Index [Italic page numbers indicate major references] A Anthracoporellopsis, 236 B Anti Atlas, 174 Bahamas fracture zone, 172 Acadian orogeny, 85 Antler orogeny, 160 Balmoral Coal Seam, 151 accretion, 1, 182, 255 Antoinette Formation, 235, 237 Baraker Formation, 150 Greater Pangea, 248 Aoujgalia, 236 Barbados, 209 acid rain, 182 apatite, 17 Barents Sea, 244 Adirondack Massif, 163 Apatopus, 201 barnacles, 231 advection, 141 aphelion, 48, 53 basalt, 182 Afghanistan, 217 Appalachia-Hercynian chain, 29 flood, 178, 182 Afghanistan block, 96 Appalachian Basin, 161, 162, 163, flows, 189, 203 Africa, 19, 120, 146, 147, 173, 174 165 African craton, 175 horizons, 197 Appalachian Mountain chain, 86 African plate, 176 basement, orogenic, 16 Appalachian Piedmont, 173 aggregate grains, 231 Bashkirian and Gzhelian interval, Appalachians, 31, 78, 171, 173, 174, Aghdarband, Iran, 257 235 Alaska, 230, 244 175, 176, 182 basin filling, 176 Apterrinella, 236 basins albedos, 44, 46, 65, 69, 70, 95, 118, aragonite, 208, 209, 211, 213, 217, 143 clastic, 177 225, 231, 233, 236, 237, 253 climate drainage (arid), 126 algae arc, magmatic, 189, 191 calcareous, 253 drainage, 134 Archaeolithoporella, 236 evaporite intraplate, 177 coralline, 253 Archaeolithophyllum, 236 green, 231, 236 extensional, 174, 111 Arctic-Alaska-Chukotka terrane, 95 intermontane transtensional, 174 phylloid, 272 Arctic Archipelago, 229 symbiotic, 250 intracratonic, 248 Arctic Canada, 217 intramontane, 174 Alleghanian/Hercynian orogeny, 163 Arctic Ocean, opening, 230 Alleghanian orogeny, 85 lacustrine, 176 Arctic region, 231 pull-apart, 174 Alleghanian thrust fault zone, 175 Argentina, 19, 113, 192 rift, 174, 178, 179, 180, 182, 197, Alleghany-Mauritanides, 170 arid regions, 119,129 198, 229 Alleghany Orogen, 86 aridity, 25, 29, 50, 72, 92, 113, 119, sabkha, 177 Alleghany-Variscan deformation, 122, 123, 127, 129, 131, 132, Scotian, 179 177 137, 145, 151, 154, 177, 179 sedimentary, 233, 242 Allegheny Mountains, 160 defined, 120 strike-slip, 177 allochems, 272, 273 Armenia, 221, 224 temperate, 182 Alps, 221, 256, 258 Artinskian, 237 transtensional, 177 alteration, 210, 213, 224 Asia, 86, 120, 248 wrench-formed, 173 hydrothermal, 209 Asselian and Sakmarian interval, Amazonia, 125 wrench-related, 176 235 bauxite, 6, 178, 182 American craton, 174 assemblages American plate, 176, 177 deposits, 92 Lesser Pangea, 248 Amery Group, 192 Beaufort Group, 189, 192 palynfloral, 200 Amman, Jordan, 182 Beaufort volcaniclastic sediment, Assistance Formation, 239, 240 Ammovertella, 236 189 associations amphibian, phytosaurid, 113 beds, lacustrine, 238 benthic, 230, 234 Anapiculatisporites, 201 Beedeina, 269, 282 limestone, 7 Andes, 76, 79 insólita, 269 skeletal, 7 Angaran flora, 110 Beekmantown Group, 162 asteroid impact hypothesis, 36 anhydrite, 237 Belcher Channel, 235 asthenosphere, 164, 177 animals, marine, 193 Bengal fan, 78 Atacama Desert, 120, 122 anomaly Benguela Current, 120 Atlantic, central, 173 heat, 14, 17 Benoue Trough, 96 Atlantic extensional basins, 182 negative, 217 bentonites, 163 Atlantic margin, 177 thermal, 189 Bermuda, 211 Atlantic passive margins, 174 Antarctic ice, 208 Berner curve, 68 Atlantic provinces, Canada, 174 Antarctic ice sheet, 86, 87 Bevocastria, 236 atmosphere composition, 182 Antarctic Peninsula, 18 bicarbonate, 209 Australia, 17, 18, 19, 122, 139, 150, Antarctic region, 231 bioclasts, 231, 232 Antarctica, 19, 72, 86, 113, 146, 189, 189, 190, 192, 223, 233, 239 bioerosion, 250 192 Australian sector, 96 biogeography, 12 Austria, 221, 223, 249 anthracite, 161 biomass, floral, 21 Avalon suture, 175 biopolarity, 65 Anthracite district, 164 Avalon terrane, 175 Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer anthracite region, 163 Awaba Tuff, 190 Anthracoporella, 236 Schome (BATS) model, 93 287 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958295/spe288-bm.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 288 Index biota, 26, 193, 237, 244, 248 carbonates (continued) climate (continued) climate change, 36 ramp, 151 cooling, 229 migration, 260 sedimentation, 276 evolution, 139, 243, 258 biotite, 189, 190 sediments, 211 feedbacks, 136 bioturbation, 272 shallow-water, 233 global, 2, 76, 83, 99 Bjornoya, 244 shelf, 232, 233, 236, 237, 247, greenhouse, 2, 16, 20, 44, 58, 75, Black Jack Formation, 189 253 159, 178, 192, 259 Bloody Bluff fault, 175 shelf deposits, 238 icehouse, 2, 15, 20, 75, 159, 178, Bonaparte Basin, 150 skeletal, 211 259 Borup Fiord Formation, 235, 237 temperate, 231, 232, 233 indicators, 6, 230 boundaries, sequence, 268 tropical, 229, 231, 232 models, 4, 27, 32, 34, 36, 41, 43, Bowen Basin, 150 Carboniferous, 18,207,215 53, 77, 139, 143 brachiopods, 211, 213, 214, 215, Carnarvon basin, 151 non-icehouse, 72 217, 225, 253, 272 Carnian, 111, 113,200 orbital change, 41 shells, 213, 214, 215, 220, 225 Carnian event, 257 Pangea breakup, 169 Brachychirotherium, 201 Carnian map, 98 Pangean, 25,41 Brazil, 150, 189 Carpathian Mountains, 258 Permian, 229 brecciation, 273 Cassiar orogeny, 160 polar, 243 British Columbia, 256 Caucasian Range, 257 processes, 4 Brook Street magmatic arc, 189 cements, 236 rain-forest, 179 Brookneal fault, 174 aragonite, 217, 233 savannah, 179 Bryomol, 231 carbonate, 249 semiarid, 243 Bryonoderm associations, 234, 237, hematite, 151 supercontinent, 28, 94 239 marine, 212, 215, 223, 225 Triassic, 91, 177 bryozoans, 231, 253 meteoric, 209 tropical-like, 243 burial ratios, 59, 71 silica, 152 climatic indicators Buru-Seram-Janimbar terrane, 96 smectite, 151 Carnian, 111 submarine, 237, 238 proxy, 103, 111 Cenozoic, 71 Scythian, 103 C Central Kansas uplift, 268, 269, 274, climatology, soil moisture, 124 cadophytes, 152 279 cloud cover, 120 calcification, 250 chalcedony, 240 cloud formation, 123 calcisponges, 255, 256 chalcopyrite, 161 cloud parameterization, 93 calcite, 162, 208, 210, 211, 213, 223, Chasmatosaurus, 151 coal, 7, 92, 111, 113, 148, 149, 150, 233, 236, 237, 238, 239, 253 Cherokee Group, 268, 284 151, 152, 154, 178, 193, 239, compensation depth, 76 Lower, 279 244 calcrete, 6, 149, 179, 182, 222 chert, 179, 211, 230, 233, 235, 240, deposition, 104, 150, 151, 154 caliche, 237, 238 241, 242 deposits, 31, 87, 108, 111, 113, crusts, 273 China, 19, 190, 191, 192, 194, 221, 134, 136, 149, 151 nodules, 276, 279 223, 256, 257 formation, 26 Canadian Arctic, 229 Chinese stratotype, 189 gap, 21, 72, 87, 190, 191, 192, Canadian Shield, 95 chlorite, 151 193, 194 Canary hot spot, 176 Chloroforam associations, 234, 235, high-latitude, 11 Canyon Fiord Formation, 235, 237 237 low-latitude, 11 Cape Fold Belt, 19, 189 Choiyoi province, 189 measures, 21, 188, 189, 194 carbon, 207, 224 Choristites, 215 temperate, 11 burial, 27, 71, 72 Chortis block, 95 Tethyan, 11 changes, 27 chron, magnetic, 22 coaly bed, 192 Carbon County, Pennsylvania, 163 circulation coaly seam, 240 carbon cycle, 26 atmospheric, 159 coelobites, 254 carbon dioxide, 15, 16, 22, 31, 33, 34, changes, 48 collapse 37, 44, 47, 53, 76, 77, 80, 93, circum-Arctic regions, 230, 233, 244 orogenic, 169 94, 118, 134, 140, 141, 142, Clark County, Kansas, 274 Variscan-Alleghanide orogenic, 169 146, 148, 159, 188, 192, 194 clastics, 174, 178, 182, 229, 230 collisions, 97, 174 atmospheric changes, 20, 27 coaly continental, 108 Community Climate Model (CCM), 43, flux, 2 sediments, 211 92 Phanerozoic levels, 57 clasts, 239 composila, 212 carbonate organism, 210 Clavaporella, 236 compression, 174, 176 carbonates, 7, 11, 76, 142, 163, 175, claystones, 200 plate-boundary, 173 178, 208, 209, 211, 222, 223, climate, 159,164, 169, 177, 192, conchostracans, 108, 113 229, 230, 232, 235, 236, 239, 230, 238 conformities, 230, 235, 237, 239 240, 241, 244, 259, 273 arid, 122 conglomerates, 174, 235, 237 altered (diagenetically), 212 benthic associations, 230 conifers, 152 biogenic, 208 change predictions, 152 Connecticut rift basin, 111 buildup, 249 changes, 1, 2, 37, 52, 72, 77, 178, contact, Mississippian- minerals, 208, 210, 213 230, 244 Pennsylvanian, 271 platforms, 248 classification, 50 continental crust, 16, 61, 62, 77, 78, production, 274, 276 control, 44 174 Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/chapter-pdf/958295/spe288-bm.pdf by guest on 29 September 2021 Index 289 continentality, 179 degassing rates, mantle, 58, 59, 68, Epimastopora, 236 continents, dispersed, 17 72, 77, 80, 87 Epimastoporella, 236 convection, 93 Degerböls Formation, 239, 240 Epistachoides, 236 convergence, 170, 176, 182 degradation, 99 Eridmatus, 212 continental, 78 Delta Plain facies, 189 erosion, 18, 21, 78, 159, 160, 163, Converrucosisporites, 201 deltaic deposits, 7 176, 271 cooling, 189, 243 Deltoidospora, 201 eruption, 188, 189, 191, 194 global, 182 Dempsey Formation, 190 Estrada Nove Formation, 189 Permian, 244 denudation, 79 Eugonophyllum, 236 progressive, 229 Des Moines Supergroup, 269 Euramerica, 17 surface water, 258 deserts, 119 Eurasia, 28, 34, 35 winter, 28, 33, 36, 37, 108 modern, 117,119, 122, 129 Europe, 18, 19, 113, 145, 192 Cooper Basin, 19, 150 Pangean, 117 Eurydesma, 150 corals, 209, 213, 223, 231, 250, 251, polar, 229 evaporation, 118, 121, 123, 132, 134, 253, 256, 257, 258 detrital deposits, 176 208 Coralville Formation, 215 detritus, 177 potential, 128, 132, 136 Cordilleran belt, 160 Devonian, post-, 163 rates, 145 cores diagenesis, 163, 210, 213, 224 evaporites, 2, 7, 92, 98, 103, 104, Harris, 274, 279 diagnostics, GCM hydrological, 117 111, 129, 131, 148, 149, 154, Milhon, 274, 282, 283 Dicroidium, 109, 110, 113, 151, 190, 175, 177, 178, 182, 229, 230, Schauf, 269, 271, 274, 279, 282 191 235,