ACTIVITY ONE: NOVEMBER 7 THE UNIVERSE B.E. (BEFORE EINSTEIN)

On November 7, 2014, Interstellar, a saga of courage, sacrifice, desperation and hope, will challenge moviegoers to think about the radical ways a changing Earth and the need to address its changes might challenge our daily ACTIVITY OVERVIEW: ACTIVITY GUIDELINES lives and the concepts that shape our existence. This film explores the often-startling aspects of the fabric of the universe, as understood by modern scientists. Interstellar will introduce you to scientific concepts that may These thought-provoking supplemental activities are designed to introduce the concept of relativity, and to give boggle your mind. In order to understand and appreciate those concepts, become familiar with the scientific ideas students a broader and deeper understanding of some of the fascinating science behind Interstellar. Use these activities introduced in these activities. as an introduction to the movie and its concepts, and then see the movie together (talk to your PTA!) or have students see the movie with their families and friends before embarking on post-movie discussions about the intriguing concepts and questions the movie raises.

PART 1 It’s helpful to know how scientists understood motion through space for hundreds of years. Things like time ACTIVITY ONE: ACTIVITY TWO: ACTIVITY THREE: and distance were absolute: the same everywhere for THE UNIVERSE B.E. (BEFORE EINSTEIN) IT’S ALL RELATIVE CONCEPTUAL CLOCKS

On November 7, 2014, Interstellar, a saga of courage, sacrifice, desperation and hope, will challenge moviegoers The universe we know and as depicted in Interstellar has a history of changed and challenging scientific understandings. In our day-to-day lives, we don’t need to take relativity into account when we travel. Most movies set in space also to think about the radical ways a changing Earth and the need to address its changes might challenge our daily For example: by the early 1900s, scientists had discovered a lot about light. It moved incredibly fast, roughly ignore relativity. But Interstellar grapples with the complexities of time built into a modern scientific understanding of everyone, no matter what. lives and the concepts that shape our existence. This film explores the often-startling aspects of the fabric of 300,000,000 meters per second in a vacuum. And the velocity was predicted to be constant. Recognizing the nature space travel. the universe, as understood by modern scientists. Interstellar will introduce you to scientific concepts that may of light was a critical change in human understanding that helped reveal the universe as we understand it today and as boggle your mind. In order to understand and appreciate those concepts, become familiar with the scientific ideas explored in Interstellar. introduced in these activities. PART 1 mirror Another thought experiment demonstrates one of the strange conclusions of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. Imagine two mirrors pointed at each other with a light beam bouncing back and forth between them. PART 1 For example, imagine a person on a speeding train Even as a young man, Albert Einstein knew there How long does it take for a beam of light to travel from one mirror to the other? PART 1 was something special and unusual about light. He light beam Use t = d/v, where t is time, d is distance, and v is velocity. Solve this equation in It’s helpful to know how scientists understood motion imagined what he would see if he were able to run at terms of the velocity of light, a constant that physicists call c, and leave the distance through space for hundreds of years. Things like time light speed. What would a light ray look like? Would it variable as d. and distance were absolute: the same everywhere for throws a ball as the train passes through a station. be standing still next to him? What do you think you everyone, no matter what. would see? mirror For example, imagine a person on a speeding train throws a ball as the train passes through a station. PART 3 They throw the ball at 20 meters per second in the They throw the ball at 20 meters per second in the Now imagine what the person on the train would same direction that the train is moving. see. Remember, the person on the platform says the PART 2 lightning struck the front and back at the same time. Now imagine this “light clock” is loaded on a spaceship To the thrower, it appears the ball moves the same as That is, t is the same for them from both ends. passing a space station. This ship is traveling so fast that, to same direction that the train is moving. if they were on the ground. You can use some simple an observer on the station, the first mirror has moved by the PART 2 equations to describe the motion they will see: d = vt, How do you think you would calculate the velocity of time the beam of light hits the second mirror and returns. Einstein proposed a thought experiment in 1917 to light from the front and the velocity of light from the So instead of the diagram above, the situation is more like where d is distance, v is velocity, and t is time. c=ct a=d show how new understandings of light speed changed back for the person on the train? the diagram at left. our picture of the universe. Imagine a person sitting How long will it take the ball to reach the front of the PART 2 in the middle of the train and one sitting in the middle train car if the person is standing in the middle of a How would the situation look for a person standing on If you draw a line straight down from the far mirror, you of the station. The train is moving through the station car that is 50 meters long? For simplicity, you may the platform if the train sped through at 36 kilometers will create two right triangles and you can use simple very quickly when lightning strikes the front and back. ignore the effect of gravity (but be sure to notice its per hour (10 meters/second)? What do you think they b=vt trigonometry to calculate the length of the sides of the To the thrower, it appears the ball moves the same as importance in the movie!). It may help you to draw a would do to calculate velocity? triangles. The observer in the station sees the lightning strike the Remember: the speed of light is constant for a given picture before solving the problem. front and back of the train at the same time. You can medium, which is air in this case; you cannot add to it Call one side of the triangle a, and have it be the distance between the mirrors (d). The other side, call it b, is the velocity use v = d/t to depict the situation, where v is velocity, or subtract from it. So as the light races from the front of the ship multiplied by the time it took to move, vt. The hypotenuse, call it c, is the path of the light beam. It is equal to d is distance, and t is time. and back of the train, the person is also racing forward. the velocity of light (c) multiplied by the time it took to reach the far mirror, ct. if they were on the ground. You can use some simple In a universe where time and space are absolute, the But the light from the back is not going faster because 2 2 2 velocity of the train and ball can be added together. Try calculating t if the observer is 1000 meters from the train is in motion. What do you think the person on Solve for t, using the equation for the sides of a right triangle: a + b = c . Plug in the values above for side a, side b, and How would the person on the platform calculate the the train to get a sense of how fast light moves. Use the train will see? hypotenuse c. time until the ball hit the front wall of the train car? 300,000,000 meters per second for v. How long did it equations to describe the motion they will see: d = vt, take to reach the observer?

PART 3 Now remember that c is a constant and cannot change. Compare your equations for time for the stationary light As a result, t for the moving clock is slower than t for the where d is distance, v is velocity, and t is time. Einstein realized that the person on the train would clock and the moving light clock. What do you notice stationary clock, by a factor related to the clock’s velocity. Albert Einstein (1879–1955) revolutionized this system see the front flash first, and then the back flash. Unlike about t for the moving clock? You should have derived This phenomenon is called time dilation, and it is hard when he started imagining a similar problem with light the ball, we cannot just add the velocity of the train t = d/ (c2–v2). What will happen as the velocity of the for many people to grasp. But it has been proven using instead of moving objects. The old view, with absolute to the velocity of light, because the velocity of light √ spaceship increases? very sensitive clocks placed on airplanes and in orbiting measurements, works well for things that move slowly. is constant. The observers do not agree on when satellites. They really tick slower than clocks that remain But when things move very fast, the calculations break the lightning struck. Who’s right? The answer is, it is “still” on Earth’s surface! Remember this when you go to down. The universe becomes relative. relative to their frame of reference. see Interstellar and think about the questions it raises. How long will it take the ball to reach the front of the PART 2

www.interstellar-education.com ADMINISTERED BY BKFK www.interstellar-education.com ADMINISTERED BY BKFK NOVEMBER 7 www.interstellar-education.com ADMINISTERED BY BKFK NOVEMBER 7 NOVEMBER 7 train car if the person is standing in the middle of a How would the situation look for a person standing on car that is 50 meters long? For simplicity, you may the platform if the train sped through at 36 kilometers ACTIVITY 1: ACTIVITY 2: ACTIVITY 3: ignore the effect of gravity (but be sure to notice its per hour (10 meters/second)? What do you think they importance in the movie!). It may help you to draw a would do to calculate velocity? THE UNIVERSE B.E. IT’S ALL RELATIVE CONCEPTUAL CLOCKS picture before solving the problem. (BEFORE EINSTEIN) This activity continues to lay Use this activity to show how Interstellar explores a number of the groundwork for more relativity alters the passage of fascinating science, math, and advanced concepts related to time. Students will be asked to In a universe where time and space are absolute, the humanitarian concepts. One of the movie that will be explored perform thought experiments velocity of the train and ball can be added together. these concepts is relativity. Use in activity 3. Use this activity to related to Einstein’s Special How would the person on the platform calculate the this activity as an introduction help students begin to see how Theory of Relativity. They will time until the ball hit the front wall of the train car? to the paradigm shift that was Albert Einstein’s ideas about also be asked to perform some relativity in terms of concepts of relativity radically changed our basic calculations related to absolute space and time, and to picture of the universe. Students distance, velocity, and time, as help students understand some will be introduced to a thought well as some geometry. basic ways scientists have thought experiment that demonstrates about motion, time, and frames how the speed of light is related Albert Einstein (1879–1955) revolutionized this system of reference for measurement. to relativity. They will then be when he started imagining a similar problem with light Students will be asked to do some asked to perform a few basic instead of moving objects. The old view, with absolute simple calculations. calculations about distance, measurements, works well for things that move slowly. velocity, and time. But when things move very fast, the calculations break down. The universe becomes relative.

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ACTIVITY TWO: ACTIVITY THREE: IT’S ALL RELATIVE CONCEPTUAL CLOCKS

The universe we know and as depicted in Interstellar has a history of changed and challenging scientific understandings. In our day-to-day lives, we don’t need to take relativity into account when we travel. Most movies set in space also For example: by the early 1900s, scientists had discovered a lot about light. It moved incredibly fast, roughly ignore relativity. But Interstellar grapples with the complexities of time built into a modern scientific understanding of 300,000,000 meters per second in a vacuum. And the velocity was predicted to be constant. Recognizing the nature space travel. of light was a critical change in human understanding that helped reveal the universe as we understand it today and as explored in Interstellar. PART 1 mirror Another thought experiment demonstrates one of the strange conclusions of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. Imagine two mirrors pointed at each other with a light beam bouncing back and forth between them. PART 1 Even as a young man, Albert Einstein knew there How long does it take for a beam of light to travel from one mirror to the other? was something special and unusual about light. He light beam Use t = d/v, where t is time, d is distance, and v is velocity. Solve this equation in imagined what he would see if he were able to run at terms of the velocity of light, a constant that physicists call c, and leave the distance light speed. What would a light ray look like? Would it variable as d. be standing still next to him? What do you think you would see? mirror

PART 3 Now imagine what the person on the train would see. Remember, the person on the platform says the PART 2 lightning struck the front and back at the same time. Now imagine this “light clock” is loaded on a spaceship That is, t is the same for them from both ends. passing a space station. This ship is traveling so fast that, to an observer on the station, the first mirror has moved by the PART 2 How do you think you would calculate the velocity of time the beam of light hits the second mirror and returns. Einstein proposed a thought experiment in 1917 to So instead of the diagram above, the situation is more like light from the front and the velocity of light from the c=ct a=d show how new understandings of light speed changed back for the person on the train? the diagram at left. our picture of the universe. Imagine a person sitting in the middle of the train and one sitting in the middle If you draw a line straight down from the far mirror, you of the station. The train is moving through the station will create two right triangles and you can use simple very quickly when lightning strikes the front and back. b=vt trigonometry to calculate the length of the sides of the triangles. The observer in the station sees the lightning strike the Remember: the speed of light is constant for a given Call one side of the triangle a, and have it be the distance between the mirrors (d). The other side, call it b, is the velocity front and back of the train at the same time. You can medium, which is air in this case; you cannot add to it of the ship multiplied by the time it took to move, vt. The hypotenuse, call it c, is the path of the light beam. It is equal to use v = d/t to depict the situation, where v is velocity, or subtract from it. So as the light races from the front the velocity of light (c) multiplied by the time it took to reach the far mirror, ct. d is distance, and t is time. and back of the train, the person is also racing forward. But the light from the back is not going faster because Solve for t, using the equation for the sides of a right triangle: a2 + b2 = c2. Plug in the values above for side a, side b, and Try calculating t if the observer is 1000 meters from the train is in motion. What do you think the person on hypotenuse c. the train to get a sense of how fast light moves. Use the train will see? 300,000,000 meters per second for v. How long did it take to reach the observer?

PART 3 Now remember that c is a constant and cannot change. Compare your equations for time for the stationary light As a result, t for the moving clock is slower than t for the Einstein realized that the person on the train would clock and the moving light clock. What do you notice stationary clock, by a factor related to the clock’s velocity. see the front flash first, and then the back flash. Unlike about t for the moving clock? You should have derived This phenomenon is called time dilation, and it is hard the ball, we cannot just add the velocity of the train t = d/√(c2–v2). What will happen as the velocity of the for many people to grasp. But it has been proven using to the velocity of light, because the velocity of light spaceship increases? very sensitive clocks placed on airplanes and in orbiting is constant. The observers do not agree on when satellites. They really tick slower than clocks that remain the lightning struck. Who’s right? The answer is, it is “still” on Earth’s surface! Remember this when you go to relative to their frame of reference. see Interstellar and think about the questions it raises.

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