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Home , Acadian orogeny, Alleghanian orogeny, Hamilton Group

Index [Italic page numbers indicate major references]

A Anthracoporellopsis, 236 B Anti Atlas, 174 Bahamas fracture zone, 172 Acadian , 85 Antler orogeny, 160 Balmoral Coal Seam, 151 accretion, 1, 182, 255 Antoinette Formation, 235, 237 Baraker Formation, 150 Greater Pangea, 248 Aoujgalia, 236 Barbados, 209 acid rain, 182 apatite, 17 Barents Sea, 244 Adirondack Massif, 163 Apatopus, 201 barnacles, 231 advection, 141 aphelion, 48, 53 basalt, 182 Afghanistan, 217 -Hercynian chain, 29 flood, 178, 182 Afghanistan block, 96 Appalachian Basin, 161, 162, 163, flows, 189, 203 , 19, 120, 146, 147, 173, 174 165 African , 175 horizons, 197 Appalachian chain, 86 African plate, 176 basement, orogenic, 16 Appalachian , 173 aggregate grains, 231 and interval, Appalachians, 31, 78, 171, 173, 174, Aghdarband, Iran, 257 235 , 230, 244 175, 176, 182 basin filling, 176 Apterrinella, 236 basins albedos, 44, 46, 65, 69, 70, 95, 118, aragonite, 208, 209, 211, 213, 217, 143 clastic, 177 225, 231, 233, 236, 237, 253 climate drainage (arid), 126 algae arc, magmatic, 189, 191 calcareous, 253 drainage, 134 Archaeolithoporella, 236 evaporite intraplate, 177 coralline, 253 Archaeolithophyllum, 236 green, 231, 236 extensional, 174, 111 Arctic-Alaska-Chukotka , 95 intermontane transtensional, 174 phylloid, 272 Arctic Archipelago, 229 symbiotic, 250 intracratonic, 248 Arctic Canada, 217 intramontane, 174 Alleghanian/Hercynian orogeny, 163 Arctic Ocean, opening, 230 , 85 lacustrine, 176 Arctic region, 231 pull-apart, 174 Alleghanian thrust zone, 175 , 19, 113, 192 rift, 174, 178, 179, 180, 182, 197, Alleghany-Mauritanides, 170 arid regions, 119,129 198, 229 Alleghany Orogen, 86 aridity, 25, 29, 50, 72, 92, 113, 119, sabkha, 177 Alleghany-Variscan deformation, 122, 123, 127, 129, 131, 132, Scotian, 179 177 137, 145, 151, 154, 177, 179 sedimentary, 233, 242 Allegheny , 160 defined, 120 strike-slip, 177 allochems, 272, 273 Armenia, 221, 224 temperate, 182 , 221, 256, 258 Artinskian, 237 transtensional, 177 alteration, 210, 213, 224 Asia, 86, 120, 248 wrench-formed, 173 hydrothermal, 209 and Sakmarian interval, Amazonia, 125 wrench-related, 176 235 bauxite, 6, 178, 182 American craton, 174 assemblages American plate, 176, 177 deposits, 92 Lesser Pangea, 248 Amery , 192 Beaufort Group, 189, 192 palynfloral, 200 Amman, Jordan, 182 Beaufort volcaniclastic sediment, Assistance Formation, 239, 240 Ammovertella, 236 189 associations amphibian, phytosaurid, 113 beds, lacustrine, 238 benthic, 230, 234 Anapiculatisporites, 201 Beedeina, 269, 282 , 7 Andes, 76, 79 insólita, 269 skeletal, 7 Angaran flora, 110 , 162 asteroid impact hypothesis, 36 anhydrite, 237 Belcher Channel, 235 asthenosphere, 164, 177 animals, marine, 193 Bengal fan, 78 Atacama Desert, 120, 122 anomaly Benguela Current, 120 Atlantic, central, 173 heat, 14, 17 Benoue Trough, 96 Atlantic extensional basins, 182 negative, 217 bentonites, 163 Atlantic margin, 177 thermal, 189 Bermuda, 211 Atlantic passive margins, 174 Antarctic ice, 208 Berner curve, 68 Atlantic provinces, Canada, 174 Antarctic ice sheet, 86, 87 Bevocastria, 236 atmosphere composition, 182 Antarctic Peninsula, 18 bicarbonate, 209 Australia, 17, 18, 19, 122, 139, 150, Antarctic region, 231 bioclasts, 231, 232 Antarctica, 19, 72, 86, 113, 146, 189, 189, 190, 192, 223, 233, 239 bioerosion, 250 192 Australian sector, 96 biogeography, 12 Austria, 221, 223, 249 anthracite, 161 biomass, floral, 21 Avalon suture, 175 biopolarity, 65 Anthracite district, 164 Avalon terrane, 175 Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer anthracite region, 163 Awaba Tuff, 190 Anthracoporella, 236 Schome (BATS) model, 93 287

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biota, 26, 193, 237, 244, 248 carbonates (continued) climate (continued) climate change, 36 ramp, 151 cooling, 229 migration, 260 , 276 evolution, 139, 243, 258 biotite, 189, 190 sediments, 211 feedbacks, 136 bioturbation, 272 shallow-water, 233 global, 2, 76, 83, 99 Bjornoya, 244 shelf, 232, 233, 236, 237, 247, greenhouse, 2, 16, 20, 44, 58, 75, Black Jack Formation, 189 253 159, 178, 192, 259 Bloody Bluff fault, 175 shelf deposits, 238 icehouse, 2, 15, 20, 75, 159, 178, Bonaparte Basin, 150 skeletal, 211 259 Borup Fiord Formation, 235, 237 temperate, 231, 232, 233 indicators, 6, 230 boundaries, sequence, 268 tropical, 229, 231, 232 models, 4, 27, 32, 34, 36, 41, 43, Bowen Basin, 150 , 18,207,215 53, 77, 139, 143 brachiopods, 211, 213, 214, 215, Carnarvon basin, 151 non-icehouse, 72 217, 225, 253, 272 Carnian, 111, 113,200 orbital change, 41 shells, 213, 214, 215, 220, 225 Carnian event, 257 Pangea breakup, 169 Brachychirotherium, 201 Carnian map, 98 Pangean, 25,41 Brazil, 150, 189 Carpathian Mountains, 258 , 229 brecciation, 273 Cassiar orogeny, 160 polar, 243 British Columbia, 256 Caucasian Range, 257 processes, 4 Brook Street magmatic arc, 189 cements, 236 rain-forest, 179 Brookneal fault, 174 aragonite, 217, 233 savannah, 179 Bryomol, 231 carbonate, 249 semiarid, 243 Bryonoderm associations, 234, 237, hematite, 151 supercontinent, 28, 94 239 marine, 212, 215, 223, 225 Triassic, 91, 177 bryozoans, 231, 253 meteoric, 209 tropical-like, 243 burial ratios, 59, 71 silica, 152 climatic indicators Buru-Seram-Janimbar terrane, 96 smectite, 151 Carnian, 111 submarine, 237, 238 proxy, 103, 111 Cenozoic, 71 Scythian, 103 C Central Kansas uplift, 268, 269, 274, climatology, soil moisture, 124 cadophytes, 152 279 cloud cover, 120 calcification, 250 chalcedony, 240 cloud formation, 123 calcisponges, 255, 256 chalcopyrite, 161 cloud parameterization, 93 calcite, 162, 208, 210, 211, 213, 223, Chasmatosaurus, 151 coal, 7, 92, 111, 113, 148, 149, 150, 233, 236, 237, 238, 239, 253 Cherokee Group, 268, 284 151, 152, 154, 178, 193, 239, compensation depth, 76 Lower, 279 244 calcrete, 6, 149, 179, 182, 222 chert, 179, 211, 230, 233, 235, 240, deposition, 104, 150, 151, 154 caliche, 237, 238 241, 242 deposits, 31, 87, 108, 111, 113, crusts, 273 China, 19, 190, 191, 192, 194, 221, 134, 136, 149, 151 nodules, 276, 279 223, 256, 257 formation, 26 Canadian Arctic, 229 Chinese stratotype, 189 gap, 21, 72, 87, 190, 191, 192, Canadian Shield, 95 chlorite, 151 193, 194 Canary hot spot, 176 Chloroforam associations, 234, 235, high-latitude, 11 Canyon Fiord Formation, 235, 237 237 low-latitude, 11 Cape Belt, 19, 189 Choiyoi province, 189 measures, 21, 188, 189, 194 , 207, 224 Choristites, 215 temperate, 11 burial, 27, 71, 72 Chortis block, 95 Tethyan, 11 changes, 27 chron, magnetic, 22 coaly bed, 192 Carbon County, , 163 circulation coaly seam, 240 carbon cycle, 26 atmospheric, 159 coelobites, 254 carbon dioxide, 15, 16, 22, 31, 33, 34, changes, 48 collapse 37, 44, 47, 53, 76, 77, 80, 93, circum-Arctic regions, 230, 233, 244 orogenic, 169 94, 118, 134, 140, 141, 142, Clark County, Kansas, 274 Variscan-Alleghanide orogenic, 169 146, 148, 159, 188, 192, 194 clastics, 174, 178, 182, 229, 230 collisions, 97, 174 atmospheric changes, 20, 27 coaly continental, 108 Community Climate Model (CCM), 43, flux, 2 sediments, 211 92 Phanerozoic levels, 57 clasts, 239 composila, 212 carbonate organism, 210 Clavaporella, 236 compression, 174, 176 carbonates, 7, 11, 76, 142, 163, 175, claystones, 200 plate-boundary, 173 178, 208, 209, 211, 222, 223, climate, 159,164, 169, 177, 192, conchostracans, 108, 113 229, 230, 232, 235, 236, 239, 230, 238 conformities, 230, 235, 237, 239 240, 241, 244, 259, 273 arid, 122 conglomerates, 174, 235, 237 altered (diagenetically), 212 benthic associations, 230 conifers, 152 biogenic, 208 change predictions, 152 rift basin, 111 buildup, 249 changes, 1, 2, 37, 52, 72, 77, 178, contact, - minerals, 208, 210, 213 230, 244 , 271 platforms, 248 classification, 50 continental crust, 16, 61, 62, 77, 78, production, 274, 276 control, 44 174

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continentality, 179 degassing rates, mantle, 58, 59, 68, Epimastopora, 236 continents, dispersed, 17 72, 77, 80, 87 Epimastoporella, 236 convection, 93 Degerböls Formation, 239, 240 Epistachoides, 236 convergence, 170, 176, 182 degradation, 99 Eridmatus, 212 continental, 78 Delta Plain facies, 189 erosion, 18, 21, 78, 159, 160, 163, Converrucosisporites, 201 deltaic deposits, 7 176, 271 cooling, 189, 243 Deltoidospora, 201 eruption, 188, 189, 191, 194 global, 182 Dempsey Formation, 190 Estrada Nove Formation, 189 Permian, 244 denudation, 79 Eugonophyllum, 236 progressive, 229 Des Moines Supergroup, 269 Euramerica, 17 surface water, 258 deserts, 119 Eurasia, 28, 34, 35 winter, 28, 33, 36, 37, 108 modern, 117,119, 122, 129 , 18, 19, 113, 145, 192 Cooper Basin, 19, 150 Pangean, 117 Eurydesma, 150 corals, 209, 213, 223, 231, 250, 251, polar, 229 evaporation, 118, 121, 123, 132, 134, 253, 256, 257, 258 detrital deposits, 176 208 Coralville Formation, 215 detritus, 177 potential, 128, 132, 136 Cordilleran belt, 160 , post-, 163 rates, 145 cores diagenesis, 163, 210, 213, 224 evaporites, 2, 7, 92, 98, 103, 104, Harris, 274, 279 diagnostics, GCM hydrological, 117 111, 129, 131, 148, 149, 154, Milhon, 274, 282, 283 Dicroidium, 109, 110, 113, 151, 190, 175, 177, 178, 182, 229, 230, Schauf, 269, 271, 274, 279, 282 191 235, 237, 238, 240 Corollina, 200, 201, 205 Dietyophyllidites, 201 formation, 26 meyeriana, 200 Dictyophyllum, 113 évapotranspiration, 121, 123, 124, Crockerland, 230 dinosaurs, 26, 37 127 Crurithyris, 212, 215 Diplopora, 236 potential, 128, 132 crust discharge, 101 rates, 143 algal, 249, 255 catastrophic, 20 evolution brittle, 182 disconformity, 190 climatic, 139, 243 continental, 16, 61, 62, 77, 78, 174 dispersal, Pangea, 248 late Paleozoic, 243 cratonic, 17 displacement, 174 Pangea, 207 lower, 176 dolomite, 162, 259 record, 3 micritic biogenic, 250 dolostones, 162, 221, 239 supercontinent, 13 microbial, 249 Donezella, 236 Exeter Village section, 201 orogenic, 171 dropstones, 20, 72, 190, 239, 244 Exmouth Plateau, 96 rift stage, 174 drought indices, 127 exposure, subaerial, 271 rifted, 16 drying, 26 extension, 14, 16, 18, 174, 176, 177, rifted-continental, 174 Dundee Rhyodacite, 189, 190 179, 188 thin, 16 Durham Basin, 174 Late Triassic, 20 thinning, 14 Dvinella, 236 extinction, 12, 26, 36, 164, 177, 194, unroofing, 162 197, 203, 248, 252, 255, 256, Culpepper rift basin, 111, 198, 201 258 E Cuneiphycus, 236 currents, oceanic, 248 earthquake, 164 Late Triassic, 197 Ciiriik Dag section, 222 East African Rift System, 97, 180 cycles East Antarctica, 18 diurnal, 93 echinoderms, 213, 231, 253, 272 F dry, 106, 108 ecosystems, 248 facies glacial-interglacial, 41 Ellesmere Island, 237, 238 marine, 14 hydrological, 117 Ellesmerella, 236 nonmarine, 14, 17 lacustrine, 198, 203 Ellesmerian Orogeny, 230 fault systems precession, 42, 48, 134 Ellsworth Mountains, 19 sinistral, 177 sand-patch, 198 emergence, continental, 68, 69, 70, South Atlas, 174 seasonal, 28, 41 71, 77 faulting, wrench, 171 sedimentary, 205 Emmaville Volcanics, 189, 190 faults cyclicity, 198 energy border, 174, 175 sedimentary, 200 solar, 16 detachment, 177 cycling, chemical, 92 surface, 43 dextral, 174 cyclothems, 268 , 150 extensional, 182 Kansas, 279 Eniwetok Atoll, 211 listric, 176, 177 environment normal, 175, 176 changes, 1 reverse, 175 D history, 187 sinistral, 173 strike-slip, 172, 176, 182 Dan River, 174, 175, 198 sedimentary, 13 eolian deposits, 6, 92, 129 thrust, 175 Danville basin, 175, 198 transcurrent, 174 Dead Sea, 180 eolian dune deposits, 131 epeirogeny, 160, 163 transfer, 175 Dead Sea rift, 180, 182 wrench, 175 Deerfield basin, 200 causes, 164 fauna, 2 deformation, 170, 173, 176, 177 intraplate motions, 164 feldspar, 79, 80, 150

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feldspar (continued) gravitational slip, 174 Hyalosponge assemblage, 233, 234 microcline, 162 Gray Group, 268, 284 Hyalosponge associations, 234, 240 fern spikes, 205 depositional history, 279 hydrocarbon reservoirs, 11 ferns, 152 depositional sequences, 273 hydrologic budget equations, 43 fish Great Artesian Basin, 20 hydrology, 118, 131 dipnoid, 106, 113 Great Bear Cape Formation, 237, 238 Hylas fault, 174 semionotid fossil, 105, 113 Great Bear Cape shelf, 239 Hylas fracture zone, 175 Fitzroy Basin, 150 Greater Pangea accretions, 248 hypsometric province, 17 flooding, 61, 72 greenhouse climate, 2, 16, 20, 44, 58, hypsometry, 16, 59, 67 flora, 2, 149, 155, 232 75, 159, 178, 192, 259 Euramerican, 110 greenhouse effect, 58 I fluvial deposits, 7 greenhouse forcing, 47 foldbelts, 18, 19 greenhouse warming, 33, 47, 58 ice, 85, 208, 244 foraminifers, 231, 236, 253 , 208 continental, 76, 83 forcing Greenland Sea, 241 crystals, 151, 154 greenhouse, 47 Gregory rift, 175 glacial, 208 insolation, 29 Grist Mills, 201 land, 143 Milankovitch, 31, 37, 92, 107, 113 groundwater, 118 nucleation, 84, 85, 86 forcing factors Gryhus, 213 rafting, 70, 71 astronomical, 2 Guizhou, China, 257 volume, 217 biological changes, 2 Gulf of , 174 ice age, 192 fossils, 104,113 Gulf Rim Fault System, 95 ice caps, 67, 69, 70, 71, 72 semionotid, 105, 113 Gulf Stream, 33 ice cover, 31, 67, 241, 242 Fourstonella, 236 Gunnedah basin, 189 ice-sheet formation, continental, 84, Fundy basin, 174, 175, 179, 201, 203 Gunnedah biotites, 190 85, 86 Fusulina, 236 Gwyneddichnium, 201 ice-sheet initiation, continental, 75 Fusulinella, 236, 282 gymnosperms, 26 ice sheets, 20, 31, 67, 77, 164 gypsum, 103, 237 continental, 76, 83, 86 ice shields, 259 G icehouse climate, 2, 15, 20, 75, 159, H galena, 161 178, 259 Gamburtsev Sub-glacial Mountains, Hadley cell, 120, 144 icehouses, 67, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88 18 half-grabens, 174, 175, 198, 230, decay, 88 Gebel Urn Shomar, 164 235, 237 defined, 76 Gettysburg basin, 172, 198, 201 halite, 98, 103, 209, 237 icesheet deposits, continental, 143 Gigantoproductus, 211, 215 deposits, 111 ichnofossils, 197, 201 Ginkophytes, 152 , 164 ignimbrites, 21, 189 glacial deposits, 6, 244 Hare Fiord Formation, 235 inclusions, 209 glacial effect, 209 Hartford basin, 175, 182, 200, 201 India, 19, 139, 192, 221 glaciation, 25, 27, 37, 76, 149, 182, Hartford-Deerfield basins, 175 India Block, 96 209 Harz Mountains, 97 Indo-Burman Range terrane, 96 glaciers, 31, 215, 233 heat Indochina block, 97 glass, volcanic, 162 accumulation, 14 Indus Fan, 78, 79 glauconite, 231, 239, 241 anomalies, 17, 18 inertinite, 151, 152 global warming, 117, 182 flux, 43, 95 inertodetrinite, 151, 154, 155 Glossopteris, 21, 149, 150, 151, 154, storage, 118 insolation, 182 190, 191, 192 transport, 33, 44, 108 forcing, 29 Gobi Desert, 120 Hedraites, 236 orbital, 33, 34 , 25, 35, 70, 95, 109, 141, Hercynian-European plate, 173 seasonality, 48, 53 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152, Hercynian orogeny, 160 solar, 93, 140 244 Hercynians, 182 solar changes, 32 basins, 19, 152 High Atlas, 174 insulator, 14 glaciations, 31 High Atlas basins, 177 Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone Gondwana fold belt, 20 Himalaya block, 96 (ITCZ), 29, 100, 122, 144 Gondwanaland, 14, 17, 190 Himalaya Orogen, 86 intraclasts, 272, 273, 276 platform, 14 Himalaya-Tibet region, 22 intrusions, 176 Gondwanan Plateau, 147, 148 Himalayan orogeny, 85 invertebrates, marine, 197 Goochland terrane, 174, 175 Himalayan-Tibetan system, 176 Ipswich Coal Measures, 20 Gorni Karabach, Azerbaidzhan, 257 Himalayas, 76, 78, 79, 86, 150, 152, Ipswich Microflora, 151 grabens, 20 176 Iran, 221, 224, 257 gradient averaging, latitudinal, 66 Holder Formation, 212 Iran block, 96 grains, nonskeletal, 236, 238 Horquilla Limestone, 217 isotopes grainstones, 237, 238 horsts, 248, 258 carbon, 209, 225 Grand Banks, 98, 179 Hugoton embayment, 268, 269, 274, environmental indicators, 208 granite, 177 279, 284 geochemistry, 8 granitoids, 189 eastern, 279 oxygen, 208, 225 magmatism, 189 Hunstein-Jimi-Bismark terrane, 96 ratios, 92 Granulatisporites, 201 Hunter Valley, 151 stable, 21, 208

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isotopic composition, 210 lignin, 87 models (continued) isotopic record, Pangea, 215 limestone, 221, 223, 235, 239, 257, cavitating-fluid, 93 Ivanovia, 236 274, 276, 279 circulation, 92, 93 lithification, submarine, 250 climate, 4, 27, 32, 34, 36, 41, 43, lithoclasts, 272, 276 53, 77, 95, 105, 139, 143 j lithofacies, 271,273 community climate, 141 Jacksonwald basalt, 201 logs, preserved, 113 detachment, 177 Jacksonwald Syncline, 201 luminosity, 27, 28, 31, 32, 34, 37, energy balance (EBMs), 27, 37, Japan, 248 59, 67 107, 140 Jerusalem, Israel, 182 lungfish, 151 general circulation (GCMs), 27, 37, jet streams, 99, 145 Lystrosaurus, 151 77, 117, 124, 125, 126, 129, , 151 134, 140, 144 Early, 129, 131, 200 general circulation simulations, 91 M mid-, 139, 148 GENESIS, 92, 93 Macroporella, 236 geochemical, 58, 94 Madagascar, 19 GISS GCM, 118, 122, 123, 124, K Madagascar Block, 96 125, 126, 127, 132 Kalkberg tephra, 163 magnetite, 162 global, 194 Kanimblides/proto- mantle global climate (GCMs), 92, 93, Foldbelt, 19 degassing, 72, 77 114 Kansas, 217, 267 plumes, 16, 164, 194 ground hydrology, 136 kaolinite, 151, 152 processes, 1 land-surface transfer, 93 Kapp Starostin Formation, 221 Marathon Mountains, 160 mass-balance, 142 Karoo Basin, 19, 189 marine deposits, 222 NCAR Community Climate, 139, Karoo tectonosedimentary terrain, 19 marine facies, 14 141, 143, 144 karst, 6 Martinia, 211, 215 numerical, 129, 140 karstification, 178 Maurice Ewing Bank, 96 ocean, 32 karsting, 276 Meguma suture, 175 orogenic, 87 Kazanian, 239 melting, 20, 177, 233 orogenic collapse-tectonic escape, post-, 240 Melvillian Disturbance, 230, 237, 176 Kazanian-Norian interval, 9 239 Pangean, 15 Kearny Formation, 268 mesetas, 174 qualitative, 140 Keeneia, 150 Mesogean Sea, 248 reefs, 252 Kerguelen, 194 Mesozoic, 71 Scythian, 104, 105, 113 Koeppen climate, 50 metabentonites, 163 seasonal cycle general circulation, classification, 50 metagenesis, 161 140 Kolyma Block, 244 , 18, 176 simulation, 260 Kungurian, 239 microcline, 162 six-layer soil, 93 Kyrtomisporis, 201 Microreticulatisporites bitriangularis, six-layer thermodynamic, 93 189 spectral climate, 141 Middleton basin, 175 surface temperature maintenance, L migration, 70, 177 59 labyrinthodont locations, 113 Milankovitch cycles, 36, 67 tectonic, 92, 95 lacuna, 14, 17, 18 Milankovitch fluctuations, 26, 28 three-layer thermodynamic, 93 lacustrine deposits, 6 Milankovitch forcing, 31, 37, 92, two-dimensional energy-balance, Lake Tanganyika, 175 107, 113 140 lakes Minas Geofracture, 172, 174 weathering, 80, 87 deposits, 182 Minas Geofracture system, 177 moisture, missing, 134 Gondwana, 36, 37 mineralogy, 236, 238, 239, 240, Mojave-Sonoma Megashear, 95 levels, 29 253 molasse basins, 177 rift, 180 minerals molasse sequence, 174 land distribution, 71 iron-bearing deposits, 8 mollusks, 213, 231, 253, 272 landmass, 28, 33, 59, 65, 70, 82, 142, metallic resources, 12 monsoon, 29, 41, 42, 49, 71, 113, 143, 144, 147, 150, 170, 171, phosphate, 211 134, 141, 145, 154, 179, 198 179, 182, 230, 252, 260 silicate, 142 Monte region, 120 large, 66, 70 siliceous, 240 Moonbi Plutonic Suite, 190 Laramide Orogeny, 95 Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) Moroccan plate, 177 Last Glacial Maximum, 59 deposits, 163 Morocco, 174, 175, 176, 256 Latemar platform, 259 Missouri, 164 Morrowan-Atokan boundary, 217 , 14, 17, 95, 144, 149 Mobile Belt, 229 Mt. Algonquin, 164 Laurasian province, 17 models Mount Bayley, 235 Laurentide Ice Sheet, 31 Arthaud and Matte, 172 Mount Bayley Formation, 237 lavas, 174, 177, 194 atmospheric general circulation, Mt. Marcy, 164 tholeiitic, 176 141 mountain building, 160, 164 leaching, 21 Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer mountain ranges, active, 176 Leigh Creek Coal Measures, 20 Schome (BATS), 93 mountains, fold-belt, 160 Lesser Pangea assemblage, 248 carbon dioxide, 142 mud mounds, 249 Lhasa block, 96 Carnian, 111, 113 mudstones, 150, 179, 224

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N Osprey Salt, 98 peats (continued) Otterdale Formation, 200 deposition, 129 Namib desert, 120, 122 Otto Fiord Formation, 235, 237 deposits, 132, 134, 136 Nansen Formation, 235 Ouachita Mountains, 160, 163 Pee Dee formation, 208 Nansenella, 236 Ouachita orogenic belt, 160 Peera Peera Formation, 20 Narrabeen Group, 189, 190 outgassing, volcanic, 142 Peidmont suture, 175 Narragansett Basin, 174 oxygen, 207 peloids, 231, 233 Neoanchicodium, 236 Pennsylvanian, 163 Neognathodus caudatus, 271 Middle, 267 Neospirifer, 212, 217 P Pensacola Mountain, 19 Neotethys, 248 packstone, 272 perihelion, 41, 42, 44, 48, 52, 53 Network basin, 198 Pakistan, 221 permafrost, 101, 113 Nevada section, 217 Palaeoaplysina, 233, 236, 261 Permian, 19, 20, 149, 163, 187, 217, New England, 174 Paleoarctic Ocean, 95 229, 247 New England Foldbelt, 19 paleobiogeography, 8, 97 Late, 19, 139, 143, 146 New England magmatic arc, 189 paleoclimate, 2, 4,13, 92, 103, 104, Permian-Triassic event, 20 New Madrid, Missouri, 164 111, 113, 117, 123, 137, 139, Permian/Triassic boundary, 21, 187, New Mexico, 212, 215, 217, 220 140, 148, 150, 151, 159, 247, 220 New South , 151 259 Perth Basin, 19, 152 , 163, 217 changes, 190 Peruvian Desert, 120, 122 Newark basin, 113, 172, 175, 177, controls, 11 Petrified Forest, 111 182, 198, 201, 205 , 261 Phanerozoic, 57 Newark-Gettysburg basins, 175 paleocommunities, 8 phosphate, 239 Newark Supergroup, 197 paleocurrents, 18 Phosphoria Formation, 241, 244 Newcastle Coal Measures, 189, 190 paleoecology, 8 phosphorites, 7, 11 nonmarine facies, 14, 17 paleoenvironments, 213 photosynthesis, 209 Norfolk Basin, 174 paleogeography, 5, 141, 145, 148, Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) , 192, 197, 248 179 thermals, 93 North American craton, 160, 174, changing, 57, 72 planktonic organism, 210 225 maps, 5 plant debris, 161 , 175 paleolatitudes, 61, 68, 77, 95, 179, platform lacuna, 15 North China Block, 97 233, 252, 259 plutonism, 174 North 40°-Kelvin Lineament, 171, paleomap, 260 plutons, 19 175, 177, 182 paleo-Pacific, 31 podzols, 151 North German Basin, 97 paleosols, 6, 151 polar regions, ice-cap-free, 113 North Greenland, 244 paleotemperature, 217 polar wander curve, 95 North Mountain basalt, 201 Paleotethyan region, 217 polarity, magnetic, 194 North Sea Basin, 97 Paleotethyan Seaway, 221 Ponperaug basin, 198 Northwest Territories, 150 Paleotethys, 32, 248 Porcellispora, 201 , 162 paleotopography, 97 porosity, 239 Nutbush Creek fault, 174 Paleozoic, 70 Portugal, 256 late, 232, 243 potassium, 163 O Palisades sill, 201 potassium feldspar, 162 palynofloras precipitation, 29, 46, 52, 76, 79, 93, Oaxaca Block, 95 Early Jurassic, 200 98, 101, 105, 113, 114, 121, obliquity, 42 Late Triassic, 200 123, 126, 128, 131, 132, 137, ocean palynology, 197 141, 144, 146, 148, 179, 182, changes, 33 palynomorphs, 189, 197 198 currents, 44 Pangea, 140 changes, 48 oceanography, 179 breakup, 2, 22, 26, 71, 72, 129, global mean, 99 oncoids, 233, 237 142, 169 global mean annual, 122 Onslow Microflora, 151 environmental history, 187 model-predicted pattern, 144 Ontong Java, 194 rates, 47, 118, 122, 131, 132 ooids, 231, 233, 237, 239 isotopic record, 215 northern, 243 summer monsoonal, 145 ophiolites, 209 Project Pangea, 1 Orange Mountain basalt, 201 resources, 2, 11 orbital change, 41 Pangean, 25, 41,117, 159,164,187, objectives, 3 Orinoco River, 79 247 Pseudofusulina, 236 Panthalassa Ocean, 33, 248 Pseudofusulinella, 236 sediments, 80 Panthalassan, 15, 217 Ptilophyllum, 152 orogenic collapse, 169, 182 Panthalassan margin, 189 pyrite, 161 orogens, 80, 82, 86 pyroclastics, 189 continent-continent collisions, 78 Paraepimastopora, 236 standard, 78, 85, 86 Parana basin, 95, 189 strongly cooling, 84, 86 Patagonian region, 120 q Variscan-Alleghanian, 173 path, polar wander, 36 Patinasporites densus, 201 quartz, 150 weakly cooling, 86 layers, 205 orogeny, 81 patterns, sea-level pressure, 144 peats, 12 shocked, 203, 205 defined, 160 quartz arenites, 152, 155 Ortonella, 236 accumulations, 134

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R Reguibat Promotory, 173 Santa Katarina, 164 Raanes Formation, 237 reptiles, therapsid, 106 Schwagerina, 236 radiation, 16 reservoirs, constant-depth, 118 Scotsburg basin, 175 balance, 159 residence times Scythian, 103,113 equations, 118 in-situ, 80 sea ice, 102, 113 in-transit, 79, 80 solar, 41, 48, 93, 120, 143, 259 fractional cover, 102 respiration, 209 rain, acid, 182 seasonal, 143 rain forest, 52 rates, 209 sea level, 16, 193, 224 rainfall, 49, 53, 151, 154, 176, 178, Reticulatisporites, 201 change, 2, 41, 252 182 Richmond basin, 174, 200 curve, 274 Richmond-Taylorsville basin, 175 rainshadows, 120 fluctuations, 182, 258 ridge, mid-ocean, 16 effects, 123 lower, 62 rift basin, 111 Raleigh belt, 174 pressure, 46 rift controls, 175 Ramapo border fault, 175 pressure patterns, 144 rift oceans, 16, 17, 20 Raniganj Formation, 150 rise, 20, 26, 283 rift phase, 235 reconstruction, Pangean seafloor, 17 rift system, 92 paleoclimates, 148 seafloor diagenesis, 210 rift uplift, 92 red beds, 21, 148, 149, 151, 179, 188, seafloor spreading, 14, 15, 20, 68, 77, rift valley, 111 190, 191, 192, 194, 237, 238, 142, 179 242, 248 rifting, 16, 72, 95, 97, 98, 174, 176, seasonal cycles, 28, 41 deposits, 92 177, 179, 182, 230, 255, 258 seasonality, precession cycle, 48, 53 Reef Complex, 212 continental, 20 seawater, 208, 209, 210 reefs, 7, 149, 236, 238 rifts changes, 21 algal, 229, 236, 237, 255 intramontane, 19 composition, 2, 21, 41 ancient, 259 volcanic, 15 isotopes, 193 biota, 253, 255, 260 Rio Bonito Formation, 189 stable isotopes, 21 biota changes, 256 river runoff, 126, 136 seaways, 146, 152, 154 biodetrital, 249 Roanoke basin, 175 epeiric, 179 bivalve, 254 rocks sedimentary record, 1, 2, 5 bryozoan, 236, 254 basement, 174 sedimentation, 180, 182, 197, 212 calcisponge, 255 calcalkaline, 189, 190 sediments carbonates, 248, 257 carbonate, 162 accumulation, 92 cement, 255 igneous, 78, 79 bioclastic, 249 chaetetid, 255 sedimentary, 162, 209 carbonate, 212, 231 communities, 259 source, 11 clastic, 230 construction, 253 volcanic, 142, 190 marine, 209 coral, 250 Rot event, 92 , 235 crest, 254 rotation pole, 95 serpulids, 231 crises, 256 runoff, 43, 47, 52, 53, 76, 79, 93, , 8, 11, 149, 152, 182, 193, cryptic habitats, 254 100, 101, 105, 106, 108, 113, 237, 238, 240, 272, 274 dasycladacean, 254 118, 121, 123, 136, 152, 178 shallow-water associations, 235 dramatic crises, 251 changes, 48 shelf carbonates, Pangean, 247 ecologic, 253 river, 126, 136 shell surface, 124, 132, 134, 137 evolution, 248, 252, 254, 258 altered, 212 Russia, 217, 257 facies, 2 aragonitic, 212 gap, 255, 257 fragments, 279 preserved, 212 guilds, 256 S hydromechanical, 249 shortening, 14, 18, 170 Lithiotis, 254, 256 Sabine Bay Formation, 239, 240 Carboniferous, 18 low-water, 250 Sabine plate, 174 Early Triassic, 19 medium-lived, 255 sabkhas, 177 Late Permian, 19 mixed, 236 sags, 14, 19 Middle Triassic, 19 models, 252 Sahara Desert, 120, 122 Siberia, 144, 145, 149 modern, 248, 253 St. Helena hot spot, 176 Siberian Traps, 21, 22, 188, 189, 193, mounds, 248, 255 Sakmarian, 235 194 Norian Lime Peak, 249 Salado basin, 95 siderite, 239 Palaeoaplysina, 255 salinity, 208, 231, 233, 258 Sierra de la Ventana Foldbelt, 19 Pangean, 248 salt deposits, 179 silica deposits, 7 pelecypod, 254 Salt Range, 189 silicate enhancement rates, 83 Permian, 247 salts, 98 silicates, 58, 78 Rhaetian Steinplatte, 249 Samba terrane, 96 weathering, 58, 67 short-lived, 254 San Jorge Basin, 95 siltstone, 150, 200, 237, 238, 240, sites, 248 sand deposits, 92 276, 279 sponges, 255 sands, 79, 80, 150 Simple Biosphere Model (SiB), 93 stromatolite, 249, 254 carbonate, 250 simulations, 114 Triassic, 247 , 79, 149, 150, 151, 152, carbon dioxide, 152 types, 248, 254 178, 189, 201, 230, 235, 237, climate model, 140 regression, 271, 276 239, 240, 241, 283 GCM, 121, 131

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simulations (continued) subduction, 16, 77, 97, 177 therapsids, 109 Jurassic, 153 submergence, 17 Thinnfeldia callipteroides, 191 Late Permian, 143, 146, 152 , 14, 19, 72, 120, 122, 162, Tibetan Plateau, 76, 176 Late Triassic, 147, 153 164, 174, 230 Tien Shan, 176 mid-Jurassic, 148 stages, 14 tile, axial, 43 Sinai subplate, 164 sulfur, 21 tillites, 149, 244 slab, thermodynamic, 93 sulphates, 103 Timan-Petchora Basin, 244 slickensides, 276, 279 superchron, 194 Timor, 217 smectite, 151 magnetic, 22 Timor terrane, 96 snow cover, 31, 32, 33, 46, 93, 100 supercontinents, 2, 25, 28, 33, 37, 42, Todisporites, 201 snow cover, changes, 48 71, 92, 140, 146, 188 topography, 179 snowmelt, 43, 100 superocean, 15 trace elements, 213 soil layer, 101 supracontinent, 182 Transantarctic Mountains, 189 soil moisture, 43, 46, 49, 100, 113, Svalbard, 244 transgression, 17, 237, 272, 276 118, 121, 123, 124, 132, 137 Sverdrup Basin, 150, 220, 229, 238 transport, larval, 260 soil properties, 95 benthic associations, 234 transpression, 18, 173 soil water, 102 climatic evolution, 243 Trappers Cove Formation, 237 soil-ice fraction, 101 climatic indicators, 234 Trepeilopsis, 236 solar processes, 1 succession, 230, 244 Triassic, 20, 91, 147,151,176, 177, South Africa, 19, 150, 189, 192 swamp deposits, 178 187, 197, 200, 207, 220, 247, South America, 120, 189 Sydney Basin, 150, 189, 190 257 South Atlas fracture zone, 172, 175, symbiosis, algal, 250, 251, 253 Early, 19, 257 176, 177, 182 synchroneity, global, 5, 9 Late, 197 South Carolina, 208 synthesis, 12 Middle, 19 South China Block, 97 Triassic-Jurassic boundary, 36 Triassic/Jurassic boundary sections, South Pole, 141 T Spain, 217, 256 201 sphalerite, 161 Taconian orogeny, 85 Trold Fiord Formation, 239, 240 sphinctozoans, 257 Taconic Orogen, 85 Tuberitina, 236 spicules Taklimakan Desert, 120 Tubiphytes, 236, 253, 255, 256 monotaxon, 240 Tanquary, 235 Tuckahoe Formation, 200 sponges, 231, 241 Tanzania, 111 tufa, 179 spikes Tasmania, 103, 233 tuff, 182, 189, 190, 191 gamma, 274 Tasmanian coal measures, 20 turbidites, 79 Triassic, 21 Taylorsville basin, 200 turbidity, 182 splays, 240 , 1,5,176 Turkey, 221, 222, 224 sponges, 223, 238, 253, 256, 258 tectonism, 177, 230, 244 Turkey Branch Formation, 200 spicules, 231, 241 tectono-sedimentary stages, 18 Tuscany, Italy, 203, 205 spores, 200, 201 temperature, 27, 33, 35, 36, 37, 41, 44, 52, 113, 118, 140, 144, 147, spike, 201, 205 U Stacheia, 236 148, 152, 154, 179, 210, 213, Stacheoidella, 236 217, 231, 259 , 230, 235, 237, 239, Stacheoides, 236 ambient air, 81 252, 268, 284 Steinplatte complex, 223 changes, 48 Ungdarella, 236 steppe, 52 global, 46,57, 85, 117, 188 uplifts, 67, 76, 79, 86, 113, 162, 164, Stony Coal Facies, 189 polar, 68, 70, 71, 84, 85, 86 111, 230 storm systems, cyclonic, 145 regional, 46 Carboniferous, 18 storm tracks, 145, 150, 153, 154, sea-surface, 35, 144 Early Triassic, 19 155 surface, 146 epeirogenic, 159, 160, 163, 164 mid-latitude, 145 surface air, 98 Late Permian, 19 strata tephra, 162 Middle Triassic, 19 carbonate, 163 tephra beds, 163 orogenic, 21, 159, 160 coal-bearing, 163 Pangean, 159, 164 fluvial, 198 biotite, 177 Permian, 163 lacustrine, 198 displaced, 260 thermal, 14, 98 post-Devonian, 163 exotic, 248, 257 Ural Orogen, 86 vanished, 163 metamorphic, 177 Uralides, 170 stratal hierarchy, 267 suspect, 260 Uralla Suite, 190 stratal terminations, 279, 283 Tethyan margin, 144, 145 Urals, 86 , 9 Tethyan regions, 244 Urey reactions, 58, 59 sequences, 15, 267 Tethys, 248, 251 stress Tethys coast, 46, 49, 51, 147 V reversal, 176 Tethys Ocean, 43, 132 shared, 110 Tethys Ocean basin, 97 Vallasporites ignacii, 201 strike-slip shear zones, 173 Tethys Sea, 44, 140, 142, 144, 147, valley incision, 271 stromatolites, 162 150, 154, 248 Van Hauen Formation, 240 strontium, 21, 236 tetrapods, 191, 193, 197, 201, 203 Variscan orogen, 174, 175 stylolites, 272 , 217 Variscan-Alleghanian orogen, 176

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Variscan-Alleghanide orogenic W weathering rates (continued) collapse, 169 silicate, 87 Variscides, 19 wackestone, 272 Waldheimia, 213 West Irian-Jaya terrane, 96 vegetation, 92, 93, 94, 114, 132 West Spitsbergen, 220, 221 albedo, 120 Waltonia, 213 warming White Nile, 134 distributions, 118 wind fields, 98, 99 shifts, 26 global, 117, 182 summer, 26, 31, 34, 107, 110 winds types, 118, 132, 143 water vapor, 93 mid-tropospheric, 99 winter, 118 water-balance equations, 124 surface, 46 Vendian supercontinent, 17 water-balance feedbacks, 143 Wordian shelf, 240 venting, 15, 16 wave base, 235 Verrucosisporites, 201 waves, surface, 150 Y vertebrates weathering, 75, 192, 209 amphibian-dominated, 26 categories, 83 Yangtze area, 223 reptile-dominated, 26 chemical, 72, 76, 77 Yaqui Block, 95 Vesterisbanken Seamount, 241 continental, 76, 79 Yucatan Block, 95 , 175 extreme, 191 Yugoslavia, 217, 221 vitrinites, 161 mechanical, 76, 78, 79 Yukon territories, 249 volatiles, 194 silicate, 76, 78, 79, 80, 81, 85, 86, volcanic activity, 164 87 volcanics, 19, 20, 229 Z volcanism, 203 weathering rates, 58, 68, 78, 80, 81, 83, 86, 209 Zambezian rifts, 19 Volvotextularis, 236 zeolites, 162 Voltzia flora, 191 chemical, 76

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Pangea: Paieoclimate, Tectonics, and Sedimentation During Accretion, Zenith, and Breakup of a Super-continent Edited by George •. Klein

Contents Preface v 1. Introduction: Project PANGEA and Workshop Recommendations 1 2. Pangea: Evolution of a Supercontinent and Its Consequences for Earth's Paleoclimate and Sedimentary Environments 13 3. Pangean Climates 25 4. Idealized Pangean Climates: Sensitivity to Orbital Change 41 5. Phanerozoic CO2 Levels and Global Temperatures Inferred from Changing Paleogeography 57 6. Orogenic Enhancement of Weathering and Continental Ice-Sheet Initiation 75 7. General Circulation Model Simulations of Triassic Climates 91 8. Depiction of Modern and Pangean Deserts 117 9. The Climatic Evolution of India and Australia from the Late Permian to Mid-Jurassic 139 10. Pangean Orogenic and Epeirogenic Uplifts and Their Possible Climatic Significance 159 11. The Breakup of Pangea and Its Impact on Climate 169 12. Turning Point in Pangean Environmental History at the Permian/Triassic Boundary 187 13. Geologically Rapid Late Triassic Extinctions 197 14. The Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Record During the Evolution of Pangea 207 15. Permian Climatic Cooling in the Canadian Arctic 229 16. Pangean Shelf Carbonates 247 17. Stratal Hierarchy and Sequence Stratigraphy — Middle Pennsylvanian, Southwestern Kansas, U.S.A 267 Index 287

ISBN 0-8137-2288-8

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