii, yet very few people know about Teofilo Yldefonzo—widely considered to be the Philippines’s greatest H Olympic swimmer. A three time Olympian, Yldefonzo won back-to- Norma Yldefonzo Arganda and two grandchildren to back bronze medals at the 1928 Olympics in Ams- the ceremony and are appealing to the Fil-Am com- terdam and at the 1932 Olympics in Los Angeles. munity in the U.S. for monetary assistance. His specialty was the 200-meter breaststroke. Ylde- “If anybody should be at the inauguration, it fonzo also competed at the 1936 in Berlin but failed should be Teofilo’s direct descendants,” writes fam- to get a medal. ily friend Lani Eugenio in an email. “Please support Yldefonzo will be inducted into the International their quest to attend this celebration.” Swimming Hall of Fame in Florida on May 8, 2010. (continued on page 4) Friends and relatives want to send his daughter “The Ilocano Shark”,Teofilo Yldefonzo Mizuno Opposes EPOD, Shutdown of State DHS By HFC Staff ep. John Mizuno, chair of the State House Human Services Committee, Rcontinues to oppose an unpopular Sen. Mar Roxas and Sen.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Climate/Column for Phil Daily Inquirer
    “What’s the latest?” Page 1 of 3 Column for Philippine Daily Inquirer PDI 09-02, 1-09-08 [for publication on 1-10-2008] “What’s the latest?” Mahar Mangahas Right after greeting me Happy New Year, the most common next question of friends and acquaintances is “What’s the latest?” referring, most of all, to prospects for the next national election in 2010, according to the SWS surveys. I tell them that the survey leaders are a cluster of three, namely Noli de Castro, Manny Villar, and Loren Legarda, and then refer them to the SWS website, since I can’t remember so many numbers, all the more as another year passes by. Anyway, for the nth time, last November 7th SWS reported the finding of its September 2008 survey that the top answers to the question on persons who would be good (magaling) successors of Pres. Arroyo as President, with up to three names accepted, were – with percentages in parentheses -- de Castro (29), Villar (28), Legarda (26), Panfilo Lacson (17), Francis Escudero (16), Joseph Estrada (13), and Mar Roxas (13). All others, including Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, Bayani Fernando, Antonio Trillanes et al., got one percent or less. In short, the aspirants cluster into three groups: the top three, then a group of four at least 9 points away, and then everyone else. To be fair to all possible aspirants, no list of names was provided to prompt the respondents. As a result, we discover that some Filipinos favor the return of GMA or Erap in 2010, and some favor Trillanes, though he would not yet be 40 years old by then.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal No. 77
    REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES Senat:e Pasay City Journal SESSION NO. 77 Wednesday, May 28,2014 SIXTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST REGULAR SESSION SESSION NO. 77 Wednesday, May 28, 2014 CALL TO ORDER ng malaking hamon na aming kina­ kaharap. At 3: 13 p.m., the Senate President, Hon. Franklin M. Drilon, called the session to order. Ang lahat po ng ito ay ibinabalik namin sa Iyo, Panginoon. PRAYER Amen. Sen. Joseph Victor G. Ejercito led the prayer, ROLL CALL to wit: Mahal na Panginoon, muli kaming Upon direction of the Chair, the Secretary of the nagtitipun-tipon sa hapong ito upang Senate, Atty. Oscar G. Yabes, called the roll, to magampanan ang aming mga tungkulin. which the following senators responded: Ipinapaabot namin ang aming lubos na pasasalamat sa Iyong pagmamahal at Angara, S. Honasan, G. B. sa mga biyayang ipinagkaloob Ninyo Aquino, P. B. IV. B. Lapid, M. L. M. sa amino Binay, M. L. N. S. Legarda, L. Drilon, F. M. Osmefia III, S. R. Sa kabila ng mga pagsubok na Ejercito, J. V. G. Pimentel III, A. K. kinakaharap ng institusyong ito na aming Enrile, J. P. Poe, G. kinabibilangan, kami po ay hindi nawa­ Escudero, F. J. G. Sotto III, V. C. walan ng pag-asa na magiging maayos Estrada, J. Trillanes IV, A. F. din ang lahat at tanging kapakanan ng aming mga kababayan ang higit na With 16 senators present, the Chair declared the mananaig. presence of a quorum. Biyayaan Ninyo nawa kami ng sapat na karunungan at malinis na kalooban Senators Cayetano (A), Recto and Revilla arrived upang patuloy naming magampanan ang after the roll call.
    [Show full text]
  • Southeast Asia from Scott Circle
    Chair for Southeast Asia Studies Southeast Asia from Scott Circle Volume VII | Issue 4 | February 18, 2016 A Tumultuous 2016 in the South China Sea Inside This Issue gregory poling biweekly update Gregory Poling is a fellow with the Chair for Southeast Asia • Myanmar commander-in-chief’s term extended Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in amid fragile talks with Aung San Suu Kyi Washington, D.C. • U.S., Thailand hold annual Cobra Gold exercise • Singapore prime minister tables changes to February 18, 2016 political system • Obama hosts ASEAN leaders at Sunnylands This promises to be a landmark year for the claimant countries and other summit interested parties in the South China Sea disputes. Developments that have been under way for several years, especially China’s island-building looking ahead campaign in the Spratlys and Manila’s arbitration case against Beijing, will • Kingdom at a Crossroad: Thailand’s Uncertain come to fruition. These and other developments will draw outside players, Political Trajectory including the United States, Japan, Australia, and India, into greater involvement. Meanwhile a significant increase in Chinese forces and • 2016 Presidential and Congressional Primaries capabilities will lead to more frequent run-ins with neighbors. • Competing or Complementing Economic Visions? Regionalism and the Pacific Alliance, Alongside these developments, important political transitions will take TPP, RCEP, and the AIIB place around the region and further afield, especially the Philippine presidential elections in May. But no matter who emerges as Manila’s next leader, his or her ability to substantially alter course on the South China Sea will be highly constrained by the emergence of the issue as a cause célèbre among many Filipinos who view Beijing with wariness bordering on outright fear.
    [Show full text]
  • Diaspora Philanthropy: the Philippine Experience
    Diaspora Philanthropy: The Philippine Experience ______________________________________________________________________ Victoria P. Garchitorena President The Ayala Foundation, Inc. May 2007 _________________________________________ Prepared for The Philanthropic Initiative, Inc. and The Global Equity Initiative, Harvard University Supported by The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation ____________________________________________ Diaspora Philanthropy: The Philippine Experience I . The Philippine Diaspora Major Waves of Migration The Philippines is a country with a long and vibrant history of emigration. In 2006 the country celebrated the centennial of the first surge of Filipinos to the United States in the very early 20th Century. Since then, there have been three somewhat distinct waves of migration. The first wave began when sugar workers from the Ilocos Region in Northern Philippines went to work for the Hawaii Sugar Planters Association in 1906 and continued through 1929. Even today, an overwhelming majority of the Filipinos in Hawaii are from the Ilocos Region. After a union strike in 1924, many Filipinos were banned in Hawaii and migrant labor shifted to the U.S. mainland (Vera Cruz 1994). Thousands of Filipino farm workers sailed to California and other states. Between 1906 and 1930 there were 120,000 Filipinos working in the United States. The Filipinos were at a great advantage because, as residents of an American colony, they were regarded as U.S. nationals. However, with the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934, which officially proclaimed Philippine independence from U.S. rule, all Filipinos in the United States were reclassified as aliens. The Great Depression of 1929 slowed Filipino migration to the United States, and Filipinos sought jobs in other parts of the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Elecciones Presidenciales Filipinas De 2010: Entre La Inercia Y La Esperanza De Cambio
    Área: Asia-Pacífico ARI 83/2010 Fecha: 06/05/2010 Las elecciones presidenciales filipinas de 2010: entre la inercia y la esperanza de cambio Roberto Blanco Andrés * Tema: as elecciones generales de mayo de 2010 traerán un nuevo presidente después del largo mandato de Gloria Macapal-Arroyo. El futuro mandatario deberá hacer frente a los grandes desafíos en el bajo nivel de gobernanza y las deficiencias en el desarrollo. Resumen: En mayo de 2010, tras casi una década de gobierno, terminará la era Macapagal-Arroyo. Los sondeos presidenciales dan el primer puesto al liberal “Noynoy” Aquino, beneficiado por la gran popularidad de sus padres, seguido del nacionalista Villar, continuando a mayor distancia el populista Estrada, condenado hace pocos años por cargos de corrupción, y el oficialista Gilberto Teodoro. El desarrollo de la campaña ha puesto en evidencia el poco peso de los partidos políticos frente a las personalidades que concurren en los comicios. A pesar de que las votaciones serán las primeras automatizadas en la historia, siguen persistiendo la violencia política y la amenaza de irregularidades. Los candidatos han centrado su discurso en la solución de la corrupción y la pobreza como principales lacras del país. Análisis: El próximo lunes 10 de mayo de 2010 tendrán lugar en Filipinas elecciones generales, de carácter presidencial, legislativo y local. En ellas se votará para los cargos de presidente, vicepresidente, del Congreso (Casa de Representantes y mitad de los asientos del Senado), para los puestos provinciales (gobernadores, vicegobernadores alcaldes, y consejos de provincia) y de los gobiernos locales (alcaldes, vicealcaldes y consejeros de las ciudades).
    [Show full text]
  • Philippines (2010)
    Page 1 of 9 Print Freedom in the World - Philippines (2010) Political Rights Score: 4 * Capital: Manila Civil Liberties Score: 3 * Status: Partly Free Population: 92,227,000 Trend Arrow The Philippines received a downward trend arrow due to a general decline in the rule of law in the greater Mindanao region, and specifically the massacre of 57 civilians on their way to register a candidate for upcoming elections. Overview Political maneuvering escalated in 2009 as potential candidates prepared for the 2010 presidential election. Meanwhile, the administration remained unsuccessful in its long-standing efforts to amend the constitution and resolve the country’s Muslim and leftist insurgencies. In November, President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo declared martial law in the southern province of Maguindanao after 57 people were massacred in an apparent bid by the area’s dominant clan to prevent the electoral registration of a rival candidate. After centuries of Spanish rule, the Philippines came under U.S. control in 1898 and won independence in 1946. The country has been plagued by insurgencies, economic mismanagement, and widespread corruption since the 1960s. In 1986, a popular protest movement ended the 14-year dictatorship of President Ferdinand Marcos and replaced him with Corazon Aquino, whom the regime had cheated out of an electoral victory weeks earlier. Aquino’s administration ultimately failed to implement substantial reforms and was unable to dislodge entrenched social and economic elites. Fidel Ramos, a key figure in the 1986 protests, won the 1992 presidential election. The country was relatively stable and experienced significant if uneven economic growth under his administration.
    [Show full text]