CHAPTER 3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Chapter Outline
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Proofs with Perpendicular Lines
3.4 Proofs with Perpendicular Lines EEssentialssential QQuestionuestion What conjectures can you make about perpendicular lines? Writing Conjectures Work with a partner. Fold a piece of paper D in half twice. Label points on the two creases, as shown. a. Write a conjecture about AB— and CD — . Justify your conjecture. b. Write a conjecture about AO— and OB — . AOB Justify your conjecture. C Exploring a Segment Bisector Work with a partner. Fold and crease a piece A of paper, as shown. Label the ends of the crease as A and B. a. Fold the paper again so that point A coincides with point B. Crease the paper on that fold. b. Unfold the paper and examine the four angles formed by the two creases. What can you conclude about the four angles? B Writing a Conjecture CONSTRUCTING Work with a partner. VIABLE a. Draw AB — , as shown. A ARGUMENTS b. Draw an arc with center A on each To be prof cient in math, side of AB — . Using the same compass you need to make setting, draw an arc with center B conjectures and build a on each side of AB— . Label the C O D logical progression of intersections of the arcs C and D. statements to explore the c. Draw CD — . Label its intersection truth of your conjectures. — with AB as O. Write a conjecture B about the resulting diagram. Justify your conjecture. CCommunicateommunicate YourYour AnswerAnswer 4. What conjectures can you make about perpendicular lines? 5. In Exploration 3, f nd AO and OB when AB = 4 units. -
Molecular Symmetry
Molecular Symmetry Symmetry helps us understand molecular structure, some chemical properties, and characteristics of physical properties (spectroscopy) – used with group theory to predict vibrational spectra for the identification of molecular shape, and as a tool for understanding electronic structure and bonding. Symmetrical : implies the species possesses a number of indistinguishable configurations. 1 Group Theory : mathematical treatment of symmetry. symmetry operation – an operation performed on an object which leaves it in a configuration that is indistinguishable from, and superimposable on, the original configuration. symmetry elements – the points, lines, or planes to which a symmetry operation is carried out. Element Operation Symbol Identity Identity E Symmetry plane Reflection in the plane σ Inversion center Inversion of a point x,y,z to -x,-y,-z i Proper axis Rotation by (360/n)° Cn 1. Rotation by (360/n)° Improper axis S 2. Reflection in plane perpendicular to rotation axis n Proper axes of rotation (C n) Rotation with respect to a line (axis of rotation). •Cn is a rotation of (360/n)°. •C2 = 180° rotation, C 3 = 120° rotation, C 4 = 90° rotation, C 5 = 72° rotation, C 6 = 60° rotation… •Each rotation brings you to an indistinguishable state from the original. However, rotation by 90° about the same axis does not give back the identical molecule. XeF 4 is square planar. Therefore H 2O does NOT possess It has four different C 2 axes. a C 4 symmetry axis. A C 4 axis out of the page is called the principle axis because it has the largest n . By convention, the principle axis is in the z-direction 2 3 Reflection through a planes of symmetry (mirror plane) If reflection of all parts of a molecule through a plane produced an indistinguishable configuration, the symmetry element is called a mirror plane or plane of symmetry . -
Chapter 1 – Symmetry of Molecules – P. 1
Chapter 1 – Symmetry of Molecules – p. 1 - 1. Symmetry of Molecules 1.1 Symmetry Elements · Symmetry operation: Operation that transforms a molecule to an equivalent position and orientation, i.e. after the operation every point of the molecule is coincident with an equivalent point. · Symmetry element: Geometrical entity (line, plane or point) which respect to which one or more symmetry operations can be carried out. In molecules there are only four types of symmetry elements or operations: · Mirror planes: reflection with respect to plane; notation: s · Center of inversion: inversion of all atom positions with respect to inversion center, notation i · Proper axis: Rotation by 2p/n with respect to the axis, notation Cn · Improper axis: Rotation by 2p/n with respect to the axis, followed by reflection with respect to plane, perpendicular to axis, notation Sn Formally, this classification can be further simplified by expressing the inversion i as an improper rotation S2 and the reflection s as an improper rotation S1. Thus, the only symmetry elements in molecules are Cn and Sn. Important: Successive execution of two symmetry operation corresponds to another symmetry operation of the molecule. In order to make this statement a general rule, we require one more symmetry operation, the identity E. (1.1: Symmetry elements in CH4, successive execution of symmetry operations) 1.2. Systematic classification by symmetry groups According to their inherent symmetry elements, molecules can be classified systematically in so called symmetry groups. We use the so-called Schönfliess notation to name the groups, Chapter 1 – Symmetry of Molecules – p. 2 - which is the usual notation for molecules. -
20. Geometry of the Circle (SC)
20. GEOMETRY OF THE CIRCLE PARTS OF THE CIRCLE Segments When we speak of a circle we may be referring to the plane figure itself or the boundary of the shape, called the circumference. In solving problems involving the circle, we must be familiar with several theorems. In order to understand these theorems, we review the names given to parts of a circle. Diameter and chord The region that is encompassed between an arc and a chord is called a segment. The region between the chord and the minor arc is called the minor segment. The region between the chord and the major arc is called the major segment. If the chord is a diameter, then both segments are equal and are called semi-circles. The straight line joining any two points on the circle is called a chord. Sectors A diameter is a chord that passes through the center of the circle. It is, therefore, the longest possible chord of a circle. In the diagram, O is the center of the circle, AB is a diameter and PQ is also a chord. Arcs The region that is enclosed by any two radii and an arc is called a sector. If the region is bounded by the two radii and a minor arc, then it is called the minor sector. www.faspassmaths.comIf the region is bounded by two radii and the major arc, it is called the major sector. An arc of a circle is the part of the circumference of the circle that is cut off by a chord. -
Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal
Parallel Lines Cut by a Transversal I. UNIT OVERVIEW & PURPOSE: The goal of this unit is for students to understand the angle theorems related to parallel lines. This is important not only for the mathematics course, but also in connection to the real world as parallel lines are used in designing buildings, airport runways, roads, railroad tracks, bridges, and so much more. Students will work cooperatively in groups to apply the angle theorems to prove lines parallel, to practice geometric proof and discover the connections to other topics including relationships with triangles and geometric constructions. II. UNIT AUTHOR: Darlene Walstrum Patrick Henry High School Roanoke City Public Schools III. COURSE: Mathematical Modeling: Capstone Course IV. CONTENT STRAND: Geometry V. OBJECTIVES: 1. Using prior knowledge of the properties of parallel lines, students will identify and use angles formed by two parallel lines and a transversal. These will include alternate interior angles, alternate exterior angles, vertical angles, corresponding angles, same side interior angles, same side exterior angles, and linear pairs. 2. Using the properties of these angles, students will determine whether two lines are parallel. 3. Students will verify parallelism using both algebraic and coordinate methods. 4. Students will practice geometric proof. 5. Students will use constructions to model knowledge of parallel lines cut by a transversal. These will include the following constructions: parallel lines, perpendicular bisector, and equilateral triangle. 6. Students will work cooperatively in groups of 2 or 3. VI. MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE EXPECTATION(s): MPE.32 The student will use the relationships between angles formed by two lines cut by a transversal to a) determine whether two lines are parallel; b) verify the parallelism, using algebraic and coordinate methods as well as deductive proofs; and c) solve real-world problems involving angles formed when parallel lines are cut by a transversal. -
Geometry Course Outline
GEOMETRY COURSE OUTLINE Content Area Formative Assessment # of Lessons Days G0 INTRO AND CONSTRUCTION 12 G-CO Congruence 12, 13 G1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND RIGID MOTION Representing and 20 G-CO Congruence 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Combining Transformations Analyzing Congruency Proofs G2 GEOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS AND PROPERTIES Evaluating Statements 15 G-CO Congruence 9, 10, 11 About Length and Area G-C Circles 3 Inscribing and Circumscribing Right Triangles G3 SIMILARITY Geometry Problems: 20 G-SRT Similarity, Right Triangles, and Trigonometry 1, 2, 3, Circles and Triangles 4, 5 Proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem M1 GEOMETRIC MODELING 1 Solving Geometry 7 G-MG Modeling with Geometry 1, 2, 3 Problems: Floodlights G4 COORDINATE GEOMETRY Finding Equations of 15 G-GPE Expressing Geometric Properties with Equations 4, 5, Parallel and 6, 7 Perpendicular Lines G5 CIRCLES AND CONICS Equations of Circles 1 15 G-C Circles 1, 2, 5 Equations of Circles 2 G-GPE Expressing Geometric Properties with Equations 1, 2 Sectors of Circles G6 GEOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS AND DIMENSIONS Evaluating Statements 15 G-GMD 1, 3, 4 About Enlargements (2D & 3D) 2D Representations of 3D Objects G7 TRIONOMETRIC RATIOS Calculating Volumes of 15 G-SRT Similarity, Right Triangles, and Trigonometry 6, 7, 8 Compound Objects M2 GEOMETRIC MODELING 2 Modeling: Rolling Cups 10 G-MG Modeling with Geometry 1, 2, 3 TOTAL: 144 HIGH SCHOOL OVERVIEW Algebra 1 Geometry Algebra 2 A0 Introduction G0 Introduction and A0 Introduction Construction A1 Modeling With Functions G1 Basic Definitions and Rigid -
Geometry by Its History
Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics Geometry by Its History Bearbeitet von Alexander Ostermann, Gerhard Wanner 1. Auflage 2012. Buch. xii, 440 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 642 29162 3 Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 836 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Mathematik > Geometrie > Elementare Geometrie: Allgemeines Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. 2 The Elements of Euclid “At age eleven, I began Euclid, with my brother as my tutor. This was one of the greatest events of my life, as dazzling as first love. I had not imagined that there was anything as delicious in the world.” (B. Russell, quoted from K. Hoechsmann, Editorial, π in the Sky, Issue 9, Dec. 2005. A few paragraphs later K. H. added: An innocent look at a page of contemporary the- orems is no doubt less likely to evoke feelings of “first love”.) “At the age of 16, Abel’s genius suddenly became apparent. Mr. Holmbo¨e, then professor in his school, gave him private lessons. Having quickly absorbed the Elements, he went through the In- troductio and the Institutiones calculi differentialis and integralis of Euler. From here on, he progressed alone.” (Obituary for Abel by Crelle, J. Reine Angew. Math. 4 (1829) p. 402; transl. from the French) “The year 1868 must be characterised as [Sophus Lie’s] break- through year. -
Math 1312 Sections 2.3 Proving Lines Parallel. Theorem 2.3.1: If Two Lines
Math 1312 Sections 2.3 Proving Lines Parallel. Theorem 2.3.1: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that the corresponding angles are congruent, then these lines are parallel. Example 1: If you are given a figure (see below) with congruent corresponding angles then the two lines cut by the transversal are parallel. Because each angle is 35 °, then we can state that a ll b. 35 ° a ° b 35 Theorem 2.3.2: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that the alternate interior angles are congruent, then these lines are parallel. Example 2: If you are given a pair of alternate interior angles that are congruent, then the two lines cut by the transversal are parallel. Below the two angles shown are congruent and they are alternate interior angles; therefore, we can say that a ll b. a 75 ° ° b 75 Theorem 2.3.3: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that the alternate exterior angles are congruent, then these lines are parallel. Example 3: If you are given a pair of alternate exterior angles that are congruent, then the two lines cut by the transversal are parallel. For example, the alternate exterior angles below are each 105 °, so we can say that a ll b. 105 ° a b 105 ° Theorem 2.3.4: If two lines are cut by a transversal so that the interior angles on one side of the transversal are supplementary, then these lines are parallel. Example 3: If you are given a pair of consecutive interior angles that add up to 180 °(i.e. -
Symmetry in Chemistry - Group Theory
Symmetry in Chemistry - Group Theory Group Theory is one of the most powerful mathematical tools used in Quantum Chemistry and Spectroscopy. It allows the user to predict, interpret, rationalize, and often simplify complex theory and data. At its heart is the fact that the Set of Operations associated with the Symmetry Elements of a molecule constitute a mathematical set called a Group. This allows the application of the mathematical theorems associated with such groups to the Symmetry Operations. All Symmetry Operations associated with isolated molecules can be characterized as Rotations: k (a) Proper Rotations: Cn ; k = 1,......, n k When k = n, Cn = E, the Identity Operation n indicates a rotation of 360/n where n = 1,.... k (b) Improper Rotations: Sn , k = 1,....., n k When k = 1, n = 1 Sn = , Reflection Operation k When k = 1, n = 2 Sn = i , Inversion Operation In general practice we distinguish Five types of operation: (i) E, Identity Operation k (ii) Cn , Proper Rotation about an axis (iii) , Reflection through a plane (iv) i, Inversion through a center k (v) Sn , Rotation about an an axis followed by reflection through a plane perpendicular to that axis. Each of these Symmetry Operations is associated with a Symmetry Element which is a point, a line, or a plane about which the operation is performed such that the molecule's orientation and position before and after the operation are indistinguishable. The Symmetry Elements associated with a molecule are: (i) A Proper Axis of Rotation: Cn where n = 1,.... This implies n-fold rotational symmetry about the axis. -
11.4 Arcs and Chords
Page 1 of 5 11.4 Arcs and Chords Goal By finding the perpendicular bisectors of two Use properties of chords of chords, an archaeologist can recreate a whole circles. plate from just one piece. This approach relies on Theorem 11.5, and is Key Words shown in Example 2. • congruent arcs p. 602 • perpendicular bisector p. 274 THEOREM 11.4 B Words If a diameter of a circle is perpendicular to a chord, then the diameter bisects the F chord and its arc. E G Symbols If BG&* ∏ FD&* , then DE&* c EF&* and DGs c GFs. D EXAMPLE 1 Find the Length of a Chord In ᭪C the diameter AF&* is perpendicular to BD&* . D Use the diagram to find the length of BD&* . 5 F C Solution E A Because AF&* is a diameter that is perpendicular to BD&* , you can use Theorem 11.4 to conclude that AF&* bisects B BD&* . So, BE ϭ ED ϭ 5. BD ϭ BE ϩ ED Segment Addition Postulate ϭ 5 ϩ 5 Substitute 5 for BE and ED . ϭ 10 Simplify. ANSWER ᮣ The length of BD&* is 10. Find the Length of a Segment 1. Find the length of JM&* . 2. Find the length of SR&* . H P 12 K C S C M N G 15 P J R 608 Chapter 11 Circles Page 2 of 5 THEOREM 11.5 Words If one chord is a perpendicular bisector M of another chord, then the first chord is a diameter. J P K Symbols If JK&* ∏ ML&* and MP&** c PL&* , then JK&* is a diameter. -
Geometry Course Outline Learning Targets Unit 1: Proof, Parallel, And
Geometry Course Outline Learning Targets Unit 1: Proof, Parallel, and Perpendicular Lines 1-1-1 Identify, describe, and name points, lines, line segments, rays and planes using correct notation. 1-1-2 Identify and name angles. 1-2-1 Describe angles and angle pairs. 1-2-2 Identify and name parts of a circle. 2-1-1 Make conjectures by applying inductive reasoning. 2-1-2 Recognize the limits of inductive reasoning. 2-2-1 Use deductive reasoning to prove that a conjecture is true. 2-2-2 Develop geometric and algebraic arguments based on deductive reasoning. 3-1-1 Distinguish between undefined and defined terms. 3-1-2 Use properties to complete algebraic two-column proofs. 3-2-1 Identify the hypothesis and conclusion of a conditional statement. 3-2-2 Give counterexamples for false conditional statements. 3-3-1 Write and determine the truth value of the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of a conditional statement. 3-3-2 Write and interpret biconditional statements. 4-1-1 Apply the Segment Addition Postulate to find lengths of segments. 4-1-2 Use the definition of midpoint to find lengths of segments. 4-2-1 Apply the Angle Addition Postulate to find angle measures. 4-2-2 Use the definition of angle bisector to find angle measures. 5-1-1 Derive the Distance Formula. 5-1-2 Use the Distance Formula to find the distance between two points on the coordinate plane. 5-2-1 Use inductive reasoning to determine the Midpoint Formula. 5-2-2 Use the Midpoint Formula to find the coordinates of the midpoint of a segment on the coordinate plane. -
Parallel Lines
Madhav Kaushish Parallel Lines Learning Outcomes • Defining Objects Precisely • Comparing and Evaluating Definitions T: What are parallel lines? S: They are lines which do not meet. T: Are these lines parallel? S: No. They are segments, not lines. Lines go on forever. T: So are you saying segments cannot be parallel. Are the two segments below parallel? S: Yes they are. How about if we say that 2 lines or segments are parallel if they do not meet even when extended. T: Okay. How about the following. Are they parallel lines? S: No, they are curves, not lines. T: I’m guessing that when you say line, you mean straight line and when you say curve, you mean a non-straight path. Is that right? S: Yes. Madhav Kaushish T: The words are a little confusing since we seem to have two commonly used terms for the same thing: line and straight line. Just for the purposes of this session, let us use the following classification: Straight Lines Lines Non-Straight Lines A line is something you can trace with your finger without lifting it (of course in the geometry we are working in, you cannot actually trace a line since it has no width). It could be finite or not. We can call segments finite lines. S: Does that mean that when you ask us for what parallel lines are, you want us to include non- straight lines? T: That is your decision. We would like the definition to be as general as possible. So, if you can come up with aa definition which covers both straight and non-straight lines and leads to interesting theorems, then you should do that.