Morphological Characterization of Wild Populations of Solanum Lycopersicum Var
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Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 2021. 33(4): 303-313 doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i4.2684 http://www.ejfa.me/ RESEARCH ARTICLE Morphological characterization of wild populations of Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme in the tomato domestication area Gino Délices1*, Otto Raúl Leyva-Ovalle1, Claudio Mota-Vargas2, Rosalía Núñez-Pastrana1, Pablo Andrés-Meza1, José Andrés Herrera-Corredor3 1Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Región Orizaba-Córdoba, Universidad Veracruzana. Peñuela, SN, Col. Centro, 94945 Amatlán de los Reyes Veracruz, México, 2Instituto de Ecología A. C., camino Antiguo a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91073 Xalapa Enríquez, Veracruz, México, 3Colegio de Postgraduados; Carretera Estatal Córdoba - Veracruz Km. 348.5, Venta Parada 11, 94500 Córdoba, Ver. ABSTRACT Wild tomatoes Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme are found in regions with wide environmental diversity, in the state of Veracruz, México, which has originated morphological variations within this group leading to his adaptation to different environments. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphological variations of S. l. var. cerasiforme in his domestication area. We collected plants and fruits during the field trips, and we extracted seeds from these fruits to sow them later, under the greenhouse. We evaluated 35 characters according to the IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) descriptors in 10 collections of S. l. var. cerasiforme, we used a completely random design. In order to compare de collections and analyze the variables we performed variance analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis with euclidean distance (UPGMA clustering method). We found significant differences between the variables (Tukey, P≤ 0.05), except for the style length and flower number per plant variables. We found that 91 % of the collections have a pistil inserted and 9 % exert. The first two components explained 78 % of the total variation. The dispersion of the collections in the four quadrants of the first two components indicated great phenotypic diversity. We found four groups and we observed the greatest variation in the yield and reproductive variables. This study shows intraspecific morphological differences between wild tomato populations in the state of Veracruz, a state with a wide environmental and ecosystem diversity. It can be said that in terms of morphological characterization of wild tomato species and cultivated tomatoes for both the pattern of variability is the same. The populations we have studied could constitute a valuable germplasm bank for genetic improvement programs. Keywords: Phenotypic variation; Germplasm; Genetic diversity; Wild tomatoes INTRODUCTION domestication took place in Mexico particularly in Puebla and Veracruz (Bai and Lindhout, 2007). Tomato is one of the most popular and important vegetables in the world (Salim et al., 2018). The Wild tomato Solanum lycopersicum var cerasiforme migrated from world production exceeds 180 million tons (Mata- Peru to Mesoamerica as a spontaneous plant by natural means, Nicolás et al., 2020). It is an annual self-pollination plant and in Mexico exists environmental, ecological conditions belonging to the Solanaceae family with chromosome favorable to their development and domestication (Jenkins, number 2n = 2x = 24. The Lycopersicon clade contains the 1948; Rick, 1974). In Mexico before the arrival of the Spanish, cultivated tomato Solanum lycopersicum and 12 wild relatives large tomato fruits were encountered, produced for human (Peralta et al., 2005, 2008). It is widely accepted that consumption, which is an artificial selection index. Based on tomatoes took its origin in the Andean region between linguistic and cultural evidence, Bauchet and Causse (2012) Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (Peralta et al., coincide with Jenkins (1984) on the place of domestication 2005; Blanca et al., 2012). The evidence of diverse types of the tomato, so that the word tomato took its origin from and forms of tomato found in Mexico suggest that its Nahuatl (Aztec) (Saavedra et al., 2017), the natives of Mexico *Corresponding author: Gino Délices, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Región Orizaba-Córdoba, Universidad Veracruzana. Peñuela, SN, Col. Centro, 94945 Amatlán de los Reyes Veracruz, México. E-mail: [email protected] Received: 17 November 2020; Accepted: 19 March 2021 Emir. J. Food Agric ● Vol 33 ● Issue 4 ● 2021 303 Délices, et al. called the tomato “xitomatl”. Based on the molecular and completely exserted. These authors highlighted great diversity morphological evidence, S. l. var. cerasiforme is the direct between accessions mostly in variables such as growth type, progenitor of cultivated tomato and the domestication inflorescence type, fruit color, fruit cross-sectional shape. process is likely a two-step process, which started with the Wild germplasm has been studied in order to know about pre-domestication of S. l. var. cerasiforme from the wild tomato their potential (Flores-Hernández et al., 2017; Marín-montes Solanum pimpinellifolium followed by migration of cerasiforme et al., 2016), to find important traits of interest for breeding to Mesoamerica, where the true domestication occurred and (Crisanto-Juárez, 2010; Carrillo-Rodríguez et al., 2010) and finally led to the generation of the cultivated tomato bearing to take conservation measure (González-Aguilera et al., big fruits (Ranc et al., 2008; Blanca et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2020). 2011). The aim of this study was to assess the morphological The mexicans from XIV to XVI century cultivated tomato and phenotypic diversity of tomato accessions from wild in a polyculture system called milpa (González Carmona populations S. l. var. cerasiforme collected in several regions and Torres Valladares, 2014), and actually tomato crop has (north, center and south) of the state of Veracruz, Mexico, low genetic and morphologic variation within and between based on 35 tomato descriptors from International Plant cultivars due to its narrow genetic base (García-Martínez et al., Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). 2006; Bai and Lindhout, 2007). For this reason, wild tomato ancestors are important, they provide several genes capable MATERIALS AND METHODS of giving crops resistance to factors that cause abiotic as well as biotic stress; they play an extremely important role in We collect plants and fruits of wild tomatoes (S. l. var. genetic improvement programs (Foolad, 2007; Bergougnoux, cerasiforme) in ten localities (Pajapan, Palenque, Coscomatepec, 2014). According to the various explorations carried out, the Xalapa, Tenejapan, Mahuixtlan, Tuxpan, Ixhuatlan, Maltrata, wild form S. l. var. cerasiforme grows in diverse environments Ocotitlan, and Cereza) in the north, center and south from the subtropics and semi-dry regions in the Mexican of Veracruz, Mexico. The samples were labeled with the territory, from Sinaloa (Sánchez-Peña et al., 2006) to the date of collection, place of collection (mountain, road, Yucatan peninsula. In Veracruz, Delices et al. (2019) observed and village), geographic location (latitude, longitude and S. l. var. cerasiforme growing in different regions with different altitude) (Table 1). From each place where we collected, we ecosystems, ranging from mesic to extremely arid conditions. obtained the values of the following variables: average annual Despite this wide distribution, there is lack of information temperature, diurnal average range, isothermality (Bio3), about their genetic, morphological diversity. It is known that temperature seasonality (Bio4), annual precipitation (Bio12), plants can modify their phenology, morphology, physiology precipitation of the driest months (Bio14), Seasonality of and development in response to the environmental conditions precipitation (Bio15), Precipitation of the warmest quarter in which they are found (Fischer et al., 2011). This ability (Bio18). The environmental variables was obtained of to adapt to different environments leads to morphological, Worldclim project (Hijmans et al., 2005). physiological, and phenotypic changes (Fischer et al. 2011), which are directly related to gene expression (West-Eberhard, Morphological characterization in greenhouse 2008). Morphological traits are useful for genetic evaluation We conducted the investigation in a greenhouse located in (Stoilova and Pereira, 2013), crop yield and reproductive value the Faculty of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, located (Agong et al., 2001; Dharmatti et al., 2001; Mohanty et al., in Peñuela, Veracruz. We sow seeds from ten localities (plus 2001; Parthasarathy and Aswath, 2002). Restrepo et al. (2012), a commercial variable as reference) in peat moss substrate studied the diversity within the solanum genus and found great in 80 cavity trays. Forty days after sowing, seedlings were variation in the traits, fruit weight, fruit size, day to flowering, transplanted in bags of size 32 x 30; We conducted the number of seeds per fruit. Restrepo et al. (2006) found that investigation under a completely randomized experimental the variables (days to flowering and stem diameter) explained design (Sanjuan-Lara et al., 2014) with four repetitions and 76.3% of the total variation, in wild germplasm of (Lycopersicon eight plants each. spp). Scintu et al. (2015), evaluated a wide collection of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for morpho-phenological, quality and A nutritive N-P-K 20-20-20 formula was supplied, mixed resistance traits, they reported