South Africa Yearbook 2003/04: Chapter 5
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SA Yearbook 02/03: Arts and Culture
Photograph: Nadine Hutton/PictureNET Africa Chapter 5 Arts and Culture The Department of Arts and Culture deals with The words of the first stanza were originally matters pertaining to arts and culture and written in isiXhosa as a hymn. renders State archive and heraldic services at Seven additional stanzas in isiXhosa were national level. later added by the poet Samuel Mqhayi. It became a popular church hymn that was later adopted as an anthem at political meet- Policy and legislation ings. It has been translated into most of South Africa’s official languages. The Council of Culture Ministers makes impor- tant decisions on policy matters of national impact, and consists of the Minister and National flag Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and The national flag of the Republic of South Technology and members of provincial execu- Africa was taken into use on Freedom Day, tive councils responsible for arts and culture. 27 April 1994. The design and colours are a synopsis of principal elements of the coun- try’s flag history. National symbols The central design of the flag, beginning at the flag-pole in a ‘V’ form and flowing into a National anthem single horizontal band to the outer edge of The national anthem of South Africa is a the fly, can be interpreted as the convergence combined version of Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika of diverse elements within South African soci- and The Call of South Africa (Die Stem van ety, taking the road ahead in unity. The flag Suid-Afrika) and is played at all State occa- was designed by the State Herald. -
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report: Volume 2
VOLUME TWO Truth and Reconciliation Commission of South Africa Report The report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was presented to President Nelson Mandela on 29 October 1998. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Ms Hlengiwe Mkhize Chairperson Dr Alex Boraine Mr Dumisa Ntsebeza Vice-Chairperson Ms Mary Burton Dr Wendy Orr Revd Bongani Finca Adv Denzil Potgieter Ms Sisi Khampepe Dr Fazel Randera Mr Richard Lyster Ms Yasmin Sooka Mr Wynand Malan* Ms Glenda Wildschut Dr Khoza Mgojo * Subject to minority position. See volume 5. Chief Executive Officer: Dr Biki Minyuku I CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 6 National Overview .......................................... 1 Special Investigation The Death of President Samora Machel ................................................ 488 Chapter 2 The State outside Special Investigation South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 42 Helderberg Crash ........................................... 497 Special Investigation Chemical and Biological Warfare........ 504 Chapter 3 The State inside South Africa (1960-1990).......................... 165 Special Investigation Appendix: State Security Forces: Directory Secret State Funding................................... 518 of Organisations and Structures........................ 313 Special Investigation Exhumations....................................................... 537 Chapter 4 The Liberation Movements from 1960 to 1990 ..................................................... 325 Special Investigation Appendix: Organisational structures and The Mandela United -
The Free State, South Africa
Higher Education in Regional and City Development Higher Education in Regional and City Higher Education in Regional and City Development Development THE FREE STATE, SOUTH AFRICA The third largest of South Africa’s nine provinces, the Free State suffers from The Free State, unemployment, poverty and low skills. Only one-third of its working age adults are employed. 150 000 unemployed youth are outside of training and education. South Africa Centrally located and landlocked, the Free State lacks obvious regional assets and features a declining economy. Jaana Puukka, Patrick Dubarle, Holly McKiernan, How can the Free State develop a more inclusive labour market and education Jairam Reddy and Philip Wade. system? How can it address the long-term challenges of poverty, inequity and poor health? How can it turn the potential of its universities and FET-colleges into an active asset for regional development? This publication explores a range of helpful policy measures and institutional reforms to mobilise higher education for regional development. It is part of the series of the OECD reviews of Higher Education in Regional and City Development. These reviews help mobilise higher education institutions for economic, social and cultural development of cities and regions. They analyse how the higher education system T impacts upon regional and local development and bring together universities, other he Free State, South Africa higher education institutions and public and private agencies to identify strategic goals and to work towards them. CONTENTS Chapter 1. The Free State in context Chapter 2. Human capital and skills development in the Free State Chapter 3. -
Race Relations
file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM RACE RELATIONS SURVEY 1992/93 CAROLE COOPER ROBIN HAMILTON HARRY MASHABELA SHAUN MACKAY ELIZABETH SIDIROPOLOUS CLAIRE GORDON-BROWN STUART MURPHY COLETANE MARHKAM Research staff South African Institute of Race relations SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF RACE RELATIONS JOHANNESBURG 1993 Published by the South African Institute of Race Relations Auden House, 68 De Korte Street file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Tra...T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM (1 of 914)25/11/2004 15:17:41 PM file:///G|/ProjWip/Products/Omalley/Tim/04%20Transition/T_SAIRR%201990-1994/SAIRR%20Survey%201992-93.HTM Braamfontein, Johannesburg. 2001 South Africa Copyright South African Institute of Race Relations 1993 ISSN 0258-7246 PD4/93 ISBN 0-86982-427-9 Members of the media are free to reprint or report information either in whole or in part, contained in this publication on the strict understanding that the South African Institute of Race Relations is acknowledged. Otherwise, no part of this publication maybe reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electrical, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The writers of this Survey wish to thank all those who assisted in producing this volume. We are indebted to all those who provided information, among them various organisations, trade unions, companies, government officials, officials of political parties, members of Parliament, academics and other researchers. We wish to thank the Institute’s production co-ordinator, Mrs Carol McCutcheon, for her work in style editing, liaising with the printers and production. -
Background of the Study Area
Chapter 4 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA 4.1 INTRODUCTION In order to understand the factors and circumstances that determine the decision to adopt a new technology, it is important to get a general and integrated overview of the area in which the dependent and the explanatory variables are tested. Both Old and New Qwaqwa are mainly livestock producing areas. To ensure a sustainable livestock production system, the use of veterinary surgeon services and a correct use of medication technologies are essential to the small ruminant farmer (Naude, 1998). The non-adoption of medication technologies usually results in poor reproduction levels and high mortality rates (Schwalbach, 1998). It is therefore important to take a look at the natural resources available to the small ruminant farmers and to evaluate the effect of the quality of these resources on herd health. The intention with this chapter is to give a short historical as well as a geographical background on Qwaqwa. This will be followed by a brief discussion of the land tenure systems, as well as an overview of the agricultural potential, infrastructure and level of institutions in Qwaqwa. In the forth section the diffusion programmes used in the past with regard to the transfer of small ruminant veterinary and medication technologies will be discussed. Background of the study area 70 4.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF QWAQWA According to the Development Bank of Southern Africa (DBSA, 1985) Old Qwaqwa was previously known as Witsieshoek and Basuto-Barborwa and was occupied by two tribes, namely the Bakwena Tribe (1867) and the Batlokwa Tribe (1873). -
HISTORY Southern Africa's Iron Age Kingdoms
HISTORY Southern Africa’s Iron Age Kingdoms In Africa, unlike Europe and Asia, the Iron Age did not follow on a Bronze or Copper Age, but rather all the metals were brought together. Neolithic Period: Featured the Agricultural Revolution (Neolitic Revolution) = change from a nomad life of Hunting and Gathering – to Agriculture and Settlement People in communities started to domesticate plants- beginning of farming Where did Agriculture start? It is not fully known where it began, but the picture on left below, shows where agriculture started with the Fertile Crescent in west Asia on right: Page 1 of 10 HISTORY Southern Africa’s Iron Age Kingdoms It is thought to have started about 12,000 years ago with the domestication of livestock in the Fertile Crescent in western Asia, soon to be followed by the cultivation of crops. What did they cultivate? Plants: Seedless Figs, cereals, legumes including peas, lentils and chickpeas were domesticated in this region. Animals: that were domesticated- cattle, sheep, goats, domestic pigs, cates & geese. Migration away from Fertile Crescent: People from Fertile Crescent moved 1) westward to Europe and North Africa, 2) Northward to Crimea (Russia) and 3) eastward to Mongolia. The locals of those areas inter-married with the migrants; and absorbed their agricultural way of life. Languages were also very diverse in that area- Arabic languages are still used in modern Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Sinai, South Turkey and Northwest Iran. The Sumerian language is still used in parts of Iraq, and in the mountain areas different dialects are used. Timeline of Movement from Bronze Age to Iron Age: 1. -
Being Inclusive to Survive in an Ethnic Conflict : the Meaning of ‘Basotho’ for Illegal Squatters in Thaba Nchu, 1970S
Being Inclusive to Survive in an Ethnic Conflict : The Meaning of ‘Basotho’ for Illegal Squatters in Thaba Nchu, 1970s Sayaka Kono University of the Free State, South Africa Tsuda College, Japan Abstract The apartheid regime’s attempt at ‘ethnic division’ practiced through its Bantustan policy caused conflicts in South Africa. A squatter area called Kromdraai became the center of such a conflict between ‘Basotho’ and ‘Batswana’. This paper studies why and how those ex-Kromdraai residents started to claim that they were ‘Basotho’. Firstly, it will discuss the political and economic situation in which the conflict occurred. Secondly, it will argue how politicians of Qwaqwa, a Bantustan for ‘Basotho’, attempted to mobilize people in forming their identity, and why Kromdraai residents got involved in its politics as ‘Basotho’. Thirdly, using oral testimonies, it will reveal the meaning of identifying oneself as ‘Basotho’ for Kromdraai residents. Finally, it will conclude that Kromdraai residents interpreted the word Basotho as being inclusive, not to be ‘ethnically’ exclusive as ‘Batswana’, but at the same time to secure help from Sotho Bantustan, Qwaqwa. Introduction Nation-building has been one of the significant challenges in post-apartheid South Africa. Under the slogan ‘One Nation, Many Cultures’, it places ethnicity as signifying simply cultural difference, and praises the diversity of the ‘Rainbow Nation’. This tendency regarding ethnicity in South Africa today is an attempt to overcome the history of divide and rule. Yet, looking back at how ethnicity was fostered under the apartheid system, it might also mean dismissing the history of the people who had struggled subjectively to solve the problems under the layered structure of the oppression. -
Adoption of Veterinary Surgeon Services by Sheep and Goat Farmers in Qwaqwa
Agrekon, Vol 37, No 4 (December 1999) Nell, Van Schalkwyk, Sanders, Schwalbach & Beser ADOPTION OF VETERINARY SURGEON SERVICES BY SHEEP AND GOAT FARMERS IN QWAQWA W.T.Nell1, H.D. van Schalkwyk2, J.H. Sanders3, L. Schwalbach4 and C.J. Bester5 A number of technology transfer (diffusion) programmes involving amongst others veterinary surgeon services subsidised by the government, were launched in the former homelands of South Africa between 1980 and 1993. Many of these programmes were discontinued after the general election of 1994. In order to evaluate the adoption of technology in Qwaqwa, a former Sotho speaking homeland, two Logit models were fit using the conventional definition of an adopter and an adapted definition, which included potential adopters with the adopters. Where the conventional definition of adoption was estimated, livestock income per LSU, ram technology, roads and suppliers of livestock inputs are significant variables contributing to adoption. The results of the adapted model reveal that farming efficiency (weaning percentage), type of farmer (sheep as percentage of the total small ruminant herd) and ram technology, prove to be significant variables predicting adoption. It was also found that the characteristics of potential adopters gravitate more to adopters than to non-adopters. These results indicated that the adapted definition presented a more accurate prediction than the conventional definition. The results of this study indicate the policy necessary to further accelerate the diffusion of veterinary surgeon services by means of the development of a better infrastructure, the reintroduction of subsidised veterinary surgeon services at the sheering sheds as well as a better flow of information to farmers in Qwaqwa. -
An Introduction to South Africa
An introduction to South Africa Overview of South Africa Roughly the size of Spain and France combined, or Texas, South Africa is situated at the very southern tip of Africa. The Atlantic and the Indian Oceans wash its shores and meet at Cape Agulhas – one of the only places in the world where a person can watch two oceans meet. People who have never been to Africa often think of Africa as a homogenous whole, like the United States, for example. In reality, according to the United Nations Membership Roster, the continent of Africa is made up of 54 very different and separate African states. South Africa may be at the bottom of Africa, but it’s widely regarded as being top in terms of its superb infrastructure, its legendary sunny climate, and its incredible geographic diversity – expect superb beaches, dramatic mountain ranges, sophisticated cities, quaint villages, historic battlefields, oceans, valleys, bushveld teeming with game, hundreds of species of birds, great and small semi-deserts, wide open spaces … and much more. That’s why South Africa offers something for every potential visitor. About South Africa South Africa is a dream destination in so many ways because of its incredible geographical diversity, its superb infrastructure, its legendary sunny weather, its super-friendly people and its affordability. South Africa has nine provinces. Probably the best known to international visitors are the Western Cape, home of Cape Town and the Cape Winelands; Mpumalanga, famous for its spectacular scenery and the Kruger National Park; and KwaZulu-Natal, with its capital city, Durban, historic battlefields and wonderful beaches. -
Apartheid's Grand Design
The Washington Office on Africa Educational Fund 110 MARYLAND AVENUE. N .E. WASHINGTON. 0. C. 20002 (202) 546-7961 APARTHEID'S GRAND DESIGN South Africa's policy is to preserve white power and control through an unequal system of separate development, more commonly known as apartheid. A central feature of this system is the carving up of the country into what white South Africans term as ten "independent states" for Black people. These ten states, considered by South Africa to be the "homelands" of specific Black ethnic groups, comprise a mere 13% of the land, yet are designated for 73% of the population. The remaining 87% of the land is to be reserved for whites, Indians, and Coloreds. South Africa's strategy is to establish "independent" Black states, so Blacks will be forced to exchange their South African citizenship for bantustan citizenship. THE 'BANTU HOMELANDS' 4 HOMELAND I PEOPLE I Boputhatswanai Tswana 2 lebowa I North Sotho -~ Hdebete Ndebe!e 0 Shangaan Joh<tnnesourg ~ Gazankulu & Tsonga 5 Vhavenda Venda --~------l _ ______6 Swazi 1 1 ___Swazi_ _ _ '7 Basotho . Qwaqwa South Sotho 8 Kwazulu 9 Transkei 10 Ciskei It• vvould w-ork The South African government states that the homeland governments should have control of health, education, pensions and local government. The South African government however, would retain control over t h e common structures such as defense, the monetary s y stem, the economy and foreign policy . Blacks wi ll have only advisory powers in these common spheres. In addition, these Black states would function as buffer zones against any external threat, since most of them shield white South Africa from the Black countries of Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. -
2006/2007 South Africa Yearbook: 5
5 Arts and culture The Department of Arts and Culture seeks to The words of the first stanza were originally preserve and develop South Africa’s richly diverse written in isiXhosa as a hymn. Seven additional cultural, artistic and linguistic heritage. stanzas in isiXhosa were later added by the poet Samuel Mqhayi. It has been translated into most of Funding South Africa’s official languages. The department’s budget grew at an average annual rate of 22,9% between 2002/03 and National flag 2005/06, mainly due to additional resources South Africa’s national flag was launched and used for capital projects such as the development of for the first time on Freedom Day, 27 April 1994. The Freedom Park, and upgrading and maintenance design and colours are a synopsis of the principal of the Robben Island Museum. Transfers to heritage elements of the country’s flag history. and arts institutions still dominate expenditure. The The central design of the flag, beginning at the 2006 Budget increased the department’s allocation flag-pole in a ‘V’ form and flowing into a single to R84,1 million in 2006/07; R309,2 million in horizontal band to the outer edge of the fly, can be 2007/08; and R687,5 million in 2008/09. interpreted as the convergence of diverse elements within South African society, taking the road ahead National symbols in unity. The flag was designed by the State Herald. National anthem When the flag is displayed vertically against a South Africa’s national anthem is a combined wall, the red band should be to the left of the viewer, version of Nkosi Sikelel’ iAfrika and The Call of with the hoist or the cord seam at the top. -
2 Brief Political History of South Africa
2 Brief Political History of South Africa Introduction This chapter discusses the various African communities in the broader southern Africa, their various interactions with one another and the interactions with non- African peoples. The chapter also describes how the various African communities such as the San, Khoi, Nguni, Sotho and Tswana managed their socio-economic and political systems. The role and interactions of non-African communities, such as the Portuguese, the Dutch and the English with African communities are also discussed. In the main, European colonialism negatively impacted the African communities. It is in this context that history is critical in order that the understanding of the post-apartheid political economy is not divorced from the totality of the historical experience that has influenced today’s political economy. The history of southern Africa can be said to be not a single narrative or story but rather a series of contested histories that have been altered and remodelled to shape non-African communities and institutions.32 That is why this chapter examines the pre-colonial African communities and the key developments which characterised their societies. The chapter also gives a brief background explanation on how South Africa’s pre-colonial history was manipulated in order to misrepresent the fact that African peoples/communities did in fact have vibrant and functional pre-colonial interactions and societies. In describing the history of southern Africa, it is important to first acknowledge the fact that the history did not begin with the Portuguese or British or Dutch (European) arrival, but is rather an interrupted narrative of socio-economic development.33 There were many African communities that co-existed in southern Africa before the arrival of Europeans – and there were various advanced kingdoms, as epitomised by civilisations pertaining to Mapungubwe and Great Zimbabwe for example.