DOCSLIB.ORG

Archly 64254 LIST of CONTENTS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

* / - (DraftReport) Institute of Development Studies Institute of Social and Economic Research UNIVERSITY OF GUYANA UNIVERSITY OF THE WESTINDIES Caribbean Technology Policy Studies Project-Il THE THREAT rtND THE PROMISEm (An Assessment of the Impact of Technological Developments in theHighFructose Corn Syrup and Sucro-cheznioals Industries) by CLIVE Y. THOMAS (October, 1982) This is an internaldocumentof the Caribbean Technology Policy Studies Project-Il. Quotation or reproduction is expressly prohibited without the permission of the Caribbean Technology Policy Studies Project and theauthor. ARCHly 64254 LIST OF CONTENTS Page List of Tablcs iii Preface V PART I THE THREAT THE TECHNOLOGICAL IACT OF HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP CHI?TER 1.: Salient Characteristics of the World Sweetener Industry 2 Sugar in the Caribbean 2 Technology and End-Use: The Concept of Sweetener 8 The Global Sweetener Market 15 CHAPTER 2; Innovation in a Mature Industry: The Case of High Fructose Corn Syrup 27 The Develoent of HFCS Technology 27 Analytical Observations 35 CHAPTER 3: The Structure of the High Fructose Corn Syrup Industry 43 7orld Structure 43 The USA Industry 46 The Canadian Industry 64 The Japanese Industry 71 The EEC Industry 76 Other HFS Producers 85 CHAPTEj? 4: TheEconomics of High Fructose Corn Syrup 88 CHAPTER5: HFCS and the Future: An Assessment 105 Some Current Views 105 y-Run Csideat.oi 1O The Cari5ean ioition 113 ii Page PART II THE )MISE - THETECH!'OLOGICAL IMPACT OF 125 SUCIt-HEMICPLS a 126 iflPTER 6: The Industrial Uses of Cane Sugar Thy-Products aU1PTER 7: The Potential of Sucrose as a chemicai. Feedstock 132 The PropertiGs of Sucrose 132 Chemical Operations with Sucrose 136 Conclusions 146 RAPTER 8: Historical-Functional analysis of Sucro-chemistry 149 CP2TER 9: ucro-Chen%ica1S - Some General Issues 158 CUPTER 10: Tate and Lyle: Sucro-Chemicals and Transnationa]. Enterprise 174 The Importance of Tate and Lyle 174 Tate and Lyle: Besearch and Development Activities 183 esearch Directions: AnAssessment 194 CHAPTER 11: The Threat and the Promise: PnAssessment 204 Context 204 RecouunendatiOflS 210 PEFERCES 221 iii List of Tables Page Table 1 Indices of Per Capita Food Production -. (Czibb ei) 19'i-19GO. 5 I, 2 Percentage Contribution of Agricultural Sector 5 to GDP, by Country, (Caribbean). 3 Viscosity ofHFCSand Other Sweeteners. 11 'I 4 Selected Comparisons of High Intensity Sweeteners. 14 I, 5 Per Capita Sugar Consumption (Number of Countries 16 by Continent). 'I 6 World Supply and Demand for Centrifugal Sugar. 10 I, 7 World Sweetener Consumption: Projections. 20 8 World Sugar Production/Stocks. 22 U 9 Raw Sugar Spot Prices. 23 I, 10 WorldHFCSProduction and Projections 44 U 11 Projections of WorldHFCSProduction. 45 12 USA: Estimated Nutritive Sweetener Deliveries 48 I, 13 USA: Nutritive Sweetener Deliveries (Per Capita). 49 I, 14 USA: EstimatedHFCSDeliveries by Product. 52 I, 15 USA: Industrial Sugar andHFCSDeliveries by 53. Market. 'I 16 USA: HFCSApproved Replacement Levels in Soft 55-56 Drinks. ft 17 USA: Structure of Sucrose Market. 57 18 USA: Estimates of Long Term Theoretical Penetration by Market. 58 I, 19 USA: EstimatedHFCSDeliveries by Market. 60 I, 20 USA: HFCSMarket Shares 61 U 21 USA: Expansion of HFCS Capacity by Firms. 63 'I 22 Canada: Estimated Nutritive Sweetener Consumption. 65 'I 23 Canada: Estimated Nutritive Sweetener Consumption (Per Capita). 66 iv List of Tables (cont'd) Estimated Production HFCSCapacities. 6 Table 24 Canada: Industrial U Canada: Estimated Consumption of 25 69 Sugar by Industry. HFCSPenetration Possibilities.7f) 'I 26 Canada: Long Term Sweetener DeliverieS. 72 tt 27 Japan: Estimated Nutritive Estimated Nutritive SweetenerDeliveries 73 It 28 Japan: (Per Capita). HFCSProduction Capacity.75 I, 29 Japan: Estimated Annual Market Shares for CornSweeteners. 77 30 Japan: Consumption. 2c I, 31 EEC: Estimated Nutritive Sweetener Consumption It 32 EEC: Estimated Nutritive Sweetener (Per Capita). and Capacities.t3 It 33 EEC: Estimated Quotas, Production Production Cost. 91 I, 34 Major Components ofHFCS (USA). 'I 35 Ratio of IfCS/Sugar Prices (USA). 94 II 36 Seasonality of HFCS Consumption HFCS(USA). 95 It 37 Production Coats of By-Products Credits 97 II 38 Corn Prices and Production. 100 I, 39 Cost Components ofHFCS HFCS 101 I, 40 Cost Estimates for Producing (Various Plant Sizes andOperating Rates). Analysis of Turnover. 176 'I 41 Tate and Lyle Ltd.: Analysis of AssetsEmployed.177 I, 42 Tate and Lyle Ltd.: Analysis of Allocationsof182 II 43 Tate and Lyle Ltd.: Research Expenditure ChlorodeOXySuCroses. 189 II 44 Relative Sweetness of Analysis of Trading 197-l9 II 45 Tate and Lyle Ltd.: Profit. Preface This study of the impact of technologicaldevelopments in tho hijh fructose corn syrup and sucro-chemicals industrieshas been conducted as part of the second phase of' the Caribbean Technology PolicyStudies Project - a comprehensive joint project of theUniversity of Guyana, University of the West Indies, and the International Development Research Centre-(Ottawa). The description given here is to be taken as moro than simply formal,for the research work underlining this study has been at all stages executed within the stated framework of the project. As a consequence the full signi- ficance of what is being att'rnpted here can only be appreciated inthe overall context of' the principal foci of the project, namely an examination of the issues of indigeneous technological capability; search evaluation and bargaining; science and technology policy planning; and size, scale and technological transformation of the Caribbean. Within these overarching foci, the study is located in the specific area of the technological impact assessment studies undertaken by the project in the area of science and technology policy planning. In this area of the project's concerns the objective is to evaluate from the perspective of the concernsof the Coribbcn region, certain fundämenthl technological transformations which have been occurring on a world scale with a view towards developing a technological planning capability to cope with these developments. The choice of topics within this subset has not been random, great care and attention were directed towards the topics chosen for study in this area of' the project and the method of approach. vi Having said all this it is importantthat the reader immediately understands that this is therefore not astudy of the world's sugar industry in general (or more accuratelysweetener industry), or that of' the Caribbean in particular. The study treats with the sugar(sweetener) industry from two angles, namely thedevelopment of the high fructose corn syrup industry (HFCS), known inEurope as the isog].ucose industry, onthe basis of recent technological innovations andthe threat which this poses ta the world's traditional sweetenerindustry in general and the Cribbecn's in particular, and the opportunities beingcreated by recent technological approach advances in the field of sucro-chemicala. It is from this conceptual that the title of the study has beenderived, namely 'the threat and the early stage that this is promose'. It should be appreciated even at this not just the simple aggregationof two different studies of the same industry or the study of two entirelydifferent industries. The interfaccD and between technological developments andtheir applications in the HFCS sucro-chemical industry is a matter of central concernto us. In fact, beceus. traditional the same transnationals (TNCs) are frequently involved in suggest that any sugar, other sweeteners, HFCSand sucro-chemicals it would additively, attempt to isolate the two areas of thestudy, or treat them merely interface which would be very unwise. Indeed it was recognition of this propelled the study from its early stagesof conceptualisation of' being concerned with sucro-chemical technologicaldevelopment alone, into the form it has taken here. The leading edge in the developmentand application of new technology and to a in the case of the HECS industry isthe United States of' America vii Canada, and certain tern- lesser extent .Japan the European Community, The study will naturally tories in South-ESt Asiaand Latin America. will be with the focus on these territories,but our predominant concern overwhelming USA where eleven firms and someseventeen plants constitute the In bulk of the world's resourcescurrently committed to HFCS production. innovations the case of the sucro...chemicals,the loading edge of technological Here considerable is located in a United Kingdombased TNC, Tate and Lyle Ltd. focus will naturally fall on thisenterprise. In pursuit of this study a numberof sub-themes of some general significance are briefly touched upon fromtime to time the principal ones being: innovation and response in a matureindustry; the industrialization of atraditional tropical staple; the uniqueness of the circumstancescreated by competition between developed and underdevelopedregions in producing a widely consumed commodity renewable versus finite resources in industrialdevelopment; land use for food versus manufacturirloutput; the role of government policy in thedevelopment of technology and its application; and so on. Concern over possible diversion from themain thrusb of the study has in some instances limited ourintervention on these issues to a few hints. In conclusion it should be noted thatrelatively little accessible work has been done on the HFCS industry, andfa less on the sucro-chemicals aims, contributing to the industry. Thus
Recommended publications
  • Sweet Success

    Sweet Success

    [Sweetners] Vol. 25 No. 2 Summer 2015 Sweet Success By Judie Bizzozero, Senior Editor In light of increasing consumer demand for less caloric, healthier and “natural” products featuring lower sugar content and non-GMO ingredients, formulators are seeking out versatile ingredients that not only are easy to integrate into food and beverages, but also deliver specific and reliable health benefits. “‘Natural’ sweeteners are gaining favor among consumers due to the increased focus on products, in all categories, that are ‘free-from’ and non-GMO,” said Rudy Wouters, vice president, BENEO Technology Center, Antwerp Area, Belgium. “Consumers are looking to manufacturers to deliver products that are natural, but also lower in sugar content for the maintenance of a more healthy diet and lifestyle.” Clean-Label Trending According to 2014 data from Tate & Lyle, Hoffman Estates, Illinois, 65 percent of consumers in the United States are looking for calories on package labels. In addition to calorie reduction, 2014 data from Harleysville, Pennsylvania-based Natural Marketing Institute (NMI) found 53 percent of consumers are looking for products with simpler ingredient lists. “The dual demand for calorie reduction and simpler ingredient lists makes zero-calorie sweeteners like stevia and monk fruit an ideal option for food and beverage manufacturers. And we’re already seeing manufacturers adopt these trending sweeteners in their formulations,” said Amy Lauer, marketing manager, Tate & Lyle North America. “In fact, stevia and monk fruit are the only high- potency sweeteners to see growth in new product launches from 2013 to 2014 in the United States [Innova, 2014]. Stevia in particular is gaining momentum with a 103-percent increase in new product launches from 2013 to 2014.” Tate & Lyle’s stevia-based zero-calorie sweetener meets consumer demand for low-calorie and low- sugar products and achieves 50 percent or more sugar-reduction levels, Lauer said.
  • The Alcoholic Republic

    The Alcoholic Republic

    THE ALCOHOLIC REPUBLIC AN AMERICAN TRADITION w. J. RORABAUGH - . - New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1979 THE GROG-SHOP o come le t us all to the grog- shop: The tempest is gatheri ng fa st- The re sure lyis nought li ke the grog- shop To shield fr om the turbulent blast. For there will be wrangli ng Wi lly Disputing about a lame ox; And there will be bullyi ng Billy Challengi ng negroes to box: Toby Fillpot with carbuncle nose Mixi ng politics up with his li quor; Ti m Tuneful that si ngs even prose, And hiccups and coughs in hi s beaker. Dick Drowsy with emerald eyes, Kit Crusty with hair like a comet, Sam Smootly that whilom grewwise But returned like a dog to his vomit And the re will be tippli ng and talk And fuddling and fu n to the lif e, And swaggering, swearing, and smoke, And shuffling and sc uffling and strife. And there will be swappi ng ofhorses, And betting, and beating, and blows, And laughter, and lewdness, and losses, And winning, and wounding and woes. o the n le t us offto the grog- shop; Come, fa ther, come, jonathan, come; Far drearier fa r than a Sunday Is a storm in the dull ness ofhome . GREEN'S ANTI-INTEMPERANCE ALMANACK (1831) PREFACE THIS PROJECT began when I discovered a sizeable collec­ tion of early nineteenth-century temperance pamphlets. As I read those tracts, I wondered what had prompted so many authors to expend so much effort and expense to attack alcohol.
  • Thaumatin Is Similar to Water in Blood Glucose Response in Wistar Rats Warid Khayata1, Ahmad Kamri2, Rasha Alsaleh1

    Thaumatin Is Similar to Water in Blood Glucose Response in Wistar Rats Warid Khayata1, Ahmad Kamri2, Rasha Alsaleh1

    International Journal of Academic Scientific Research ISSN: 2272-6446 Volume 4, Issue 2 (May - June 2016), PP 36-42 www.ijasrjournal.org Thaumatin is similar to water in blood glucose response in Wistar rats Warid Khayata1, Ahmad Kamri2, Rasha Alsaleh1 1 (Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy/ University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria) 2 (Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences/ University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria) ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of thaumatin; a sweet tasting protein, compared to a natural sweetener; sucrose and a synthetic one; aspartame on blood glucose level and body weight in male Wistar rats. Sucrose, aspartame, and thaumatin solutions have been administrated orally every day to adult male Wistar rats for 8 consecutive weeks. Within this period, blood glucose was monitored during two hours and body weight was measured every two weeks. It was found that compared to water, aspartame and thaumatin did not elevate blood glucose at all. Also, neither aspartame nor thaumatin affected body weight. Subsequently, thaumatin can be considered as a safer and healthier sweetener than aspartame or sucrose, because it is natural and do not cause elevating in blood glucose. Keywords: Blood glucose, Body weight, Sweetener, Thaumatin, Wistar rat GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT www.ijasrjournal.org 36 | Page International Journal of Academic Scientific Research ISSN: 2272-6446 Volume 4, Issue 2 (May - June 2016), PP 36-42 I. INTRODUCTION Sugar obtained from sugar cane or beet is widely used in many food products to give sweetness, viscosity, and consistency. Furthermore, it has a role in the preservation of foods [1].
  • Use of Sweeteners in Animal Nutrition

    Use of Sweeteners in Animal Nutrition

    No. 24 / 2000, page 27 USE OF SWEETENERS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION Christina Hof (Cuxhaven, Germany) “The bitter truth about the sweet taste of excess, new which only differed in added flavour. During the first part research shows even low-calorie sweeteners seduce the of the fattening period a combination of a vanilla flavour appetite” (1990), “Diet soft drinks - too good to be true?” plus sweetener and a feed without flavour supplement (1987), these were headlines in The Independent and were offered at the same time. Later, the same flavour- the New York Times. Since then the assumption, that sweetener combination was tested with a special vanilla new non-calorie sweeteners support the trend to be slim, flavour (characterised by a slightly bitter, spicy note) has become shaky. Many scientific studies have been without addition of a sweetener (Figures 1 and 2). designed to find out whether non-calorie sweeteners increase the total calorie intake. Figure 1: Preference test in pigs (live weight 22 - 49 The knowledge from these studies could be useful for kg) at the University of Leuven (Belgium, animal feeding in order to guarantee and improve feed 1993) intake and daily weight gain. What role does taste play? Everyone knows the sensations of taste and smell; they can cause, often to a high degree, pleasant feelings or aversions. In contrast to the senses of seeing and hearing, the senses of smell and taste are not highly developed in humans. Their influence on us, however, is strong. The sense of smell, in particular, is closely asso- ciated with our emotions.
  • Fairtrade-And-Sugar-Briefing-Jan13

    Fairtrade-And-Sugar-Briefing-Jan13

    FAIRTRADE AND SUGAR Commodity Briefing January 2013 FAIRTRADE AND SUGAR iNTRODUCTION Around 80 per cent of the worlds sugar is derived from sugar cane, grown by millions of small-scale farmers and plantation workers in developing countries. This briefing offers an overview of the sector and explores why Fairtrade is needed and what it can achieve. We hope it will provide a valuable resource for all those involved with, or interested in, Fairtrade sugar, whether from a commercial, campaigning or academic perspective. Fast facts: the sugar lowdown • Sugar is one of the most valuable agricultural commodities. In 2011 its global export trade was worth $47bn, up from $10bn in 2000. • Of the total $47bn, $33.5bn of sugar exports are from developing countries and $12.2bn from developed countries.1 • The sugar industry supports the livelihoods of millions of people – not only smallholders and estate workers but also those working within the wider industry and family dependents. • Around 160 million tonnes of sugar are produced every year. The largest producers are Brazil (22%), India (15%) and the European Union (10%).2 • More than 123 countries produce sugar worldwide, with 70% of the world’s sugar consumed in producer countries and only 30% traded on the international market. • About 80% of global production comes from sugar cane (which is grown in the tropics) and 20% comes from sugar beet (grown in temperate climates, including Europe). • The juice from both sugar cane and sugar beet is extracted and processed into raw sugar. • World consumption of sugar has grown at an average annual rate of 2.7% over the past 50 years.
  • Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food

    Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food

    Commission of the European Communities food - science and techniques Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (Sixteenth series) Commission of the European Communities food - science and techniques Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (Sixteenth series) Directorate-General Internal Market and Industrial Affairs 1985 EUR 10210 EN Published by the COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Directorate-General Information Market and Innovation Bâtiment Jean Monnet LUXEMBOURG LEGAL NOTICE Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information This publication is also available in the following languages : DA ISBN 92-825-5770-7 DE ISBN 92-825-5771-5 GR ISBN 92-825-5772-3 FR ISBN 92-825-5774-X IT ISBN 92-825-5775-8 NL ISBN 92-825-5776-6 Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1985 ISBN 92-825-5773-1 Catalogue number: © ECSC-EEC-EAEC, Brussels · Luxembourg, 1985 Printed in Luxembourg CONTENTS Page Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food concerning - Sweeteners (Opinion expressed 14 September 1984) III Composition of the Scientific Committee for Food P.S. Elias A.G. Hildebrandt (vice-chairman) F. Hill A. Hubbard A. Lafontaine Mne B.H. MacGibbon A. Mariani-Costantini K.J. Netter E. Poulsen (chairman) J. Rey V. Silano (vice-chairman) Mne A. Trichopoulou R. Truhaut G.J. Van Esch R. Wemig IV REPORT OF THE SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE FOR FOOD ON SWEETENERS (Opinion expressed 14 September 1984) TERMS OF REFERENCE To review the safety in use of certain sweeteners.
  • Teacher Guide.Qxd

    Teacher Guide.Qxd

    Classroom Materials developed by the New-YYork Historical Society as a companion to the exhibit Generous support provided by THE NEW-YYORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY Since its founding in 1804, the New-York Historical Society (N-YHS) has been a mainstay of cultural life in New York City and a center of historical scholarship and education. For generations, students and teachers have been able to benefit directly from the N-YHS’s mission to collect, preserve and interpret materials relevant to the history of our city, state and nation. N-YHS consistently creates opportunities to experience the nation’s history through the prism of New York. Our uniquely integrated collection of documents and objects are par- ticularly well-suited for educational purposes, not only for scholars but also for school children, teachers and the larger public. The story of New York’s rootedness in the enslavement of Africans is largely unknown to the general public. Over the next two years, the New-York Historical Society, together with the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, will stage two major exhibitions, with walking tours, educational materials and programs for learners of all ages. The first of these exhibits, entitled “Slavery in New York,” explores the vital roles enslaved labor and the slave trade played in making New York one of the wealthiest cities in the world. In bringing this compelling and dramatic story to the forefront of historical inquiry, “Slavery in New York” will transform col- lective understanding of this great city’s past, present and future. The enclosed resources have been devel- oped to facilitate pre- and post-visit lessons in the classroom and provide learning experiences beyond the duration of the exhibit.
  • Processes, Challenges and Optimisation of Rum Production from Molasses—A Contemporary Review

    Processes, Challenges and Optimisation of Rum Production from Molasses—A Contemporary Review

    fermentation Review Processes, Challenges and Optimisation of Rum Production from Molasses—A Contemporary Review Tinashe Mangwanda 1, Joel B. Johnson 2,3 , Janice S. Mani 2, Steve Jackson 4, Shaneel Chandra 2,* , Tyryn McKeown 4, Simon White 3 and Mani Naiker 2,3,* 1 Delta Beverages—Sorghum Beer Manufacturing Plant, 1257 Mineral Road, Masvingo 263, Zimbabwe; [email protected] 2 College of Science and Sustainability, CQUniversity, Bruce Hwy, North Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia; [email protected] (J.B.J.); [email protected] (J.S.M.) 3 Institute for Future Farming Systems, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia; [email protected] 4 Bundaberg Rum Distillery, Whitred Street, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia; [email protected] (S.J.); [email protected] (T.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (M.N.) Abstract: The rum industry is currently worth USD 16 billion, with production concentrated in tropi- cal countries of the Caribbean and Asia-Pacific regions. The primary feedstock for rum production is sugar cane molasses, a by-product of sugar refineries. The main variables known to affect rum quality include the composition of the molasses, the length of fermentation, and the type of barrels and length of time used for aging the rum. The goal of this review is to provide an overview of the impact of these variables on rum quality, and to highlight current challenges and opportunities in the production of rum from molasses. In order to achieve this, we review the relevant contemporary scientific literature on these topics.
  • GRAS Notice 920, THAUMATIN II

    GRAS Notice 920, THAUMATIN II

    GRAS Notice (GRN) No. 920 https://www.fda.gov/food/generally-recognized-safe-gras/gras-notice-inventory Form Approved: OMB No. 0910-0342; Expiration Date: 02/29/2016 (See last page for OMB Statement) FDA USE ONLY GRN NUMBER DATE OF RECEIPT DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES ESTIMATED DAILY INTAKE INTENDED USE FOR INTERNET Food and Drug Administration GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE NAME FOR INTERNET (GRAS) NOTICE KEYWORDS Transmit completed form and attachments electronically via the Electronic Submission Gateway (see Instructions); OR Transmit completed form and attachments in paper format or on physical media to: Office of Food Additive Safety (HFS-200), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy., College Park, MD 20740-3835. PART I – INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION ABOUT THE SUBMISSION 1. Type of Submission (Check one) New Amendment to GRN No. Supplement to GRN No. 2. All electronic files included in this submission have been checked and found to be virus free. (Check box to verify) 3a. For New Submissions Only: Most recent presubmission meeting (if any) with FDA on the subject substance (yyyy/mm/dd): 3b. For Amendments or Supplements: Is your (Check one) amendment or supplement submitted in Yes If yes, enter the date of response to a communication from FDA? No communication (yyyy/mm/dd): PART II – INFORMATION ABOUT THE NOTIFIER Name of Contact Person Position Yuri Gleba, Ph.D. Chief Executive Officer Company (if applicable) 1a. Notifier Nomad Bioscience GmbH Mailing Address (number and street) Biozentrum Halle, Weinbergweg 22 City State or Province Zip Code/Postal Code Country Halle/Saale Saxony-Anhalt D-06120 Germany Telephone Number Fax Number E-Mail Address 49 345 1314 2606 4934513142601 [email protected] Name of Contact Person Position Kristi 0 .
  • ? a History of Sugar Marketing Through 1974

    ? a History of Sugar Marketing Through 1974

    s- > ? A HISTORY OF SUGAR MARKETING THROUGH 1974 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE / ECONOMICS, STATISTICS, AND COOPERATIVES SERVICE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC REPORT NO. 382 ABSTRACT The quota system of regulating the production, importation, and marketing of sugar in the United States through 1974 was an outgrowth of Government regulation of the sugar trade dating from colonial times. Similar systems have developed in most other countries, particu- larly those which import sugar. The U.S. Sugar Quota System benefited domestic sugar pro- ducers by providing stable prices at favorable levels. These prices also encouraged the produc- tion and use of substitute sweeteners, particularly high fructose and glucose sirup and crystalline dextrose in various industries. But sugar is still the most widely used sweetener in the United States, although its dominant position is being increasingly threatened. KEYWORDS: Sugar, quota, preference, tariff, refined, raw, sweeteners, corn sweeteners. world trade. PREFACE This report was written in 1975 by Roy A. Ballinger, formerly an agricultural economist in the Economic Research Service. It supersedes A History of Sugar Marketing, AER-197, also by Ballinger, issued in February 1971 and now out of print. On January 1, 1978, three USDA agencies—the Economic Research Service, the Statistical Reporting Service, and the Farmer Cooperative Service—merged into a new organization, the Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service. Washington, DC. 20250 March 1978 CONTENTS Page Summary j¡ Introduction 1 Sugar Before the Discovery of America 1 The Colonial Period in the Americas 2 Sugar from 1783 to 1864 5 Developments in the Latter 19th Century g Changes in U.S. Sugar Trade Following the Spanish-American War and During 1900-15 15 Sugar During World War I 20 Price Fluctuations and Higher Tariffs 23 Sugar Quotas Prior to World War II 32 Sugar During World War II 39 U.S.
  • The United States Vs. Big Soda: the Taste of Change

    The United States Vs. Big Soda: the Taste of Change

    The United States vs. Big Soda: from the west and east coast based on the desired use for the revenue. The Taste of Change In order to understand taxing of sugar Hannah Elliott drinks, it is imperative to look back on what has La Salle University happened in legislation, in terms of the taxing of soft drinks. Beginning in the American colonies in the early 1700s, taxation on sugar existed and was Robert Lustig, a pediatric endocrinologist regarded as undesirable and unpopular among the who specializes in childhood obesity once said, colonists. One of the earliest forms of sugar taxing “Sugar is celebratory. Sugar is something that we was the Molasses Act, also known as the used to enjoy. It is evident that now, it basically has Navigation Act of 1733. This act was inflicted by coated our tongues. It’s turned into a diet staple, and the British on the colonists and entailed, “a tax on it’s killing us.”1 In the past decade the prevalence of molasses, sugar, and rum imported from non-British sugar in American processed food and diet has foreign colonies into the North American become a growing domestic concern. It is evident colonies.”4 The colonists were under British rule at that now more than ever, sugar has found its way the time and this tax was imposed out of fear of into almost every food and drink consumed by competition with foreign sugar producers. The Americans, “The United States leads the world in American colonists were unhappy with the tax and consumption of sweeteners and is number 3 in the felt that the British would not be able to supply and world in consuming sugary drinks.”2 Sugar alters meet the colonists demand in molasses.
  • A History of Sugar Marketing Through 1974

    A History of Sugar Marketing Through 1974

    A HISTORY OF SUGAR MF.RKETING THROUGH 1974 14d :: ' t.,\; "''',.':- · ' ''t,: " '"' ,,.,· .........~.~, ~'"~ ,'~-''~~''', ' ' .. ~,~. ,..'... I;."', · , .;~.~'~, .'k'"" :O ,... ' :,'~.~..: I <' '". - . L~b~ I .. ' ', '.;., U..DEATEN FAGIUTUEECNMCS TTITC, N COEATVSSEVC AGR~~~~~ICUTRLEOOICRPR O 8 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ECONOMICS. STATISTICS, AND COOPERATIVES SERVICE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC REPORT NO. 382 ABSTRACT The quota system of regulating the production, importation, and marketing of sugar in the United States through 1974 was an outgrowth of Government regulation of the sugar trade dating from colonial times. Similar systems have developed in most other countries, particu- larly those which import sugar. The U.S. Sugar Quota System benefited domestic sugar pro- ducers by providing stable prices at favorable levels. These prices also encouraged the produc- tion and use of substitute sweeteners, particularly high fructose and glucose sirup and crystalline dextrose in various industries. But sugar is still the most widely used sweetener in the United States, although its dominant position is being increasingly threatened. KEYWORDS: Sugar, quota, preference, tariff, refined, raw, sweeteners, corn sweeteners, world trade. PREFACE This report was written in 1975 by Roy A. Ballinger, formerly an agricultural economist in the Economic Research Service. It supersedes A History of Sugar Marketing, AER-197, also by Ballinger, issued in February 1971 and now out of print. On January 1, 1978, three USDA agencies-the Economic Research Service, the Statistical Reporting Service, and the Farmer Cooperative Service-merged into a new organization, the Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service. Washington, D.C. 20250 March 1978 CONTENTS Page Summary ........................................ ii Introduction ........................................................... 1 Sugar Before the Discovery of America ....................................... 1 The Colonial Period in the Americas .......................................