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Improving Meteorological Information to Air Transport FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE Erik Palménin aukio 1 P.O. Box 503 FI-00101 HELSINKI 137 CONTRIBUTIONS tel. +358 29 539 1000 WWW.FMI.FI FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE CONTRIBUTIONS No. 137 ISBN 978-952-336-031-0 (paperback) ISSN 0782-6117 Erweko Helsinki 2017 ISBN 978-952-336-032-7 (pdf) Helsinki 2017 IMPROVING METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION TO AIR TRANSPORT JAAKKO NUOTTOKARI FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE CONTRIBUTIONS NO. 137 IMPROVING METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION TO AIR TRANSPORT Jaakko Nuottokari Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Helsinki Helsinki, Finland LICENTIATE THESIS in meteorology Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki, 2017 Supervisor PhD Elena Saltikoff Meteorological Research Unit Finnish Meteorological Institute Reviewers Professor Heikki Järvinen and Docent Jouni Räisänen Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Helsinki ISBN 978-952-336-031-0 (Paperback) ISBN 978-952-336-032-7 (PDF) ISSN 0782-6117 Erweko Oy Helsinki 2017 http://ethesis.helsinki.fi Helsingin yliopiston verkkojulkaisut Series title, number and report Published by Finnish Meteorological Institute code of publication Erik Palménin aukio 1, P.O. Box 503 FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions 137, FMI-CONT-137 Date: 30 November 2017 Author: Jaakko Nuottokari Title: On improving meteorological information to air transport ABSTRACT Meteorological information and services supporting the various operations of air transport enable a safe, efficient and cost-effective operating environment for airspace users, air navigation service providers and air traffic management. The continuing pursuit towards an improved quality of observation, forecasting and decision support services is driven by an increasingly weather-sensitive society and growing impacts of hazardous weather events. This thesis provides an overview of the field of aeronautical meteorological research by introducing the organisations involved, global and regional strategies, impacts of weather on air transport, current state of the art in meteorological research and decision support systems serving air transport needs with a view of where the field should evolve next. This thesis is an attempt to highlight key findings and point the reader towards the direction of further research on the given topics. Research supporting air transport operations with the optimal use of weather information is a specialized field where advances are led by the needs of various airspace users. Research institutions for example in the United States have contributed greatly due to the severe weather impacts experienced by the National Airspace System (NAS), the ability of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to direct long-term funding to solve specific aviation-related research questions. The creation and maintenance of long-lived teams of scientists and engineers working together to produce end-to- end solutions that meet the needs of the aviation industry is the key to improving meteorological information to aviation users while university research is typically shorter duration and typical does not result in operational systems. From a global perspective, research is yet to be organised in a way that would contribute to solving aviation issues beyond single research projects and/or programmes. There is a lot more the scientific community could do to develop tailored information to decision support systems used by the aviation sector, but it would require systematic investments and the establishment of research groups focusing on the applied science questions and technology transfer. This thesis provides an overview of recommended decision support system development topics with an outline of potential milestones. Publishing unit Customer Services Classification (UDC) Keywords 656.7, 623.772, 551.509.317 Air transport, meteorological service, meteorological applications, decision support systems, civil aviation, aviation weather ISSN and series title 0782-6117 Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions ISBN Language Pages 978-952-336-031-0 (Paperback) English 125 978-952-336-032-7 (PDF) Julkaisun sarja, numero ja raporttikoodi Julkaisija Ilmatieteen laitos Erik Palménin aukio 1, Finnish Meteorological Institute PL 503, 00101 Helsinki Contributions 137, FMI-CONT-137 Päivämäärä: 30 marraskuuta 2017 Tekijä: Jaakko Nuottokari Nimeke: Ilmailun käyttämän meteorologisen tiedon kehittämisestä TIIVISTELMÄ Tieto ilmakehän nykyisestä ja tulevasta tilasta sekä tätä tietoa ilmailun tarpeisiin tuottavat palvelut mahdollistavat turvallisen, toimivan sekä kustannustehokkaan toimintaympäristön ilmatilan käyttäjille, ilmailun palveluiden tuottajille sekä ilmatilan hallintaa toteuttaville tahoille. Vaarallisille sääilmiöille herkemmäksi kehittyvä yhteiskunta vaatii havaintojen, ennusteiden sekä päätöksenteon tukijärjestelmien jatkuvaa kehittämistä asiakkaiden tarpeisiin. Tämä lisensiaatintutkielma tarjoaa maailmanlaajuisen yleiskatsauksen ilmailun sääpalveluiden tutkimukseen ja tuotekehitykseen pyrkimyksenään esitellä keskeiset toimijat, alueelliset ja kansalliset kehittämisohjelmat ja strategiat, sään vaikutukset ilmailulle, ilmailun sääpalveluiden nykytila sekä tulevaisuuden toimintaympäristön edellyttämät uudet lentosääpalvelut. Tavoitteena on korostaa ilmailun kannalta tärkeimpiä meteorologisia kehityskohteita ja ohjata lukija jo tehdyn tutkimuksen pariin. Ilmailun toimintoja tukevien sääpalveluiden kehittämiseen tähtäävä tutkimus on hyvin soveltava erikoisala, missä asiakkaiden tarpeet määrittävät tutkimuskohteet. Kehitys on keskittynyt voimakkaasti Yhdysvaltoihin, mihin on syynä kapasiteetin äärirajoilla toimiva ilmatila sekä kyky rahoittaa pitkäkestoisia meteorologisia tutkimushankkeita ilmailun tarpeisiin. Meteorologian tutkijoiden ja insinöörien pitkäkestoinen yhteistyö tuottaa koko arvoketjun kattavia projekteja, joiden lopputuloksena syntyy asiakkaan tarpeisiin räätälöityjä palveluita hyödyntäen yliopistoissa tehtävää tutkimusta sekä tietoteknisten ratkaisujen kehittymistä. Maailmanlaajuisesti katsottuna ilmailun sääpalveluiden tutkimusta ja tuotekehitystä ei ole toistaiseksi järjestetty yhtenäisen strategian tai tavoitteiden alle. Tieteellinen yhteisö pystyisi kasvattamaan merkittävästi panostaan ilmailun turvallisuuden kehittämiseksi, mikäli tuotekehityksen rahoitus organisoitaisiin paremmin ja osaaminen keskitettäisiin soveltavan tutkimuksen ryhmiin. Tämä tutkielma sisältää suosituksia päätöksenteon tukijärjestelmiin integroitavista sääpalveluista, joiden avulla säätilan vaikutus lentotoiminnalle voidaan viedä suoraan päätöksentekotasolle. Tutkielmassa esitettyjen projektiaihioiden tarkoituksena esittää konkreettisia toimenpiteitä, joilla varmistutaan tutkimuksen soveltuvuudesta loppukäyttäjien toimintaan. Julkaisijayksikkö Asiakaspalvelut Luokitus (UDC) Avainsanat 656.7, 623.772, 551.509.317 Ilmailu, lentoliikenne, sääpalvelu, meteorologiset sovellukset, päätöksenteon tukijärjestelmät, siviili- ilmailu, lentosää ISSN ja avainnimeke 0782-6117 Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions ISBN Kieli Sivumäärä 978-952-336-031-0 (Paperback) Englanti 125 978-952-336-032-7 (PDF) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Northern Europe Aviation Meteorology Consortium (NAMCON), Finnish National Agency for Education (former Center for International Mobility, CIMO), Pohjois- Pohjalainen Osakunta and Union of geophysical sciences of Finland (GFL ry.) are acknowledged for providing funding enabling this work. Thanks to my supervisor PhD Elena Saltikoff at FMI for review and comments on this work. Thanks to James Pinto and Matthias Steiner at National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) for your hospitality and discussions and Roy Rasmussen, Manuela Sauer, Wiebke Deierling, Aaron Braeckel at NCAR for inspiring personal discussions. Thanks to Professor Steven Rutledge and Professor Venkatachalam Chandrasekar at Colorado State University (CSU) for sharing your time. Many thanks to Steven Miller, Renate Brummer, Jung-Hoon Kim, Jack Dostalek, Yoo-Jeong Noh, Curtis Seaman and Dan Lindsey at the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CSU-CIRA) for hosting and welcoming to your community. Special thanks to Bruce Muller at UCAR / COMET for your support. Many thanks to Dimitar Ivanov, Ian Lisk, Anu Lång and others who read this thesis and provided comments for making it better. This work is dedicated to Ainu, Nooa, Miio and Maria. ABBREVIATIONS ABI Advanced Baseline Imager ABoM Australian Bureau of Meteorology ACAPS US Air Force Weather Agency Coupled Analysis and Prediction System ACI Airports Council International ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast ADS-C Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Contract AFWA US Air Force Weather Agency AHI Advanced Himawari Imager AIM Aeronautical Information Management AIREP Aircraft Report AIS Aeronautical information services AMDAR WMO Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay AMS American Meteorological Society ANS Air Navigation Service ANSP Air Navigation Service Provider (incl. MET) ASBU Aviation System Block Upgrade ASM Airspace Management ASOS Automated Surface Observing System (USA) ATC Air Traffic Control ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management ATM Air Traffic Management ATS Air Traffic Services AWD NextGen Weather Processor Aviation Weather Display AWOS Automated Weather Observing System BKN Broken (cloud layer 6-7/8) CANSO Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation CAPS Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms
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