DOCSLIB.ORG

Anthozoan Cnidarian Development: the Starlet Sea Anemone Nematostella Vectensis

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Anthozoan Cnidarian Development: the Starlet Sea Anemone Nematostella Vectensis Anthozoan Cnidarian Development: the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis Woods Hole Embryology 2009 Instructor: Mark Q. Martindale T.A.: Heather Q. Marlow Cnidarians and the Evolution of Development Cnidarians are diploblastic animals (possessing only endodermal and ectodermal tissues) with a single gut opening (the mouth). Within the metazoans (multicellular animals), cnidarians are one of the earliest branching taxa. They are among the first taxa with a nervous system, but are overall quite simple morphologically. This morphological simplicity as well as their phylogenetic position make them interesting subjects for evolutionary developmental studies. Cnidarians have considerable cell type diversity as well as a variety of gastrulation modes. As a phyla, cnidarians display extreme diversity in form and life history. Embryonic Development in Nematostella vectensis Nematostella vectensis is a anthozoan cnidarian. Anthozoans have only a polyp (adult) stage and a swimming planula (larval) stage, and lack the derived medusa (jellyfish) stage found in other cnidarians. Animals are gonochoric (each animal is one sex) and spawn unfertilized eggs or sperm into the water column. In the laboratory, animals can be cultured in 1/3x artificial sweater, fed newly hatched artermia and can be induced to spawn year round using light and temperature cues. Embryonic development takes five days from the time eggs are spawned through the development of the planula and finally settled polyp stage. The genome of N. vectensis has been sequenced, assembled and annotated by the Joint Genome Institute (Putnam et. al, 2007). 2 Nematostella development (Lee et. al, 2007) Embryonic development in Nematostella vectensis. Various stages of the embryonic development of Nematostella are shown from egg to polyp. Early gastrula to polyp stages are oriented with the oral pole to the left. (A) Unfertilized egg. The female pronucleus is visible adjacent to the cell membrane at one pole of the egg (arrowhead). (B) First cleavage (1–2 h.p.f.). The first cleavage is unipolar and initiates at one pole of the egg. (C) Four-cell stage. In most cases the first two cleavages are simultaneous and give rise immediately to a 4-cell embryo. (D) Eight-cell stage. (E) Mid-cleavage stage. (F) Late cleavage stage. (G) Blastula stage (4–6 h.p.f.). Cleavage gives rise to a ciliated coeloblastula. (H) Early gastrula stage (12–15 h.p.f.). Gastrulation initiates at one pole of the coeloblastula and proceeds via invagination. (I) Early planula (not, vert, similar 24 h.p.f.). Ectodermal and endodermal layers are well-organized and the planula exhibits directional swimming with the aboral end, distinguished by the apical tuft (arrowhead), forward. (J) Late planula. The planula elongates along the OA axis and the primary mesenteries (arrows) begin to form. The apical tuft persists (arrowhead). (K) Early tentacle-bud stage of polyp. The first four tentacle primordia develop around the mouth at the oral pole. (L) Juvenile polyp. (h.p.f., hours post-fertilization at 25 °C; low asterisk, site of gastrulation/oral pole; A–H, bar not, vert, similar 60 μm; I–L, bar not, vert, similar 90 μm). Nematostella Anatomy and Cell Type Diversity (Marlow et. al, 2009) 3 Spawning and de-jellying Nematostella Animals are kept at 16C in 1/3xFSW in the dark and are fed freshly hatched artemia 3x per week. A day or two before animals are to be spawned, they are fed with chopped oyster and the water is changed. Animals are placed on a light box for eight hours. Animals are then removed from the light box and water is changed with room temperature 1/3xFSW. Animals are then left out on the benchtop in ambient light. They spawn approximately 2 hours later. 1. Collect spawned egg masses 2. Incubate egg masses in 2-4% cysteine (pH 7.4) on a rocking table in a falcon tube for ten minutes (must be done before first cleavage or after gastrulation) 3. Rinse eggs 5x in 1/3xFSW 4. Keep eggs in glassware until use for injections or fixation (they will stick to plastic) Injecting Nematostella embryos 1. Keep embryos in glass dishes until you’re ready to inject them. 2. Scratch several deep grooves on the injection surface of an uncoated 35mM petri dish. 3. Embryos will stick to plastic for the first 20 minutes after they are added to the injection dish. Add approximately 20 to 30 embryos to a dish. Inject as many as possible within the first 20 minutes. When the embryos no longer stick on the plastic, move them into the grooves where they can be injected. 4. From the time they are fertilized to the first cleavage (embryos go directly to four cells), you will have two hours to inject. Beta Catenin Beta catenin is a cell adhesion molecule which is found at the cell surface, but it also has an important role in establishing early embryonic polarity. Beta Cleavage stage catenin in Nematostella (as in many other bilaterians) is first found evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the embryo. Due to the localization of the molecule disheveled at the animal pole of the embryo, Beta-catenin becomes localized to the nucleus in cells in the animal half of the embryo. These cells will give rise to the endoderm of the embryo and will also form the site of gastrulation. Disruption of beta-catenin or disheveled localization results in abnormal development of the endoderm. (Wikramanayake et. al, 2004) Beta-catenin Injection Synthetic Beta-catenin RNA fused to a GFP marker when injected into Nematostella embryos will be translated and fluoresce green. The protein will be localized in the same manner as wildtype beta-catenin protein. Blastula stage 4 What to Look For: Embryos will begin fluorescing at late cleavage stages. Initially, the beta-catenin protein will be uniformly expressed throughout the embryo. During the blastula stage, the protein will be localized to the nuclei of cells in one half of the embryo. This marks the animal pole of the embryo. Morpholino Injections We will be injecting MO oligonucleotides at 0.5mM (a good starting concentration ranges from 0.25 to 1.0mM). As a tracer (to determine which cells or embryos you’ve injected), the MO are mixed with fluorescent dextra (red). Pax family transcription factors are homeodomain transcription factors that contain both a homeodomain and a paired domain, both of which bind DNA and influence transcription as well as an octapeptide domain. As in bilaterian animals, there are four classes of Pax genes in cnidarians. Pax genes are often involved in the development of the central nervous system and sensory organs. While two Nematostella Pax genes contain all three domains and are widely expressed in ectoderm, two additional genes (PaxA and PaxC) lack some of these domains and are restricted to specific cell populations in the ectoderm. What to Look For: Examine animals to look for absent or abnormal neural cell populations such as a reduced apical tuft or missing cnidocyte stining cells. PaxC: PaxC is a Nematostella Pax homolog which contains a homeodomain domain and a paired domain but lacks the octapeptide domain. It is expressed in a cell-type specific manner in both embryos, lavae (planulae) and polyps. 3. name: PaxCsplice PaxA: PaxA is a Nematostella Pax homolog which contains only the paired domain and lacks the homeodomain and octapeptide. 4. Morpholino 4 splice blocking name: For PaxAsplice2 (Matus et. al, 2007) 5 Six family transcription factors are homeodomain-containing proteins. Three classes of six family genes, Six1/2, Six3/6 and Six4/5 are found in bilaterian animals. When functionally knocked-down, these genes cause striking anterior neural defects. Six1/2 and Six3/6 are involved in neural development in bilaterians while Six4/5 is associated with endomesoderm formation. What to Look For: Six3/6 has a broad aboral expression domain and is involved in neural ectoderm patterning in other animals. Watch for changes in apical tuft morphology or swimming behavior. Six1/2: Also known as sine oculis, this gene has important roles in anterior nervous system development and eye formation in bilaterian animals. 1. Morpholino 1 translation blocking name: six1/2trans Six3/6: Also known as optix, this gene is involved in a number of processes in neural development and eye formation in bilaterians. 2. Morpholino 2 translation blocking name: six3/6trans Sox/Fox genes: The Sox and Forkhead (Fox) gene families are comprised of transcription factors that play important roles in a variety of developmental processes, including germ layer specification, gastrulation, cell fate determination, and morphogenesis. Both the Sox and Fox gene families are divided into subgroups based on the amino acid sequence of their respective DNA-binding domains, the high-mobility group (HMG) box (Sox genes) or Forkhead domain (Fox genes). (Magie, et.al, 2005) What to Look For: FoxA is expressed throughout gastrulation and may play a role in establishing an ectodermal/endodermal boundary. Gastrulation or pharyngeal ectoderm defects are possible. FoxA: FoxA family transcription factors mark the blastopore during gastrulation in early Nematostella embryos and pharyngeal ectoderm in later stage embryos. 5. Name: FoxAtrans 6 Forkhead expression in developing Nematostella embryos (Fritzenwanker et.al, 2004) TGFbeta Signaling: The TGFbeta signaling family plays a diversity of roles during development in bilaterian animals including gastrulation, neural development, establishment of embryonic axes and left-right asymmetry. BMP molecules act as ligands for the TGF-beta receptors and can activate the pathway. BMP2/4: BMP2/4 (Decapentaplegic) is a TGF-beta ligand that acts as a morphogen in development and may act in combination with its antagonist chordin to play an important role during germ layer formation in Nematostella. 6. Name: Bmp2/4splice TGF-beta signaling pathwy member during early Nematostella development 7 RNA-binding proteins: RNA binding proteins such as ELAV and Musashi (Msi) bind to 5’ or 3’ UTR regions of mRNA transcripts and influence stability and translation of the transcript.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Adaptable Chromosome Preparation Methodology for Use In
    Guo et al. BMC Biology (2018) 16:25 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-018-0497-4 METHODOLOGY ARTICLE Open Access An adaptable chromosome preparation methodology for use in invertebrate research organisms Longhua Guo1†, Alice Accorsi2,3†, Shuonan He2, Carlos Guerrero-Hernández2, Shamilene Sivagnanam4, Sean McKinney2, Matthew Gibson2 and Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado2,3* Abstract Background: The ability to efficiently visualize and manipulate chromosomes is fundamental to understanding the genome architecture of organisms. Conventional chromosome preparation protocols developed for mammalian cells and those relying on species-specific conditions are not suitable for many invertebrates. Hence, a simple and inexpensive chromosome preparation protocol, adaptable to multiple invertebrate species, is needed. Results: We optimized a chromosome preparation protocol and applied it to several planarian species (phylum Platyhelminthes), the freshwater apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (phylum Mollusca), and the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (phylum Cnidaria). We demonstrated that both mitotically active adult tissues and embryos can be used as sources of metaphase chromosomes, expanding the potential use of this technique to invertebrates lacking cell lines and/or with limited access to the complete life cycle. Simple hypotonic treatment with deionized water was sufficient for karyotyping; growing cells in culture was not necessary. The obtained karyotypes allowed the identification of differences in ploidy and chromosome architecture among
    [Show full text]
  • Toxin-Like Neuropeptides in the Sea Anemone Nematostella Unravel Recruitment from the Nervous System to Venom
    Toxin-like neuropeptides in the sea anemone Nematostella unravel recruitment from the nervous system to venom Maria Y. Sachkovaa,b,1, Morani Landaua,2, Joachim M. Surma,2, Jason Macranderc,d, Shir A. Singera, Adam M. Reitzelc, and Yehu Morana,1 aDepartment of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel; bSars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway; cDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223; and dBiology Department, Florida Southern College, Lakeland, FL 33801 Edited by Baldomero M. Olivera, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, and approved September 14, 2020 (received for review May 31, 2020) The sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (Anthozoa, Cnidaria) is a to a target receptor in the nervous system of the prey or predator powerful model for characterizing the evolution of genes func- interfering with transmission of electric impulses. For example, tioning in venom and nervous systems. Although venom has Nv1 toxin from Nematostella inhibits inactivation of arthropod evolved independently numerous times in animals, the evolution- sodium channels (12), while ShK toxin from Stichodactyla heli- ary origin of many toxins remains unknown. In this work, we pin- anthus is a potassium channel blocker (13). Nematostella’snem- point an ancestral gene giving rise to a new toxin and functionally atocytes produce multiple toxins with a 6-cysteine pattern of the characterize both genes in the same species. Thus, we report a ShK toxin (7, 9). The ShKT superfamily is ubiquitous across sea case of protein recruitment from the cnidarian nervous to venom anemones (14); however, its evolutionary origin remains unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Venom Composition Across a Complex Life Cycle Yaara Y
    bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jul. 5, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/159889. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Dynamics of venom composition across a complex life cycle Yaara Y. Columbus-Shenkar#, Maria Y. Sachkova#, Arie Fridrich, Vengamanaidu Modepalli, Kartik Sunagar, Yehu Moran* Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel #These authors contributed equally to this work *Corresponding author: [email protected] Keywords: venom evolution; Cnidaria; life cycle bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jul. 5, 2017; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/159889. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Little is known about venom in young developmental stages of animals. The appearance of stinging cells in very early life stages of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis suggests that toxins and venom are synthesized already in eggs, embryos and larvae of this species. Here we harness transcriptomic and biochemical tools as well as transgenesis to study venom production dynamics in Nematostella. We find that the venom composition and arsenal of toxin-producing cells change dramatically between developmental stages of this species. These findings might be explained by the vastly different ecology of the larva and adult polyp as sea anemones develop from a miniature non-feeding mobile planula to a much larger sessile polyp that predates on other animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Feeding-Dependent Tentacle Development in the Sea Anemone Nematostella Vectensis ✉ Aissam Ikmi 1,2 , Petrus J
    ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18133-0 OPEN Feeding-dependent tentacle development in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis ✉ Aissam Ikmi 1,2 , Petrus J. Steenbergen1, Marie Anzo 1, Mason R. McMullen2,3, Anniek Stokkermans1, Lacey R. Ellington2 & Matthew C. Gibson2,4 In cnidarians, axial patterning is not restricted to embryogenesis but continues throughout a prolonged life history filled with unpredictable environmental changes. How this develop- 1234567890():,; mental capacity copes with fluctuations of food availability and whether it recapitulates embryonic mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here we utilize the tentacles of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis as an experimental paradigm for developmental patterning across distinct life history stages. By analyzing over 1000 growing polyps, we find that tentacle progression is stereotyped and occurs in a feeding-dependent manner. Using a combination of genetic, cellular and molecular approaches, we demonstrate that the crosstalk between Target of Rapamycin (TOR) and Fibroblast growth factor receptor b (Fgfrb) signaling in ring muscles defines tentacle primordia in fed polyps. Interestingly, Fgfrb-dependent polarized growth is observed in polyp but not embryonic tentacle primordia. These findings show an unexpected plasticity of tentacle development, and link post-embryonic body patterning with food availability. 1 Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany. 2 Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110,
    [Show full text]
  • Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Lagoons Contents
    Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Lagoons Version August 2004 Updated from (February 2004) ISSN 1743-8160 (online) UK guidance for Lagoons Issue date: August 2004 Common Standards Monitoring guidance for Lagoons Contents 1 Definition of Lagoons ...................................................................................................................... 2 2 Background, targets and monitoring techniques for individual attributes ....................................... 3 2.1 Extent........................................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Isolating barrier – presence, nature and integrity..................................................................... 6 2.3 Salinity regime.......................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Biotope composition............................................................................................................... 10 2.5 Extent of sub-feature or representative/notable biotopes........................................................ 12 2.6 Extent of water........................................................................................................................ 13 2.7 Distribution of biotopes .......................................................................................................... 15 2.8 Species composition of representative or notable biotopes ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Starlet Sea Anemone
    The Starlet Sea Anemone I. The starlet sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)—an “emerging model system” A. The growing literature on Nematostella. A query of the Scientific Citation Index (conducted 06/26/07) identified 74 articles and reviews that contain “nematostella” in the title, keywords, or abstract. The number of such publications is increasing dramatically (Fig. 1a), as are the citations of these papers (Fig. 1b). Much of the Nematostella literature is not yet indexed; we identified another 66 published books, reviews, or articles published prior to the 1990’s that mention Nematostella. An annotated list is housed at http://nematostella.org/Resources_References. A B Figure 1. Nematostella publications (A) and citations (B) by year. B. Nematostella’s Merits as a Model System Nematostella is an estuarine sea anemone that is native to the Atlantic coast of North America. In the early 1990’s, its potential value as a model system for developmental biology was first explicitly recognized by Hand and Uhlinger [1]. Over the last 10 years, its utility has extended far beyond developmental biology due to its informative phylogenetic position, and its amenability to field studies, organismal studies, developmental studies, cellular studies, molecular and biochemical studies, genetic studies, and genomic studies [2]. 1. Phylogenetic relationships. Nematostella is a member of the Cnidaria, one of the oldest metazoan phyla. The Cnidaria is a closely related outgroup to the Bilateria, the evolutionary lineage that comprises >99% of all extant animals (Fig. 3). Comparisons between Nematostella and bilaterians have provided insights into the evolution of key animal innovations, including germ cell specification, bilateral symmetry, mesoderm, and the nervous system [3-7].
    [Show full text]
  • Starlet Sea Anemone (Nematostella Vectensis)
    MarLIN Marine Information Network Information on the species and habitats around the coasts and sea of the British Isles Starlet sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis) MarLIN – Marine Life Information Network Marine Evidence–based Sensitivity Assessment (MarESA) Review Dr Harvey Tyler-Walters, Charlotte Marshall, & Angus Jackson 2017-03-08 A report from: The Marine Life Information Network, Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Please note. This MarESA report is a dated version of the online review. Please refer to the website for the most up-to-date version [https://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/detail/1136]. All terms and the MarESA methodology are outlined on the website (https://www.marlin.ac.uk) This review can be cited as: Tyler-Walters, H., Marshall, C.E. & Jackson, A. 2017. Nematostella vectensis Starlet sea anemone. In Tyler-Walters H. and Hiscock K. (eds) Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews, [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. DOI https://dx.doi.org/10.17031/marlinsp.1136.2 The information (TEXT ONLY) provided by the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales License. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own terms and conditions and they may or may not be available for reuse. Permissions beyond the scope of this license are available here. Based on a work at www.marlin.ac.uk (page left blank) Date: 2017-03-08 Starlet sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis) - Marine Life Information Network See online review for distribution map Nematostella vectensis, one individual removed from the substratum.
    [Show full text]
  • Identifying Species and Ecosystem Sensitivities Final Report
    Identifying species and ecosystem sensitivities Final Report Appendix 18(A). Key Information reviews completed. Priority 1 species. Berne NI Act CITES UK BAP Hab. Dir. Common Name Scientific name Priority W&C Act Nat. status Red list (IUCN) Completion Tentacled lagoon worm Alkmaria romijni 1,4 * Scarce None Refereed Sea fan anemone Amphianthus dohrnii 1,6 * Rare None Complete Lagoon sandworm Armandia cirrhosa 1,4 * * Rare None Refereed Knotted wrack Ascophyllum nodosum (*) 1,2 * * Widespread None Refereed Fan Mussel Atrina fragilis 1,6 * * * Scarce None Refereed DeFolin's lagoon snail Caecum armoricum 1,4 * * Rare Insufficiently known Refereed A hydroid Clavopsella navis 1,4 * * Rare None Refereed Edible sea urchin Echinus esculentus 1,2 * Widespread Lower Risk (LR/nt) Refereed Ivell's sea anemone Edwardsia ivelli 1,4 * * Rare Data deficient Complete Pink sea fan Eunicella verrucosa 1,6 * * Scarce Vulnerable (VU A1d). Complete The tall sea pen Funiculina quadrangularis 1 * Not available None Complete Lagoon sand shrimp Gammarus insensibilis 1,4 * * Scarce None Refereed Giant goby Gobius cobitis 1,4 * Rare None Complete Couch's goby Gobius couchi 1,4 * Rare None Complete Sunset cup coral Leptopsammia pruvoti 1,4,6 * Rare None Complete Maerl Lithothamnion corallioides 1,2 * * Not available None Refereed Maerl Lithothamnion glaciale 1,2 * Not available None Complete Starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis 1,4 * * Scarce Vulnerable (VU A1ce) Complete Legend: UK BAP = UK Biodiversity Action Plan; W&C Act = Wildlife & Conservation Act (1981); Hab. Dir. = EC Habitat Directive; NI Act = Wildlife (NI) Order 1985; CITES = CITES Convention; Berne = Berne Convention; Nat. Status = National Status.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Pathways During Spawning Induction in the Starlet Sea
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Cellular pathways during spawning induction in the starlet sea anemone Nematostella vectensis Shelly Reuven1,3, Mieka Rinsky2,3, Vera Brekhman1, Assaf Malik1, Oren Levy2* & Tamar Lotan1* In cnidarians, long-term ecological success relies on sexual reproduction. The sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, which has emerged as an important model organism for developmental studies, can be induced for spawning by temperature elevation and light exposure. To uncover molecular mechanisms and pathways underlying spawning, we characterized the transcriptome of Nematostella females before and during spawning induction. We identifed an array of processes involving numerous receptors, circadian clock components, cytoskeleton, and extracellular transcripts that are upregulated upon spawning induction. Concurrently, processes related to the cell cycle, fatty acid metabolism, and other housekeeping functions are downregulated. Real-time qPCR revealed that light exposure has a minor efect on expression levels of most examined transcripts, implying that temperature change is a stronger inducer for spawning in Nematostella. Our fndings reveal the potential mechanisms that may enable the mesenteries to serve as a gonad-like tissue for the developing oocytes and expand our understanding of sexual reproduction in cnidarians. Sexual reproduction is the predominant mode of procreation in almost all eukaryotes, from fungi and plants to fsh and mammals. It generates the conditions for sexual selection, which is a powerful evolutionary force driving morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes in many species 1,2. Sex is thought to have arisen once and to have been present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor 3–5; therefore, it is an important trait in evolutionary biology.
    [Show full text]
  • Nematostella Vectensis Class: Anthozoa, Hexacorallia
    Phylum: Cnidaria Nematostella vectensis Class: Anthozoa, Hexacorallia Order: Actiniaria, Nynantheae, Athenaria Starlet sea anemone Family: Edwardsiidae Taxonomy: Nematostella vectensis was 1975). There is a single ventral siphonoglyph described by Stephenson in 1935. (Williams 1975). Nematostella pellucida is a synonym (Hand Oral Disc: There is no inner 1957). In the larger taxonomic scale, the ring of tentacles, and there are no subclass Zoantharia has been synonymized siphonoglyphs, on the oral disc. with Hexacorallia (Hoeksema 2015). Tentacles: Tentacles are retractile, cylindrical, and tapered. They are Description not capitate, or knobbed. Though they can Medusa: No medusa stage in Anthozoans vary from 12-18, there are usually 16 Polyp: (Stephenson 1935; Fautin and Hand 2007). Size: The column (Fig. 1) can be up to There are 6-7 outer (exocoelic) tentacles that 15 mm long in the field, but can grow much are longer than inner (endocoelic) tentacles, longer (160 mm) when raised in the and are often reflexed down the column (they laboratory (Hand and Uhlinger 1992; Fautin can be longer than column). The inner and Hand 2007). The maximum diameter is 4 tentacles can be raised above the mouth (Fig. mm at the base near the bulb (physa) (Hand 1), and can have white spots on their inner 1957) and increases to 8 mm at the crown of edges (Crowell 1946). Nematosomes can be tentacles; the diameter is not often this large, seen moving inside the tentacles. and a more average diameter of the column is Mesenteries: Mesenteries are 2.5 mm. vertical partitions (eight in this species) below Color: The anemone is white and the gullet and visible through the column.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Anemone Genome Reveals the Gene Repertoire and Genomic Organization of the Eumetazoan Ancestor
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Title Sea anemone genome reveals the gene repertoire and genomic organization of the eumetazoan ancestor Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3b01p9bc Authors Putnam, Nicholas H. Srivastava, Mansi Hellsten, Uffe et al. Publication Date 2007 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Sea anemone genome reveals the gene repertoire and genomic organization of the eumetazoan ancestor Nicholas H. Putnam[1], Mansi Srivastava[2], Uffe Hellsten[1], Bill Dirks[2], Jarrod Chapman[1], Asaf Salamov[1], Astrid Terry[1], Harris Shapiro[1], Erika Lindquist[1], Vladimir V. Kapitonov[3], Jerzy Jurka[3], Grigory Genikhovich[4], Igor Grigoriev[1], JGI Sequencing Team[1], Robert E. Steele[5], John Finnerty[6], Ulrich Technau[4], Mark Q. Martindale[7], Daniel S. Rokhsar[1,2] [1] Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 [2] Center for Integrative Genomics and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720 [3] Genetic Information Research Institute, 1925 Landings Drive, Mountain View, CA 94043 [4] Sars International Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormoeøhlensgt 55; 5008, Bergen, Norway [5] Department of Biological Chemistry and the Developmental Biology Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 [6] Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 [7] Kewalo Marine Laboratory, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813 Abstract Sea anemones are seemingly primitive animals that, along with corals, jellyfish, and hydras, constitute the Cnidaria, the oldest eumetazoan phylum. Here we report a comparative analysis of the draft genome of an emerging cnidarian model, the starlet anemone Nematostella vectensis.
    [Show full text]
  • Transcriptomic Analysis in the Sea Anemone Nematostella Vectensis Jacob Warner, Eric Röttinger
    Transcriptomic Analysis in the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis Jacob Warner, Eric Röttinger To cite this version: Jacob Warner, Eric Röttinger. Transcriptomic Analysis in the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis. Methods in Molecular Biology, 2020, 10.1007/978-1-0716-0974-3_14. hal-03021243 HAL Id: hal-03021243 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03021243 Submitted on 24 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Chapter 14 Transcriptomic Analysis in the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis Jacob F. Warner and Eric Ro¨ttinger Abstract The sea anemone Nematostella vectensis is an emerging research model to study embryonic development and regeneration at the molecular and global transcriptomic level. Transcriptomics analysis is now routinely used to detect differential expression at the genome level. Here we present the latest procedures for isolating high-quality RNA required for next generation sequencing, as well as methods and resources for quantifying transcriptomic data. Key words RNA isolation, transcriptome, De novo assembly, Cnidarian, Nematostella vectensis 1 Introduction The anthozoan cnidarian Nematostella vectensis has long been used as a model for evolutionary developmental (EvoDevo) studies as it is readily cultivable under laboratory conditions [1].
    [Show full text]