Absolute Space-Time and Measurement Salim Yasmineh
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Proofs with Perpendicular Lines
3.4 Proofs with Perpendicular Lines EEssentialssential QQuestionuestion What conjectures can you make about perpendicular lines? Writing Conjectures Work with a partner. Fold a piece of paper D in half twice. Label points on the two creases, as shown. a. Write a conjecture about AB— and CD — . Justify your conjecture. b. Write a conjecture about AO— and OB — . AOB Justify your conjecture. C Exploring a Segment Bisector Work with a partner. Fold and crease a piece A of paper, as shown. Label the ends of the crease as A and B. a. Fold the paper again so that point A coincides with point B. Crease the paper on that fold. b. Unfold the paper and examine the four angles formed by the two creases. What can you conclude about the four angles? B Writing a Conjecture CONSTRUCTING Work with a partner. VIABLE a. Draw AB — , as shown. A ARGUMENTS b. Draw an arc with center A on each To be prof cient in math, side of AB — . Using the same compass you need to make setting, draw an arc with center B conjectures and build a on each side of AB— . Label the C O D logical progression of intersections of the arcs C and D. statements to explore the c. Draw CD — . Label its intersection truth of your conjectures. — with AB as O. Write a conjecture B about the resulting diagram. Justify your conjecture. CCommunicateommunicate YourYour AnswerAnswer 4. What conjectures can you make about perpendicular lines? 5. In Exploration 3, f nd AO and OB when AB = 4 units. -
Arxiv:2103.15570V2 [Physics.Hist-Ph] 22 Jun 2021 to This Article in Its Purpose and Content
An Analysis of the Concept of Inertial Frame Boris Čulina Department of Mathematics University of Applied Sciences Velika Gorica Zagrebačka cesta 5, 10410 Velika Gorica, Croatia e-mail: [email protected] Abstract. The concept of inertial frame of reference is analysed. It has been shown that this fundamental concept of physics is not clear enough. A definition of inertial frame of reference is proposed which expresses its key inherent property. The definition is operational and powerful. Many other properties of inertial frames follow from the definition or it makes them plausible. In particular, the definition shows why physical laws obey space and time symmetries and the principle of relativity, it resolves the problem of clock synchronization and the role of light in it, as well as the problem of the geometry of inertial frames. keywords: inertial frame of reference, space and time symmetries, the principle of relativity, clock synchronization, physical geometry The concept of inertial frame is a fundamental concept of physics. The opinion of the author is that not enough attention has been paid to such a significant concept, not only in textbooks, but also in the scientific literature. In the scientific literature, many particular issues related to the concept of inertial frame have been addressed, but, as far as the author is aware, a sys- tematic analysis of this concept has not been made. DiSalle’s article [DiS20] in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy gives an overview of the histori- cal development of the concept of an inertial frame as an essential part of the historical development of physics. -
Chapter 1 – Symmetry of Molecules – P. 1
Chapter 1 – Symmetry of Molecules – p. 1 - 1. Symmetry of Molecules 1.1 Symmetry Elements · Symmetry operation: Operation that transforms a molecule to an equivalent position and orientation, i.e. after the operation every point of the molecule is coincident with an equivalent point. · Symmetry element: Geometrical entity (line, plane or point) which respect to which one or more symmetry operations can be carried out. In molecules there are only four types of symmetry elements or operations: · Mirror planes: reflection with respect to plane; notation: s · Center of inversion: inversion of all atom positions with respect to inversion center, notation i · Proper axis: Rotation by 2p/n with respect to the axis, notation Cn · Improper axis: Rotation by 2p/n with respect to the axis, followed by reflection with respect to plane, perpendicular to axis, notation Sn Formally, this classification can be further simplified by expressing the inversion i as an improper rotation S2 and the reflection s as an improper rotation S1. Thus, the only symmetry elements in molecules are Cn and Sn. Important: Successive execution of two symmetry operation corresponds to another symmetry operation of the molecule. In order to make this statement a general rule, we require one more symmetry operation, the identity E. (1.1: Symmetry elements in CH4, successive execution of symmetry operations) 1.2. Systematic classification by symmetry groups According to their inherent symmetry elements, molecules can be classified systematically in so called symmetry groups. We use the so-called Schönfliess notation to name the groups, Chapter 1 – Symmetry of Molecules – p. 2 - which is the usual notation for molecules. -
20. Geometry of the Circle (SC)
20. GEOMETRY OF THE CIRCLE PARTS OF THE CIRCLE Segments When we speak of a circle we may be referring to the plane figure itself or the boundary of the shape, called the circumference. In solving problems involving the circle, we must be familiar with several theorems. In order to understand these theorems, we review the names given to parts of a circle. Diameter and chord The region that is encompassed between an arc and a chord is called a segment. The region between the chord and the minor arc is called the minor segment. The region between the chord and the major arc is called the major segment. If the chord is a diameter, then both segments are equal and are called semi-circles. The straight line joining any two points on the circle is called a chord. Sectors A diameter is a chord that passes through the center of the circle. It is, therefore, the longest possible chord of a circle. In the diagram, O is the center of the circle, AB is a diameter and PQ is also a chord. Arcs The region that is enclosed by any two radii and an arc is called a sector. If the region is bounded by the two radii and a minor arc, then it is called the minor sector. www.faspassmaths.comIf the region is bounded by two radii and the major arc, it is called the major sector. An arc of a circle is the part of the circumference of the circle that is cut off by a chord. -
Principle of Relativity in Physics and in Epistemology Guang-Jiong
Principle of Relativity in Physics and in Epistemology Guang-jiong Ni Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433,China Department of Physics , Portland State University, Portland,OR97207,USA (Email: [email protected]) Abstract: The conceptual evolution of principle of relativity in the theory of special relativity is discussed in detail . It is intimately related to a series of difficulties in quantum mechanics, relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory as well as to new predictions about antigravity and tachyonic neutrinos etc. I. Introduction: Two Postulates of Einstein As is well known, the theory of special relativity(SR) was established by Einstein in 1905 on two postulates (see,e.g.,[1]): Postulate 1: All inertial frames are equivalent with respect to all the laws of physics. Postulate 2: The speed of light in empty space always has the same value c. The postulate 1 , usually called as the “principle of relativity” , was accepted by all physicists in 1905 without suspicion whereas the postulate 2 aroused a great surprise among many physicists at that time. The surprise was inevitable and even necessary since SR is a totally new theory out broken from the classical physics. Both postulates are relativistic in essence and intimately related. This is because a law of physics is expressed by certain equation. When we compare its form from one inertial frame to another, a coordinate transformation is needed to check if its form remains invariant. And this Lorentz transformation must be established by the postulate 2 before postulate 1 can have quantitative meaning. Hence, as a metaphor, to propose postulate 1 was just like “ to paint a dragon on the wall” and Einstein brought it to life “by putting in the pupils of its eyes”(before the dragon could fly out of the wall) via the postulate 2[2]. -
Geometry Course Outline
GEOMETRY COURSE OUTLINE Content Area Formative Assessment # of Lessons Days G0 INTRO AND CONSTRUCTION 12 G-CO Congruence 12, 13 G1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND RIGID MOTION Representing and 20 G-CO Congruence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Combining Transformations Analyzing Congruency Proofs G2 GEOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS AND PROPERTIES Evaluating Statements 15 G-CO Congruence 9, 10, 11 About Length and Area G-C Circles 3 Inscribing and Circumscribing Right Triangles G3 SIMILARITY Geometry Problems: 20 G-SRT Similarity, Right Triangles, and Trigonometry 1, 2, 3, Circles and Triangles 4, 5 Proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem M1 GEOMETRIC MODELING 1 Solving Geometry 7 G-MG Modeling with Geometry 1, 2, 3 Problems: Floodlights G4 COORDINATE GEOMETRY Finding Equations of 15 G-GPE Expressing Geometric Properties with Equations 4, 5, Parallel and 6, 7 Perpendicular Lines G5 CIRCLES AND CONICS Equations of Circles 1 15 G-C Circles 1, 2, 5 Equations of Circles 2 G-GPE Expressing Geometric Properties with Equations 1, 2 Sectors of Circles G6 GEOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND DIMENSIONS Evaluating Statements 15 G-GMD 1, 3, 4 About Enlargements (2D & 3D) 2D Representations of 3D Objects G7 TRIONOMETRIC RATIOS Calculating Volumes of 15 G-SRT Similarity, Right Triangles, and Trigonometry 6, 7, 8 Compound Objects M2 GEOMETRIC MODELING 2 Modeling: Rolling Cups 10 G-MG Modeling with Geometry 1, 2, 3 TOTAL: 144 HIGH SCHOOL OVERVIEW Algebra 1 Geometry Algebra 2 A0 Introduction G0 Introduction and A0 Introduction Construction A1 Modeling With Functions G1 Basic Definitions and Rigid -
Reconstructing William Craig Explanation of Absolute Time Based on Islamic Philosophy
Reconstructing William Craig Explanation of Absolute Time Based on Islamic Philosophy M. S. Kavyani (1), H. Parsania (2), and H. Razmi (3) Department of Philosophy of Physics, Baqir al Olum University, 37185-787, Qom, I. R. Iran. (2) Permanent Address: Department of Social Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, I. R. Iran. (3) Permanent Address: Department of Physics, University of Qom, Qom, I. R. Iran. (1) [email protected] (2) [email protected] (3) [email protected] Abstract After the advent of the theory of special relativity, the existence of an absolute time in nature was rejected in physics society. In recent decades, William Craig has endeavored to offer an interpretation of empirical evidences corresponding to theory of relativity with the preservation of an absolute time. His strategy is based on two viewpoints including dynamical theory of time and the Eminent God’s temporal being. After considering and criticizing these two viewpoints, using the well-known overall substantial motion of nature in Islamic philosophy and thus the realization of a general time for all the nature, we have tried to reconstruct Craig argument for an absolute time. Although Craig has considered some evidences from modern physics reasoning on an absolute time, the special advantage of the approach considered here is in this fact that it connects better the existing gap between the metaphysics and the physics of the argument. Keywords: Absolute time; Theory of relativity; William Craig; The dynamical time theory; Islamic Philosophy; Nature overall substantial motion; General time Introduction In classical mechanics, the absolute universal time was considered as the measure of the events chronology and a parameter for determining their priority, posteriority, and simultaneity. -
Symmetry in Chemistry - Group Theory
Symmetry in Chemistry - Group Theory Group Theory is one of the most powerful mathematical tools used in Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy. It allows the user to predict, interpret, rationalize, and often simplify complex theory and data. At its heart is the fact that the Set of Operations associated with the Symmetry Elements of a molecule constitute a mathematical set called a Group. This allows the application of the mathematical theorems associated with such groups to the Symmetry Operations. All Symmetry Operations associated with isolated molecules can be characterized as Rotations: k (a) Proper Rotations: Cn ; k = 1,......, n k When k = n, Cn = E, the Identity Operation n indicates a rotation of 360/n where n = 1,.... k (b) Improper Rotations: Sn , k = 1,....., n k When k = 1, n = 1 Sn = , Reflection Operation k When k = 1, n = 2 Sn = i , Inversion Operation In general practice we distinguish Five types of operation: (i) E, Identity Operation k (ii) Cn , Proper Rotation about an axis (iii) , Reflection through a plane (iv) i, Inversion through a center k (v) Sn , Rotation about an an axis followed by reflection through a plane perpendicular to that axis. Each of these Symmetry Operations is associated with a Symmetry Element which is a point, a line, or a plane about which the operation is performed such that the molecule's orientation and position before and after the operation are indistinguishable. The Symmetry Elements associated with a molecule are: (i) A Proper Axis of Rotation: Cn where n = 1,.... This implies n-fold rotational symmetry about the axis. -
CHAPTER 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Chapter Outline
www.ck12.org CHAPTER 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Chapter Outline 3.1 LINES AND ANGLES 3.2 PROPERTIES OF PARALLEL LINES 3.3 PROVING LINES PARALLEL 3.4 PROPERTIES OF PERPENDICULAR LINES 3.5 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES IN THE COORDINATE PLANE 3.6 THE DISTANCE FORMULA 3.7 CHAPTER 3REVIEW In this chapter, you will explore the different relationships formed by parallel and perpendicular lines and planes. Different angle relationships will also be explored and what happens to these angles when lines are parallel. You will continue to use proofs, to prove that lines are parallel or perpendicular. There will also be a review of equations of lines and slopes and how we show algebraically that lines are parallel and perpendicular. 114 www.ck12.org Chapter 3. Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 3.1 Lines and Angles Learning Objectives • Identify parallel lines, skew lines, and parallel planes. • Use the Parallel Line Postulate and the Perpendicular Line Postulate. • Identify angles made by transversals. Review Queue 1. What is the equation of a line with slope -2 and passes through the point (0, 3)? 2. What is the equation of the line that passes through (3, 2) and (5, -6). 3. Change 4x − 3y = 12 into slope-intercept form. = 1 = − 4. Are y 3 x and y 3x perpendicular? How do you know? Know What? A partial map of Washington DC is shown. The streets are designed on a grid system, where lettered streets, A through Z run east to west and numbered streets 1st to 30th run north to south. -
11.4 Arcs and Chords
Page 1 of 5 11.4 Arcs and Chords Goal By finding the perpendicular bisectors of two Use properties of chords of chords, an archaeologist can recreate a whole circles. plate from just one piece. This approach relies on Theorem 11.5, and is Key Words shown in Example 2. • congruent arcs p. 602 • perpendicular bisector p. 274 THEOREM 11.4 B Words If a diameter of a circle is perpendicular to a chord, then the diameter bisects the F chord and its arc. E G Symbols If BG&* ∏ FD&* , then DE&* c EF&* and DGs c GFs. D EXAMPLE 1 Find the Length of a Chord In ᭪C the diameter AF&* is perpendicular to BD&* . D Use the diagram to find the length of BD&* . 5 F C Solution E A Because AF&* is a diameter that is perpendicular to BD&* , you can use Theorem 11.4 to conclude that AF&* bisects B BD&* . So, BE ϭ ED ϭ 5. BD ϭ BE ϩ ED Segment Addition Postulate ϭ 5 ϩ 5 Substitute 5 for BE and ED . ϭ 10 Simplify. ANSWER ᮣ The length of BD&* is 10. Find the Length of a Segment 1. Find the length of JM&* . 2. Find the length of SR&* . H P 12 K C S C M N G 15 P J R 608 Chapter 11 Circles Page 2 of 5 THEOREM 11.5 Words If one chord is a perpendicular bisector M of another chord, then the first chord is a diameter. J P K Symbols If JK&* ∏ ML&* and MP&** c PL&* , then JK&* is a diameter. -
Relationalism About Mechanics Based on a Minimalist Ontology of Matter
Relationalism about mechanics based on a minimalist ontology of matter Antonio Vassallo,∗ Dirk-André Deckert,† Michael Esfeld‡ Accepted for publication in European Journal for Philosophy of Science This paper elaborates on relationalism about space and time as motivated by a minimalist ontology of the physical world: there are only matter points that are individuated by the distance relations among them, with these re- lations changing. We assess two strategies to combine this ontology with physics, using classical mechanics as example: the Humean strategy adopts the standard, non-relationalist physical theories as they stand and interprets their formal apparatus as the means of bookkeeping of the change of the distance relations instead of committing us to additional elements of the on- tology. The alternative theory strategy seeks to combine the relationalist ontology with a relationalist physical theory that reproduces the predictions of the standard theory in the domain where these are empirically tested. We show that, as things stand, this strategy cannot be accomplished without compromising a minimalist relationalist ontology. Keywords: relationalism, parsimony, atomism, matter points, ontic structural realism, Humeanism, classical mechanics Contents 1 From atomism to relationalism about space and time 2 2 From ontology to physics: two strategies 11 ∗Université de Lausanne, Faculté des lettres, Section de philosophie, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. E- arXiv:1609.00277v1 [physics.hist-ph] 1 Sep 2016 mail: [email protected] †Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität -
Geometry Course Outline Learning Targets Unit 1: Proof, Parallel, And
Geometry Course Outline Learning Targets Unit 1: Proof, Parallel, and Perpendicular Lines 1-1-1 Identify, describe, and name points, lines, line segments, rays and planes using correct notation. 1-1-2 Identify and name angles. 1-2-1 Describe angles and angle pairs. 1-2-2 Identify and name parts of a circle. 2-1-1 Make conjectures by applying inductive reasoning. 2-1-2 Recognize the limits of inductive reasoning. 2-2-1 Use deductive reasoning to prove that a conjecture is true. 2-2-2 Develop geometric and algebraic arguments based on deductive reasoning. 3-1-1 Distinguish between undefined and defined terms. 3-1-2 Use properties to complete algebraic two-column proofs. 3-2-1 Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement. 3-2-2 Give counterexamples for false conditional statements. 3-3-1 Write and determine the truth value of the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement. 3-3-2 Write and interpret biconditional statements. 4-1-1 Apply the Segment Addition Postulate to find lengths of segments. 4-1-2 Use the definition of midpoint to find lengths of segments. 4-2-1 Apply the Angle Addition Postulate to find angle measures. 4-2-2 Use the definition of angle bisector to find angle measures. 5-1-1 Derive the Distance Formula. 5-1-2 Use the Distance Formula to find the distance between two points on the coordinate plane. 5-2-1 Use inductive reasoning to determine the Midpoint Formula. 5-2-2 Use the Midpoint Formula to find the coordinates of the midpoint of a segment on the coordinate plane.