Marketing Fragment 6 X 10.T65

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88674-1 - Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe: Lexicography and the Making of Heritage John Considine Index More information

Index

Abelard 274 Ambrogio, Teseo 102 Acade´mie française 246, 284 Amerbach, Bonifacius 116 Dictionnaire de l’acade´mie française 2, 112, Amerbach, Johannes 28--9 299 American languages, see New World languages. academy dictionaries 112, 300 Americans as lovers of English 9 Accademia della Crusca, see Vocabolario. Amiens 261, 263, 286 Accorso, Buono 27 Ammann, Johann Jacob 126 Accursius the jurist and his followers 32, 71, 256 Ammianus Marcellinus 73 Achery, Jean Luc de 264, 273 Amsterdam, Franciscus Junius resident in 223 Adam 108, 142--3. See also Edenic language. Anacreontea 16, 74--6, 81, 99 Adam of Veleslavıń, Daniel 91 Andre´sson, GuDmundur 228, 235, 237, 243 Ælfric 158, 250 Andronicus of Rhodes 92 Grammar 161, 198, 201, 216, 229 Angles 189 Glossary 161--2, 162--3, 164, 167, 190, 216, Anglo-Saxon chronicle 162, 165, 167, 193 229, 257 Anglo-Saxon printing types 224, 227, 235 Aelian 127 Anglo-Saxons and their culture 149, 158, 164, Aeneas 77, 86--7, 186--7 165--6, 172, 189, 274 Aeschines 84 Anisson, Jacques 284 Aeschylus 35, 60, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80 Anisson, Jean 267, 275, 284--5 African languages 103, 292 Annius of Viterbo 108 Agatharchides 76 Annolied 224 Albericus de Rosate, Dictionarium iuris 257 antiquarian scholarship 25--6, 141, 144, 152, 180, Alberta Elders’ Cree Dictionary 13 182, 184, 185, 193, 200, 203--4, 206, 211, 239, Alcaeus 75, 77 241, 263, 265, 267, 269 Alciato, Andrea 23 Antoninus of Placentia, Itinerarium 273 Aldhelm, De laude virginum 273 Antwerp Aldrete, Bernado 111 antiquarian scholarship in 141, 144, 152, Aldus, Aldine, see Manutius. 188--9 Alexander of Tralles 74 languages in 147 Alexander VI, pope 106 manuscripts in 216 Alexandria, philology at 19, 25 publishing at 145 Alfonso X, king of Castile 104 sack by Spanish troops 169 Alfred, king of England 167 Apollodorus 262 Allen, P. S. 37 Appian 77 alphabetical order in dictionaries and wordlists Apuleius 50 24, 30, 34, 41, 45, 46, 82, 127, 163, 176, 187, Arabic language 17, 48, 307 217, 229, 240, 271, 294. See also Coptic--Arabic glossary 102 etymological order and subject-ordered Aramaic language 120, 307 arrangement. archaeology 14, 101, 139, 184, 204, 237, 296 Alteus Capito 73 Archer, Sir Simon 216 Althamer, Andreas 129 Archpoet, the 274

375

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-88674-1 - Dictionaries in Early Modern Europe: Lexicography and the Making of Heritage John Considine Index More information

376 Index Aretaeus of Cappadocia 136 Beck, Cave 294--5, 299 Aristides 287 Bede, Saint, Historia ecclesiastica, in Old English Aristotle 21, 79, 96, 97 165, 166, 193, 213, 220 Aristophanes 79, 96 beer 166 Armenian language 102, 128, 129, 251, 309, 310. Bellarmine, Robert, Saint 94 See also Rivola, Francesco. Bennett, Arnold 4 Armstrong, Elizabeth 42 Beowulf 13, 159, 274 Arnobius 253, 278 Berlaimont, Noel de 289 Arrian 251 Berosus and pseudo-Berosus 108, 143--4, 191, 221, Arthur, king of Britain 162 237 Arundel collection of manuscripts 209, 218 best authors, see canonical authors. Arundel, Thomas, earl of 218--19 bestiaries 274 Ashkenaz 108 Bible Ashmole, Elias 216 Estienne editions 40, 51, 65, 95 Asian languages 103, 282, 292 Gothic translation 154, 227. See also Ateius, Lucius 25 Codex Argenteus. Athenaeus 20, 24--5, 79, 96 Luther’s translation 105, 131 Athenagoras 76, 127 New Testament in Greek 80 Athens and destruction of Greek culture 87 numbering of verses 49 Augsburg 122, 136 Old English glosses 161, 167, 180, 233 best German arguably spoken in 130 Old English translations 164, 166, 193, 196, Georg Henisch works at 135 225, 248 Roman inscriptions at 117 Septuagint 80 Stadtbibliothek 11, 136, 251 vernacular translations 106 Augustine, Saint 278 Vulgate 257 Augustus, duke of Saxony 84 Individual books: Acts 81 Aventinus, Johannes 108--9, 115, 116, 117, 122, 129, Ezekiel 108 151, 170 Galatians 63 Genesis 107, 143, 166 Babel 107--8, 137, 142, 148, 191, 221, 293, 306, 308, Psalms 27, 81, 90 310, 311 Revelations 232 Babinger, Franz 140 Romans 39 Bade, Josse 57, 59 Song of Songs 153 Baduel, Claude 37--8 bibliography and bibliographies 73, 118--19, 127, Baı¨f, Jean de, 60 269. See also catalogues of books and Baı¨f, Lazare de, 35, 51, 79 manuscripts Balbi, Giovanni, Catholicon 24, 32, 71, 103, Bibliotheca Eliotae, see Elyot. 256--7, 272, 274--5 Bibliotheca patrum 94 Bale, John 128, 158, 161, 258 Bignon, Je´roˆme 182--3, 184, 186, 188, 279 Barbaro, Ermolao 51 Bion 78 bards 203, 283 Biondo, Flavio 105, 109, 115, 120, 171, 259 Barlow, Thomas 215 Boardman, Sir John 9 Baron, Jean-Le´onore 262, 276, 278 Boccaccio, Giovanni 6, 105, 111 Baronius, Caesar, Annales 94 Bodin, Jean 108--9 Basel: Boethius 230, 274 best German arguably spoken in 130 Bongars, Jacques 257 Council of 124, 235 Book of revelations of Adam 256 intellectual life of 260 books as heritage objects 11--12, 160--1, 216, printing at 28--9, 96, 115, 126 246--7 Basil, Saint 80 Borghini, Vincenzio 111 Basque language 105, 154, 292, 300 Borja y Castro, Juan 91 Batavi 151, 154 Boswell, Sir William 193, 196, 294 Bath, Henry, earl of 195 Bourges, university of 32, 126, 259 Beatus, see Rhenanus Bowyer, Robert 180 Becanus, see Goropius. Bowyer, William 167, 180

Index 377 Boyle, Robert 294 Caelius Rhodiginus, see Ricchieri. Boxhorn, Marcus Zuerius 197, 222, 283, 307 Caesar, Caius Julius 63, 114, 122 Boys, John 212, 216 Calepino, Ambrogio 27, 29, 30, 31, 45, 53 Bracciolini, Poggio 72 Latin dictionary 29--31, 40, 42--3, 48, 49, Bradshaw, John 192, 193, 197 50, 51, 127, 130, 134, 156, 214, 237 Breton language 290 polyglot editions 29, 289 Breughel, Pieter 145 Calvin, Jean, reformer 35, 51 Britain, see also England and Scotland. Calvinus, Johannes, lexicographer 174, 257 languages of 172 Cambridge, university of 84, 174, 179, 193, 214, mythical past of 189 215, 294, 296 Roman antiquities and topography of 161, Camden, William 109, 144, 166, 169, 180, 182, 169--71 184, 187, 188--9, 213, 241, 260, 274 Bruni, Leonardo 72 Campion, Edmund, Saint 189 Brunschvig, Le´on, He´ritage des mots 15 Canadian Oxford Dictionary 8 Bryennios, Nikephoros 265 Canisius, Henricus 260 Buchanan, George 81 canon-formation and heritage 13, 19 Bude´, Guillaume 18, 31--5, 35--8, 45, 52, 57, 61, canonical authors 21, 37, 40, 42-40, 43, 45, 50, 62, 69--70, 71, 79, 84, 99, 159, 179, 184, 199, 67, 79 205, 256, 261, 262, 289 Canterbury Annotationes in quattuor et viginti antiquarian scholarship in 203--4 pandectarum libros 32, 41, 47 archives and libraries at 204, 205 Commentarii linguae graecae 33--4, 35, 36, cathedral and its clergy 204, 205, 210--11, 38, 47, 61, 69, 70, 96, 217, 271 212 De asse et partibus eius 33 home of William Somner 203--9,,211--12 De transitu hellenismi ad christianismum intellectual life of 204, 209, 215 35, 38, 40 see of 12 Forensia 32, 34, 36 Carew, Richard 172, 180 Bude´, Jean, father of Guillaume Bude´ 31 Carmina Burana 11 Bude´, Jean, son of Guillaume Bude´ 37 Carteromachus, Scipio 82 Bude´, Mathieu, son of Guillaume Bude´ 70 Cartwright, William 231 buildings as heritage 8, 9, 10, 147, 162, 210 Casaubon, Florence 99 Bureus, Joannes 238--40, 243, 308 Casaubon, Isaac 86, 97, 99, 100, 204, 205, 215, collections for a dictionary 240 253, 281 Burgess, Anthony 8 Casaubon, John 204 Burgundians 172 Casaubon, Meric 7, 204--6, 206--7, 211--12, 213, Burnet, Gilbert 298 215, 220--1, 224, 245, 281 Busbecq, Ogier de 139--41, 154, 172, 223, 312 Cassander, Georg 125, 142, 153 Busch, Johann, Chronicle of Windesheim 270 Castelius, Johannes 94 Byzantine authors and texts 13--17, 251, 254, 255, Castell, Edmund 216 263, 265--6, 284, 286. See also Book of Castelvetro, Lodovico 64 revelations of Adam, Bryennios, Castricomius, Pancratius 153, 154 Chalkokondyles, Choniates, Chronicon Catalan language 103--4, 105, 106 paschale, Digesta, Eustathios, Expositiones, catalogues of books and manuscripts 11, 136, Gregoras, Kantakouzenos, Kedrenos, 250, 253 Kinnamos, Komnene, Makarios, Catholicon, see Balbi. Makrembolites, Moschopoulos, Nilus, Cato 50, 272 Paulos, Photius, Planudean anthology, Cecil, William, lord Burghley 161 Procopius, Psellus, pseudo-Kodinos, Cellarius and Ho¨nigerus, Greek Simmokattes, Skylitzes, Socrates, dictionary 290 Sozomenos, Sphrantzes, Strategicon, Suda, Celtic languages 112, 292, 311 Tactica, Theodoretus, Theophylact, and Germanic languages 312 Zonaras, Zosimus. Celtis, Conrad 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 157, 160, 161, 203 Cædmon Manuscript 159, 197, 213, 217, 224, Celto-Scythian language 109, 112, 310, 311, 312 225, 233 Celts 63, 109

378 Index Certamen Homeri et Hesiodi 77 Kongelige Bibliotek 124 Chaldaic [¼ Aramaic?] language 129 university 140, 240, 242 Chalkokondyles, Laonikos 251 Coptic language 102, 251 Charlemagne 311 Coptic--Arabic glossary 102 capitularies of 279 Corpus iuris civilis 256 Charles I, king of England and Scotland 176 Cotgrave, Randle, Dictionarie of the French Charles the Bald, capitularies of 279 and English tongues 157 Charles VII, king of France 286 Cotton, Sir Robert 171, 180, 182, 183, 195, 213, 241 Charles IX, king of France 84 Cotton, Sir Thomas 195 Chaucer, Geoffrey 19, 188, 212, 213, 230--1, Cottonian library 177, 180, 191, 193, 195, 209, 229 231--2, 233, 313 countryside, see landscape Chinese language 152 Courtenay emperors of Constantinople 285 Cholinus, Petrus 130--1, 132 Covarrubias Orozco, Sebastian de, 111 Choniates, Niketas 251, 265 Cowell, John 174--9, 181, 257, 290 chorography and topography 11, 105, 115, 120, Craigie, Sir William 100 160, 162--3, 170, 187, 200, 211, 213, 266,, Cram, David 303 Christina, queen of Sweden and ‘queen of the Crastone, Giovanni 27--8, 31, 70 Goths’ 223, 243, 244, 245, 246 Lexicon graeco-latinum 27--9, 36, 70, 71, Chronicon paschale 266, 284 82, 103, 115, 126 Chronicon Urspergense 117 Lexicon latino-graecum 28 Chytraeus, Nathan 169 Crato von Crafftheim, Johannes 90, 169 Cicero 1, 6, 12, 26, 58, 64, 73, 79, 96, 107, Cree language 13 214, 222 Croatian language 128, 312 Ciceronianism 63--4, 65 Cromwell, Thomas 161 Cimbrians, Cimmerians 142, 143 Crusius, Martin 87 citations, see quotations in dictionaries. cryptography 91, 239, 296 Cittadini, Celso 111 Ctesias 76 Clamanges, Nicholas de 258 Culmer, Richard 210, 212 Claudian 50 cultural history 122, 227, 241, 254, 256 Clement, John 74, 92 Cuno, Johannes 28, 115 Cle´ment, Louis 60 Curione, Celio Secondo 34 Clitomachus of Carthage 73 Czech language 106, 112, 116, 128, 136, 307, 312 Cluverius, Philippus 114, 135, 236, 243, 310 Czech--German wordlist 120 Codex Argenteus 11, 110, 125--6, 130, 140, first grammar of 106 141, 154, 223, 224--5, 226--7, 230, Latin--German--Czech dictionary (1513) 291 234, 246--7, 248--9, 309, 312 Spanish--Latin--Czech dictionary 91 Codex Vossianus 233 codicology 101 Dacia, manuscript collection in 20 coins and coinage 33, 101, 269, 282 Dalberg, Johann von 116, 129 Coke, Roger 176 Dalgarno, George 295--6, 298, 299, 301 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 270, 276, 283--4, 286 Dane`s, Jacques 66 Colines, Simon de 39 Dane`s, Pierre 35, 59 collection and collections 10, 11, 240, 303, 306 Daniel, Roger 23--4 Columella 84 Danish language 227, 233, 234 Comenius, Jan 46, 91, 245, 294, 299 and Old Saxon 123 Commines, Philippe de 146 and Swedish 104--5 Commodianus 253, 272 Bible in 106 communities and heritage 9--10 first Danish--Latin dictionary 236 Complaynt of Scotland 6--7, 13 standardization 104--5, 236 concordances 47, 49, 85, 303 Dante 105, 111, 159 Constantine the Great, Roman emperor 286 Dasypodius, Petrus 130, 132 consultants to dictionaries 51--2, 55, 79 Davies, John, of Mallwyd 107 Cooper, Thomas 131, 134, 156 dedications of dictionaries 89--90, 214, 290, Copenhagen 293, 299 and Danish language 104 Dekker, Thomas 90

Index 379 De la Gardie, Count Magnus Gabriel 226, du Cange, Charles 10, 11, 13, 26, 100, 246--7, 248 261--87, 290 della Valle, Pietro 102 Byzantine studies 265--6, 283--4, 285--7 Demosthenes 33, 80, 287 edition of Joinville 263, 276, 285 Dernschwam, Hans 139, 238, 251 edition of Villehardouin 263, 276, 285, 286 Descartes, Rene´ 246, 306 Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae de Smet, Bonaventure 111, 153--5, 169, 205, 218, graecitatis 11, 261, 267--71, 280, 282, 219, 221, 226, 241, 254 284--5, 287 De literis et lingua getarum 141, 153--5, 244, Glossarium ad scriptores mediae et infimae 292 latinitatis 261, 267--71, 277--83 studies of postclassical Latin and Greek ‘Glossarium francobarbarum’ 278--9 251--2, 253, 254, 272 projected encyclopedic collections 271--2 de Smet, Gilbert 131 Traite´ historique du chef de S. Iean Baptiste Dewes, Paul 192 286 D’Ewes, Sir Simonds 8, 192--4, 195--202, 206, Du Fresne, Louis 261 207, 211, 216, 219 Du Fresne, Michel 268 dialects and dialect study 130, 150, 308, Du Fresne D’Aubigni, Jean-Charles 276--7 311--12, 313 Dugdale, Sir William 195, 198, 199, 200--1, 202, of Dutch 150 211, 213, 215--16, 229, 232 of English 167--8, 190, 302 Monasticon anglicanum, see under of German 11, 15, 121, 123, 132, 134, 135, 150, Dodsworth. 228 Dupuy, Claude 253, 264 of Greek 82, 292 Dupuy, Pierre 260, 264 of Old English 167 ‘Durham’, Old English poem 207 of Sardic 300 Dutch language 17, 128, 129, 141, 193, 196, 208, Diaphantus 73 227, 233, 234, 258. See also Old Dutch. Dicaearchus 70, 77 and Arabic 148 Diccionario de la lengua castellana 112 and Edenic language 142--3 Diccionario Griego--Espan˜ol 82 and English 150, 190, 191, 194--5, 205, 219, Dietrich, Johann 54, 57 224, 233 Digesta of Justinian 32, 257 and Frisian 219, 224 Dio Cassius 74 and French 144--5, 147--8, 150, 289 Diodorus Siculus 76 and German 146, 147--8, 150, 205 Diogenes Laertius 73, 96 and Gothic 140--1, 223, 224 Dionysius of Halicarnassus 74, 76, 80, 96, 97, and Greek 144--5, 148, 150, 219--20, 223 98, 184 and Hebrew 144--5, 148 Dioscorides 51, 96, 139 and Italian 150 Dolet, Etienne, Commentarii linguae and Latin 144--5 latinae 47 and Malagasy 291, 292, 300 Dolezal, Fredric 305 and Old English 150, 164, 166, 189, 190, Domesday Book 187 194--5, 197, 199, 224 Dodsworth, Roger 202 and Old High German 150, 224 Monasticon anglicanum 208--11, 216, 218, and Spanish 144--5, 150 273 and ‘Teutonic language’ 191 Donatus 30 and Trojan 107 Donne, John 180 Bible in 106 Dorat, Jean 35, 57, 60, 258 dialects of 150 Douglas, Gavin, Eneados 164, 230, 231, 232, first grammar of 106 233, 313 glory of 224 Drayton, Michael, Poly-Olbion 200 in polyglot dictionaries 290 Droixhe, Daniel 62 standardization 105--6 drudge, lexicographer as 3--4, 53 druids 63, 108--9, 118, 122, 203, 284 Early English Text Society 13, 41 Dubois, Jacques 64 Edenic language 108, 191, 306, 308--9, 310 du Cange, Catherine 261 editorial material in dictionaries 30

380 Index Edward the Confessor, king of England 164 Estienne, Henri (I), grandfather of Henri (II) Edward VI, king of England 162, 169 39, 51, 115 Elizabeth I, queen of England 84, 169, 173, 174 Estienne, Henri (II) 1, 2, 5, 7, 38, 39, 55, Elyot, Sir Thomas 56--100, 101, 122, 127, 128, 139, 154, 164, Dictionary 156 169, 186, 202, 204, 214, 217, 222, 226, Bibliotheca Eliotae 134, 156 250, 251, 266, 284, 286, 290, 291 Elzevier, publishers 23, 255 Christian faith 80--2 Empedocles 73 early childhood 56--9 encyclopedias and the encyclopedic 24, 31, editiones principes 41, 76--7, 99 32, 151, 165, 168, 184, 211, 258, 268--9, education 35, 59--60 271--2, 305 emulousness of his father 66--9, 76, 95 England, see also Britain. fluency in spoken classical Greek 58 manuscript collections in 12, 21, 157--8, fluency in spoken Latin 26 160--2, 209, 216 love of Greek language 58--9, 86, 88, 205 English language 9--10, 14, 128, 132, 133, mental instability 97--8 136, 227, 258, 282, 289, 297, 299, relationships with family in old age 98--9 312. see also Middle English, Old English. studies of French language 60--5, 95, 172, and Dutch 150, 190, 191, 194--5, 205, 219, 221 224 travels 14, 66, 68, 74, 92, 97 and Frisian 155, 219, 224 unrealized projects 65, 69, 70, 95--7, 139, and German 205 257 and Greek 205, 206, 215, 302 writings in Greek 65, 81, 85, 89 and Latin 14, 156, 298, 302 Individual works: Apologie pour He´rodote and Swedish 308 95 and ‘Teutonic language’ 191 Ciceronianum lexicon graecolatinum 1, 66, Bible in 106 79 dialects of 167--8, 190, 302 De latinitate falso suspecta 63--5, 68 first grammar of 106 De Lipsii latinitate 98 history of 299 De suae typographiae statu 67, 85, 95 in polyglot dictionaries 290 Deux dialogues 63, 65 loanwords in 14, 158 edition of Adagia of Erasmus 69 medieval dictionaries of 156 edition of the Anacreontea 74--6, 81 merits of 172 editions of the Bible 95 prestige and standardization 104, 156 edition of Dicaearchus 70, 77 Ennius 63, 73, 77 edition of fragmentary Latin poets 66, epigrams, Greek 80 77, 92 epigraphy and inscriptions 11, 92, 101, 110, 117, edition of Hesychius of Miletus 254, 290 120, 139, 212, 237--40, 241--2, 245, 247, edition of Isocrates 251 254, 277 edition of Latin translations of the Episcopius, publisher 96 Psalms 90 Erasmus, Desiderius 19, 31, 32, 35--6, 38, 45, edition of minor works of St Justin Martyr 51, 53, 54, 55, 69--70, 79, 99, 115, 126, 68, 77, 92 159, 269, 274--5 edition of Pindar and the lyric poets 77, 78 Individual works: Adagia 19, 22, 24--5, 41, edition of Planudean anthology 92 42, 69, 70, 79, 96, 128, 151, 289 edition of Plutarch 79, 95 Adagiorum collectanea 21 edition of Poetae graeci principes 79, 88 Ciceronianus 70 edition of pseudo-Cyrillus and edition of Saint Jerome 22, 51 pseudo-Philoxenus, Glossaria 76, prefatory epistle to Crastone, Lexicon 82--2, 251--2, 254 graeco--latinum 28 edition of Sophocles 79 Eratosthenes of Alexandria 25, 31, 101 Francofordiense emporium 92 Erotian 76, 127 Hypomneses 65, 68 Estienne, Charles, uncle of Henri (II) 57, 59 Nizoliodidascalus 65 Estienne, Franc¸ois, brother of Henri (II) 57 Pre´mices 70 Estienne, Franc¸ois, uncle of Henri (II) 57 Projet ... de la precellence 65, 221

Index 381 Pseudo-Cicero 65, 70 etymological order in dictionaries 47, 82, 85--6, Thesaurus graecae linguae 1, 46, 60, 61, 63, 123, 138, 303 67--8, 69--70, 71, 72, 77--8, 81, Eunapios 262, 290 82--90, 93--5, 97, 100, 123, 136, 138, Euripides 21, 58, 80 195, 218, 261, 299, 313 ‘European languages’ in Megiser’s classification Traicte´ de la conformite´ 61--3 292 translation of the Greek bucolic poets 78 Eusebius 50, 74 translation of the Psalms 81 Eustathios of Thessalonica 20, 79, 85 Estienne, Paul, son of Henri (II) 98--9 Eve 108 Estienne, Perrette, mother of Henri (II) 57 Evelyn, George 186 Estienne, Robert, brother of Henri (II) 57 Evelyn, John 296, 297 Estienne, Robert, father of Henri (II) 1, 7, Exeter Book 159 38--55, 60, 71, 72, 73, 77, 86, 95, 99, 100, exile 2, 39, 82, 87, 187 164, 217, 266, 267, 284,, Expositiones ab Oecumenico & Aretha collectae 81 household of 57--8, 145, 258 tradition of dictionaries derived from his Fabrot, Charles Annibal 266 work 130, 131, 146, 147 Faeroese language 112 undertakes dictionary of classical Greek Far East, languages of 17 1, 67 Fauchet, Claude 111 Individual works: Dictionariolum Faure, Antoine 270 puerorum 45, 130 Fell, John 235 Dictionarium latinogallicum 44--5, 52, 130, Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and king of 134, 146 Bohemia 106, 117, 139, 160 Dictionnaire Francoislatin 44--5 Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 106 edition of the Bible (1527) 40, 51 Ferrand, Louis 269 edition of St Justin Martyr 68, 74 Ferrarius, Philippus, Lexicon geographicum 23 edition of the New Testament (1550) 65 Feuge`re, Le´on 56, 64 edition of Plautus 64 Finnic languages 292 edition of Virgil 47 Finnish language 112, 120 editions of Greek texts from the royal Flacius Illyricus, Matthias 122--3, 150, 189, 195, library 13, 74, 265 222, 228 Grammaire francoise 45, 60, 65 Flavigny, Hugo de 273 Latinae linguae thesaurus (general Florio, John 157 references) 1, 3, 45--6, 67--8, 71, folklore 8, 10, 135 77, 79, 80, 82, 83, 86, 94, 96, 100, 123, fossils 9 257, 303 Fotherby, Charles, Dean of Canterbury 210 Latinae linguae thesaurus (1531 edition) Fotherby, Charles, poet 210--11, 212 41--3, 44, 46, 47, 49, 67 Foxe, John 158, 260 Latinae linguae thesaurus (1536 edition) 43, France, manuscripts in 21 46, 47 Franc¸ois I, king of France 33, 160, 278 Latinae linguae thesaurus (1543 edition) Frankfurt am Main 43--4, 49, 67 mart at 92, 96 Latinae linguae thesaurus (1550--1551 publishing at 97 edition) 63 Frankfurt an der Oder, university of 84 Latinae linguae thesaurus (1740--1743 Franks 110, 116, 172, 257 edition) 68 their language 64. See also Old High Les mots francois 45 German. Sententiae et proverbia ex ... comoediis 42 Freher, Marquard 111, 154, 207, 221, 222, 257, 259 Ethiopic language 128, 129 French language 128, 132, 136, 194, 205, 227, 233, Ethiopic script and printing types 235 282, 285, 312. See also Law French and Old etymology 16, 65, 123, 128, 138, 143, 148, 166, 171, French. 180, 206, 211, 227, 248, 282, 307, 309 and Dutch 106, 144--5, 147--8, 289 etymological dictionaries and wordlists 62--3, 85, and English 14 111, 149--52, 171, 220, 245. See also Kiel and and Frankish 64 Junius. and Gaulish 64

382 Index French language (cont.) and Malagasy 291 and Germanic languages 205 and Old English 164 and Greek 34, 61--3, 64, 79, 90, 282 and Persian 154, 311 and Hebrew 63, 64, 65 Bible translations 105, 106 and Italian 62, 65 dialects of 11, 15, 121, 123, 132, 134, 135, and Latin 61, 63, 64--5, 110, 279, 282, 312 150, 169 and Spanish 65 first grammar of 106 Bible in 106 German--Latin--Italian--Slovene history of 110, 281, 282 dictionary (1592) 291 in editions of R. Estienne’s Latinae linguae in polyglot dictionaries 290 thesaurus 42, 43, 44 Italian--German dictionary (1477) 289 in polyglot dictionaries 290 Latin--German--Czech dictionary (1513) standardization and prestige 44, 60, 104 291 study of 60--5, 95, 112 merits and glory of 123, 131, 133, 136--7, 138, Friedrich III, Elector Palatine 84 224 Friedrich V, Elector Palatine 136 most ancient language 133 Frisian language 154, 155, 196, 228. See also Old standardization 105 Frisian. study of 113--38 and Dutch 219, 224 Germanic languages 292 and English 155, 219, 224 and French 205 and Old English 199 and Greek 220--1, 225--6, 307 Frisians 218 and Latin 282 Frisius, Johannes 126, 130--1,,132--3, 147 and New World languages 196, 206, 246 Froben, Johann 28, 115 and Persian 154, 172, 205, 306 Froschauer, Christoph 131 and Phrygian 205 Fugger, Ulrich 93, 122 compared 130, 191, 199, 211, 217, 221--30 Germanic peoples in antiquity 108, 113--14, Gagny, Jean de 160 116, 142, 143, 149, 151, 170, 172, 205, Galatians 63, 107 221, 227 Galen 80, 127 Germany, manuscripts in 21, 114, 117--18, Gallois, Jean 284 119--21, 125, 157, 161 Garrick, David 2 Gessner, Conrad 126--35, 138, 226, 240, 302 Gasser, see Pirmin Gasser. foreword to Maaler’s Die Teu¨tsch Spraach Gaulish language 64 132--5, 136 and Germanic languages 122, 132 Mithridates 128--30, 133, 141, 158, 245, Gaulmyn, Gilbert 182--3, 262 292--3, 300 Gauls 63, 110, 116, 122, 206, 262, 283 Pandectae 73, 127 Gautier, Le´on 262 principal works 127 Gelenius, Sigismundus 116, 129 Gesta romanorum 274 Gellius, Aulus 96 Getae 311 genealogy and ancestry 7, 10, 109, 162, 164, Gibbon, Edward 114 182, 201, 209, 212, 217, 247, 262, 266, Gibson, Edmund 171, 185, 187--8 269, 283 Gill, Alexander 11--12 Geneva 39, 60, 87 Ginzburg, Carlo 39 printing at 37 Giraldus Cambrensis 283 Georgievitz, Bartholomaeus 128 Glastonbury, abbey library at 160, 161, 205 Gerard, Cornelius 154 Godefroy, Denis, Auctores linguae latinae 272 German language 11, 128, 205, 227, 312. See also Goldast, Melchior 83, 222, 258--9, 260, 261 Middle High German, Old High German. Gomer 107, 108, 142 and Czech 116, 120 Gordon, G. S. 260, 275 and Dutch 146, 147--8, 150, 205 Gorm the Old 238 and English 205 Goropius Becanus, Johannes 17, 107, 141--5, 148, and Greek 116, 129, 131, 136 152, 169, 172, 189, 191, 205, 217, 226, 244, and Hebrew 123, 129, 133, 136, 138 245, 249, 306, 307, 309, 310 and Latin 116, 131, 136 Go¨tar 236, 244

Index 383 Gothic language 110, 125, 130, 141--2, 151, 153, as object of passionate love 31, 34, 58--9, 154--5, 218, 223, 224--5, 238, 244, 300, 309, 60, 86, 88, 205 311. See also Codex Argenteus. dialects 82, 292, 313 and Dutch 140--1, 223, 224 Greek language family 292 and English 233 history of 86, 280, 313 and German 132 in polyglot dictionaries 289, 290 and Greek 223, 227, 248, 249 medieval study of, in western Europe 103 and Hebrew 248, 249, 307 size of vocabulary 83 and Icelandic 248 spoken fluently by H. Estienne 58 and Old English 224, 229--30 study of postclassical Greek 250--1, 251--2, and Old High German 224 253, 262, 266, 267--71, 289 and Slavonic languages 248 writings in by H. Estienne 65, 81, 85, 89 and Swedish 248 Greek language, modern 275, 280 Crimean Gothic 133, 140--1, 154, 172, Greenway, Richard 190 244, 312 Greenwood, James 299 early printed wordlists 123, 140--1, 223 Gregoras, Nikephoros 251 Gothic alphabet and printing types 154, Gregory the Great, Saint 23--4 224, 227, 229, 235 Gregory of Nazianzen, Saint 76, 80 ‘Gothic language’ used of Middle High Grettis Saga 243 German 121, 124 grief 16, 74 ‘Gothic language’ used of ancestral Grimm, Jacob 132, 135 Germanic variety 311, 312 and Wilhelm 5 Goths 110, 116, 117, 120, 121, 124--5, 133, Gronovius, Johannes 219, 307 149, 154, 172, 179, 205, 246, 277, 307 Grotius, Hugo 196, 206, 246 Crimean Goths 125, 130, 140 Guarino da Favera 126 Gothic homeland 125 Guiart, Guillaume 273, 282 legends of Gothic ancestry 124, 235--6, 237, Guicciardini, Francesco 146 241 Guillard, Charlotte 38 Visigothic monarchs in Spain 125 Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden 239 Gower, John 212 Grafton, Anthony 38, 86 Hakluyt, Richard 12 grammars and dictionaries 14--15 Hall, Joseph 95 Grande dizionario Italiano 6 Ham 107 Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot de 142 Hare, John 138, 191 Grape, Anders 249 Harpocration, Lexicon 182, 254 Greaves, John 268 Hatton, Christopher, and his books 201, Greek anthology 74, 78 209, 232 Greek language, ancient and Byzantine 1, 10, Hebrew language 17, 29, 48, 118, 119--20, 123, 128, 87, 128, 136, 221, 312, 313 129, 136, 204, 249 and Czech 116 and Dutch 144--5 and Dutch 144--5, 219--20, 223 and French 64, 65 and English 205, 206, 215 and German 123, 129, 133, 136, 138 and French 34, 61--3, 64, 79, 90, 282 and Gothic 248, 249, 307 and German 116, 136 and Greek and Latin 123, 129, 204 and Germanic languages 220--1, 307 and Semitic language family 292 and Gothic 223, 227, 248, 249 and Swedish 123, 249 and Hebrew 123, 129 as Edenic language 108, 142, 309 and Latin 83, 116, 129 as lingua materna (including modified and modern vernaculars 279 theories) 123, 129, 279, 307--8, 310 and Old English 138, 204--5, 219--20, 223 in polyglot dictionaries 290 and Old Norse 219--20 medieval study of 103 and Scots 220 Heidelberg and Swedish 308 birthplace of Franciscus Junius 217, 221 and Welsh 223 university of 84, 89, 174 and western Asian languages 282 Heinsius, Nicolaas 220

384 Index Heloise 274 Huns 120 Henisch, Georg 11, 135--6, 143, 251 Huron language 196 Thesaurus linguae et sapientiae Germanicae Hyde, Thomas 235 46, 135--8 Henry I, king of England, laws of 206 Iamblichus 73 Henry VIII, king of England 160, 169, 210, 233 Iban language 15 Henryson, Robert, Testament of Cresseid 232 Icelandic language 128, 154, 196, 227--8, 235, Hephaestion, Enchiridion 266 237, 243 Hepp, Johannes Michaelis, Parallelismus 312 and Gothic 248 heralds and heraldry 10, 158, 180, 209, 238, and Hebrew 307 262, 301 identity 9 Hercules and the Herculean 1, 2, 5, 21, 28, 54, Ihre, Johann 144, 307 67, 71, 86, 95, 213, 214 ‘Illyrian language’ 129 heritage, idea of 5, 8--9, 285 indexes to dictionaries 82, 229, 256, 268, 294 Hermonymos, Georgios 31 India, languages of 17 Herodes Atticus 254 lingua indica 129 Herodian 80 Indo-European languages 102. See also Herodotus 80, 214 Proto-Indo-European. heroes and the heroic 2--4, 5--8, 15--16, 21, inductive method in lexicography 166, 181 53, 67, 86, 186 information management 22, 47, 270--1 Hersfeld, manuscript of Tacitus at 114, 117 inheritance 7--8 Heruli 172 inscriptions: see epigraphy Hesiod 78, 80, 89 Ipswich, lexicography at 295 Hesychius of Alexandria 220, 290 Ireland and the Irish 165 Hesychius of Miletus 254, 290 irenicism 90--1, 128, 136, 299 Hickes, George 234 Irenicus, Franciscus 116, 138 Hierocles 92 Irish language 1--2, 14, 142, 196 Higman, Jean 39 Isidore of Seville, Saint 51, 125, 237, 272 Himerius 76 Isocrates 251, 287 Hippocrates 76 Italian language 128, 132, 136, 142, 227, 233, historical principles in lexicography 86 291, 312 Hobsbawm, Eric 10 and English 14 Hoccleve, Thomas 212 and French 62, 65 Hodgkinsonne, Richard 176--7 and Latin 62, 110, 111, 119, 312 Holbein, Hans 23 and Spanish 111 Holme, Randle, Academy of armory 301 Bible in 106 Holyoake, Francis 7 German--Latin--Italian--Slovene Holyoake, Thomas 7 dictionary (1592) 291 Homer 12, 19, 31, 73, 78, 79, 84, 89, 92 in polyglot dictionaries 290 scholia to 79 Italian--German dictionary (1477) 289 Hooke, Robert 302 standardization 105 Hopper, Joachim 151 study of 111--12 Horace 75 Italic language (¼ proto-Latin) 311, 312 Hortus vocabulorum 156 215 Hoskyns, John 175 Jacob, William Hotman, Franc¸ois 64, 279 Ja¨ger, Andreas, De lingua vetustissima europae 310--13 Hrotswitha of Gandersheim 117 193 202 Hugutio of Pisa, Derivationes 272 James, Richard , 23 humanism 26 James, Thomas contrasted with philology 26--7, 33, 38 James I and VI, king of England and Scotland 174 175--6 180 192 humanistic lexicography 27, 30 , , , 29 289 Humphrey, duke of Gloucester 157 Japanese language , 107 249 311 Hungarian language 128, 136, 292, 307, 312 Japhet and Japhetic languages , , 219 Hungary, manuscript discoveries in 20 Japix, Gysbert 238 Hunibald, supposed chronicle of 118 Jelling, field-monuments at

Index 385 Jenssøn, Christen, Norske dictionarium 237 Dictionarium tetraglotton 146 Jerome, Saint 22, 50, 51, 278 Dictionarium teutonico-latinum 147--8 Johan, duke of O¨ stergo¨tland 239 Etymologicum teutonicae linguae 149--52, Johann Georg, margrave of Brandenburg 84 154, 195, 213, 219, 288, 290 John the Baptist, Saint 286 Kimchi, David, Sefer HaShorashim 29, 48 John Chrysostom, Saint 80 Kinnamos, Ioannes 265, 266, 285--6 Johnson, Samuel 2, 3--4, 53, 178, 234, 235 Kipling, Rudyard 192 Dictionary of the English language 2, 3, 8 Kircher, Athanasius 102, 294 Joinville, Jean de 263, 276, 285 Kirchmaier, Georg Kaspar 310, 312 Jo´nsson, Runo´lfur 228 Knowles, David 264 Jordanes 117, 125, 154, 236 Komnene, Anna 265 Joscelyn, John 8, 158, 168, 200 Konstantinos XI, Byzantine emperor 286 Dictionarium saxonico-latinum 168, 171, ‘Kra´kuma´l’ 242 183, 191, 195, 196, 197--9, 202, 257 Kristian IV, king of Denmark and ‘king of the Josephus 107--8, 184, 237 Goths’ 241, 244 Julian the Apostate 252 Kro¨mer, Dietfried 29 Junian types 224, 225, 235 Kwanzaa 16 Junius, Franciscus, cousin of the philologist 217 Kynaston, Sir Francis 231 Junius, Franciscus, father of the philologist 217, 262 Labbe´, Charles 266 Junius, Franciscus, philologist 83, 123, 154, 155, Labbe´, Philippe 250 159, 201, 202, 211, 213, 216--35, 252, 257, Laet, Jan de 94, 159, 186, 194, 195--7, 258--9, 307, 313 199--200, 206, 219, 224 dictionary of Old English and other Laı¨s 33 Germanic languages 229--30, 235, 288 Lambarde, William 163, 165, 168, 171, 173, 178, edition of the Cædmon manuscript 224, 225 180, 181, 187 edition of the Codex Argenteus, and Archaionomia 163, 164, 184, 201 Glossarium gothicum 224--5, 226--7, Perambulation of Kent 163, 203, 211 234, 246, 248--9 topographical dictionary 163 etymological dictionary of English 232--5, landholding 10, 110, 181, 200, 274, 278 288 landscape as heritage 8, 9, 110, 121, 160, 162, ‘Etymologicum teutonicum’ 219--20, 221, 188, 213, 238, 243 223, 227 Langbaine, Gerard 215 glossary to Chaucer 231--2, 313 Langland, William, Piers Plowman 180 glossary to Douglas’s Eneados 231, 313 language death 299 Observationes in Willerami ... paraphrasin Laskaris, Ianos 31, 35 223--4, 234 Laskaris, Konstantinos 27, 28 union index to ‘Teutonik Glossaries’ Latin language 19--55 and passim. See also Italic. 228--9 and Czech 116 Junius, Hadrianus 289 and Dutch 144--5 Batavia 151, 260, 290 and English 14, 298 Nomenclator 290 and French 61, 64--5, 110, 279, 282 Justin Martyr, Saint 68, 92 and German 116, 136 Justinian I, Byzantine emperor 116 and Germanic languages 282 and Greek 83, 116 Kantakouzenos, Ioannes 265 and Hebrew 123, 129, 307 Karen language 15 and Italian 62, 110, 111, 119 Karl IX, regent then king of Sweden 239 and Romance vernaculars 292, 312 Kedrenos, Georgios 265, 266 and Spanish 110, 111 Kelley, Donald 32 and Swedish 308 Kennett, White 178 archaic Latin 64, 107 Ker, W. P. 8 as language of learned community 9, 248 Kero of St. Gallen 259 as living language 277--8 Kiel, Cornelis 143, 145--52, 153, 169, 172, 189, 200, as spoken language 14, 26, 37, 42, 57 207, 208, 217, 234 as universal language 294

386 Index Latin language and passim.(cont.) lingua patria, see patrius sermo distinction of classical and post-classical Lipsius, Justus 98, 111, 152--3, 169, 172, 191 usage 29, 42, 50--1, 63, 256 Old Dutch wordlist 153, 189, 190, 207, German--Latin--Italian--Slovene 208, 221, 228, 242 dictionary (1592) 291 Lisle, William 110, 115, 164, 188, 195, 200, 230, Golden Latin 110, 280 193 history of 47, 280--1 Lister, Martin 304 in medieval England 173--4, 206, 207--8 Lithuanian language 112 in medieval France 278 Littleton, Adam 299 in medieval Germany 113, 291 Livy 59, 73, 96, 137, 278 in sixteenth-century France 42, 278 Lloyd, William, ‘Alphabetical dictionary’ 296, in sixteenth-century Scotland 14 298--9, 300, 301, 304--5, 306. See also Latin--German--Czech dictionary (1513) Wilkins. 291 Llwyd, Humphrey 170 medieval study of 103 Lodwick, Francis 294, 296, 299 merits of 47, 58 Lombards 172 neo-Latin literature 14 London Spanish--Latin--Czech dictionary 91 and English language 104 study of postclassical Latin 208, 217--18, archives in Tower of London 167, 173, 192, 240, 250--1, 251--2, 252--3, 256--8, 262, 199 263, 265, 267--71, 289 British Library 198 vulgar Latin 64, 280 Inns of Court 294 Latvian language 120 lexicographical work in 3 Laud, William 176--7, 186 royal library 216 law as heritage 10--11, 110, 188 Westminster Abbey 187 Law French language 174 Westminster School 169, 170 law, terms from, in dictionaries 173--8, 256--8, loss. See also rediscoveries. 267--8, 270--1, 273--4, 278--9 of ancient texts 22, 26, 73--4, 214, 222, Lazius, Wolfgang 121, 124, 157, 158, 241 253--4, 277 Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von 58, 144, 245, of medieval texts 214, 221--2 269, 294, 307, 311 Louis, king of Bohemia 106 Leiden Louis IX, king of France 285 Franciscus Junius lives in 217 Louis XIV, king of France 285, 286 Lugdunum Batavorum imprint 151 Louvain, manuscript of Anacreontea in 74, 92 university 153, 154, 197, 218, 254, 255 Lo¨wenklau, Hans 100 university library 155 Lowenthal, David 8, 13 Leipzig Loyola, Ignatius of 35 best German arguably spoken in 130 Lucan 19, 283 university of 84 Lucian 80, 96 Leland, John 120, 159--63, 170, 178, 187, 205 Lucilius 6 Cygnea cantio 162--3 Lucillius 84 Le Pois, Antoine 33 Luther, Martin 105, 119, 131 Lexikon des fru¨hgriechischen Epos 82 Lycosthenes, Conrad 73--4 Lex Salica 257, 279 Lydgate, John 212 Liber vagatorum 129 Lydius, Johann Martin 258, 261 librarians as lexicographers 11 Lye, Edward 235 libraries and heritage 12 Lyons, publishing at 267, 284 Liddell and Scott, Greek--English Lexicon 11, 82 Maaler, Josua, 132 Lilly, William 216 Die Teu¨tsch Spraach 130, 131--5, 146, 147, 156 Linacre, Thomas 51 Mabillon, Jean 264--5 Lindenbrog, Friedrich 181, 186, 188, 207, 218, MacCurtin, Hugh 1--2 257--8, 259, 261 and Conor O’Begley, English Irish Lindenbrog, Heinrich 257 dictionary 1, 2 Lindisfarne Gospels 167 Macrobius 93, 257

Index 387 Madan, Falconer 11 Milan Madius, Mica 273 Bibliotheca Ambrosiana 12 Magdeburg Centuries 122 printing at 27 Madoets, Andre´, Thesaurus theutonicae linguae Mimnermus 76 46, 146, 147 Minsheu, John, Ductor in linguas 195--6, 209, Magnus, Johannes 237, 238, 240, 306 245, 290--1, 196 Magnus, Olaus 238, 240 Minucius Felix 253 Magnu´sson, Joń 243 Momigliano, Arnaldo 25--6, 267 Magog, 107, 237, 307. See also Magog Monnoie, Bernard de la 278 arameo-gothicus under Stiernhielm. Montaigne, Michel de 26 Makarios of Egypt, Saint 146 Montaillou, languages in 103 Makrembolites, Eustathios 262 Montfaucon, Bernard de 12, 264 Malagasy language 291, 292, 293 Monumenta Germaniae historica 13 Malay language 292--3, 307 monuments as heritage 8, 110, 211, 212--13, Malcolm Canmore, king of Scotland 164 237--40, 243 Manuel I, Byzantine emperor 285 More, St. Thomas 33, 35, 129 Manutius, Aldus 28, 31, 54, 55, 82, 99, 115, Morel, Camille 26 139, 254 Morel, Fe´de´ric 37 Aldine editions used by H. Estienne 78 Morel, Guillaume, Verborum latinorum and recovery of ancient texts 19--22, 24--5 commentarii 146 Marco Polo 291 Moretus family 216 Marculfus 183, 279 Morillon, Antoine and Maximilien 142 Marcus Aurelius 127, 204 morphological units treated in dictionaries Margaret, Saint, queen of Scotland 164 190 Marshall, Thomas 225, 230 Moschopoulos, Manuel 74 Martial 30, 232 Moschus 78 Martyn, John 296 Moses 183 Mary I, queen of England 169, 173 mos gallicus and mos italicus 32, 259 Mary of Lorraine, queen of Scotland 6 Moss, Ann 34 material culture, see realia. Moth, Matthias 237 Mathewes, Augustine 177 Mozarabic language 105 Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor 136 Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek 11 Maurists 264--5, 276 Mu¨nster, Sebastian 119--21, 126, 128, 151, 157 Maussac, Philippe Jacques de 182--3, 184, 254 Murbach Hymnal 222 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 117, Murray, Sir James 9, 100 118, 160 Muscovy, Germanic language supposedly once Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 84 spoken in 133, 137 Maximus of Tyre 76 Musurus, Marcus 115 Me´dicis, Catherine de 62 Medulla grammatice 156 Nahuatl language 196 Megiser, Hieronymus 169, 245, 291--3, 300, Naples 92 308 New World languages 103, 196, 246, 292, 300 Meissen and German language 105 noli altum sapere 39--40 Memnon 76 Nibelungenlied 121, 124, 158 Me´moire sur les manuscrits de M. du Cange 278, Nicot, Jean, Thresor de la langue françoyse 44, 283 46 Meńage, Gilles 111, 213, 264 Nilus of Thessalonica 251 Mersenne, Marin 306 N^mes, Colle`ge des Arts 37 Merula, Paulus 153, 154, 189, 195 Nizzoli, Mario 63 Meursius, Joannes 186, 252, 253--6, 261, 266, Noah and the Noachides 107--8, 142, 143--4, 237, 271 303--6, 305--6, 307 Middle Ages, concept of 259--61, 275--6 Nonnus 92 Middle English 165, 189, 209, 313 Norwegian language 237 Middle High German 121, 124, 133, 224 Norwich, cathedral library 161 Middle Scots, see Scots. Nowell, Alexander 163

388 Index Nowell, Laurence, antiquary 8, 163--4, 171, glosses and glossaries 113, 222, 224, 228, 187, 200 229, 233, 234, 258 Vocabularium saxonicum 164--8, 196, 201, other texts 119--21 211, 228, 234 Old Norse language 110, 208, 227, 242--3, Nowell, Laurence, dean of Lichfield 163 309, 313 numismatics, see coins and coinage and Greek 219--20 and Old English 166, 219--20, 229--30 O’Begley, Conor 2, 5, 7, 9, 14 first printed wordlist 123, 242 Occitan language 103--4, 280, 282 manuscripts 242 of ficinae 3, 19, 39, 55, 115, 145 Old Saxon language 11, 113, 123 O´ lafsson, Magnus, Specimen lexici runici 242 Onasander 252 Old Dutch language 123, 153, 189, 190, 207 Oporinus, Joannes 260 and Old English 207 Oppian 84 Old English language 8, 14, 104, 110, 138, 154, Opsopoeus, Johannes 93 227, 238, 313. See also Ælfric, Anglo-Saxon Orle´ans, university of 261 Chronicle, Beowulf, Cædmon Manuscript, Orosius, Paulus, Old English translation of ‘Durham’, Exeter Book, Middle English, 166, 167, 233 Orosius. Ortelius, Abraham 136, 169--71, 189, 191 and Dutch 150, 164, 166, 189, 190, 194--5, Otfrid of Weissenburg 118--19, 122--4, 133, 138, 197, 199, 224 150, 172, 189, 195, 213, 222, 224, 228 and Frisian 199 Ottoman empire 14, 128, 138--40, 271, 275 and German 164 plans for crusade against 98, 286--7 and Gothic 224, 229--30 Ovid 19, 88 and Greek 138, 204--5, 219--20, 223 Oxford and Old Dutch 207 college libraries 94, 157 and Old High German 224, 230 early modern lexicography in 200 and Old Norse 166, 219--20, 229--30 publishing at 215 and Old Saxon 123 university library 11, 23, 157, 193, 215, 228, Bible translations 164, 166, 193, 196, 225, 235, 266 233, 248 university of 84, 194, 294, 296 dialects of 167 Oxford, Aubrey, earl of 219 early modern compositions in 159, 166, 194 Oxford English Dictionary 4, 6, 9, 11, 41, 190 early modern study of 123, 157--9, 161--2, Oxford University Press 3 164--9, 170--1, 179, 186--7, 189--91, 192--202, 204--7, 208--9, 211--16, Palaiologos family 286 219--20, 222, 223, 224, 225, 228, 229, Palatine anthology 75 233, 241, 248, 257, 274, 281, 282 Pallas, Peter Simon 140 glosses and glossaries 161, 165, 166, 167, Palsgrave, John, Lesclarcissement de la langue 180, 229, 233, 257 francoyse 157 late medieval study of 157 Panaetius 97 lawcodes and legal documents 110, 158, 163 Pandectae, see Digesta. merits of 205 Papias 29, 272 poetry 158--9, 224 Paris 60, 267 Old French language 111, 263, 282, 285 abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Pre´s 264, 284 Old Frisian language 123, 155 and French language 60, 104 Old High German language 110, 111, 115, (as ‘Old Bibliothe`que Nationale 270 Frankish’) 120, 128, 130, 154, 158, 221--3, Colle`ge Royal 33, 35, 58, 284 223--4, 238, 258, 313. See also Murbach intellectual life of 263--5 Hymnal, Otfrid Irish College 1 Tatian, and Willeram. manuscripts in non-royal collections 270 and Dutch 150, 224 Parlement of 261 and English 233 publishing at 13--17, 37, 39, 40, 53, 265, 284 and Gothic 224 royal library 11, 13, 74, 253, 264, 270 and Old English 224, 230 university of 39, 84, 126, 160 first printed wordlist 123--4 Parker, John 158, 168

Index 389 Parker, Matthew 12, 158, 161, 168 Pirmin Gasser, Achilles 122, 123, 133 Parthian language 312 Pithou, Franc¸ois 253, 257 Partridge, Eric 4 Pithou, Pierre 93, 100, 111, 279 Pasquier, Estienne 110, 111, 195, 260 place-names 43, 46, 51, 110, 133, 162--3, 165, 167, Passow, Franz 313 170, 171, 187, 190, 213 patrius sermo and related phrases 44, 118, 133, places as heritage 10, 203, 208, 211--12 148, 152, 159, 220 Plantin, Christophe, 141, 144, 145, 146--7, 169 Pattison, Mark 56 preface to Kiel, Dictionarium tetraglotton Paul, Saint, 40. See also Bible. 146 Paulos Silentiarios 265 preface to Madoets, Thesaurus theutonicae Pausanias 20, 24--5, 96, 97, 98 linguae 147 Peiresc, Nicolas Fabri de, 182, 184, 185, 188, Planudean anthology 92 252, 294 Plato 20, 79, 84, 184 Pepys, Samuel 296, 297, 302, 303--4 Plautus 41, 42, 44, 57, 63, 64, 65, 68, 214 perfect language 48, 108. See also Edenic pleasure 34, 35, 58--9, 252 language. Pliny the elder 49, 51 Pe´rion, Joachim 34, 62 Pliny the younger 96 Perotti, Niccolo` 30, 34, 51 Plutarch 6, 20, 79, 95 Persian language 154 Pocock, J. G. A. 10, 17 and Germanic languages 154, 172, 205, Poland, manuscript discoveries in 20 306, 310, 311 Polemon 76 and Scythian or Swedish 308, 309 Polish language 112, 128, 136, 307, 312 personal experience as a resource for Pollux, Julius 79 lexicographers 52--3, 234 Polybius 80, 96, 97 personal names 2, 43, 46, 51, 110, 119, 125, polyglot dictionaries 91 127, 133, 149, 171, 240 Pontanus, Jacobus 87 Pervigilium Veneris 73 popular culture 168, 190 Petau, Paul 253 Portuguese language 290 Petrarch 58, 105, 111, 159, 259 Postel, Guillaume 90 Petronius 73 Prague Petty, Sir William 296, 297 lexicography in 91, 291 Peutinger, Conrad 117, 136 languages in 91, 147 Pfeiffer, Rudolf 25, 31, 58 manuscripts at 223 Phaedrus 73 university of 84 Philip II, king of Spain 106, 169 Preussisches Wo¨rterbuch 135 Philips Willem of Nassau 290 prices of dictionaries 43, 94, 95, 120 Philo Judaeus 79 printing and language 106 Philological Society 9 Printz, Carstan 310 philology 32, 34, 51, 55, 113, 211, 213, 215, 240, private ownership of heritage objects 12, 279, 289 20--1, 99 and antiquarianism 25--6, 180 Procopius 116, 125 contrasted with humanism 26--7, 33, 38 Promptorium parvulorum 156 in Hellenistic Alexandria 19, 25 pronunciation, history of 190 philological lexicography 26, 27, 31 Proto-Indo-European language 307 sacred and secular philologia 35, 40 proverbs 131, 135, 137, 291, 302 Philoponus, Joannes 82 Psellus, Michael 182--3 philosophical languages, see universal languages pseudo-Athanasius 58 Phlegon of Tralles 254 pseudo-Berosus, see Berosus. Photius 73, 99, 250 pseudo-Cyrillus and pseudo-Philoxenus, phraseological material in dictionaries and Glossaria 76, 82--3, 251--2, 253, 254, 266 wordlists 42, 131, 135, 137, 156, 201, 225 pseudo-Kodinos 262, 266 ‘Phrygian language’ 205, 311, 312 Ptolemy 170 Piggott, Stuart 171 purism and purity 147, 149, 158, 190, 205, Pindar 77, 78 207, 298 Pirkheimer, Willibald 125

390 Index Quintilian 72, 278 Royal Society 296--7, 301, 302, 303, 306 quotations in dictionaries 29, 30, 42, 44, Rubens, Albert 216 49--51, 85, 166, 201, 211, 243, 270 Rubens, Sir Peter Paul 216 chronological arrangement of 86, 313 Rudbeck, Olof 247, 311 Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor 91, 98, 223, 293 Rabelais, Franc¸ois 35, 45, 294 Ruel, Jean 51 Ragnar Lodbrok 242 runes and runestones 110, 237--40, 241--2, 247, Raleigh, Sir Walter 165 258, 309 Ranger, Terence 10 occult properties of runes 239, 244, 308 Raphelengius, Franciscus 152 runic alphabet and printing types 224, Rastell, John, Expositiones terminorum legum 227, 229, 235 174 Rushworth Gospels 233 Ray, John 168, 302, 304 Russian language 112, 193 realia 25, 27, 32, 35, 166 Rymer, Thomas, Foedera 178 Redinger, Thomas 66 rediscoveries of texts, see also loss. St Gallen, library at 119 of ancient texts 19--21, 24--5, 27, 72--8, Sales, Franc¸ois de 35 92--3, 101, 139, 252, 265 Sallust 214 of postclassical Latin and Greek texts Salmasius, Claudius 101, 183, 233, 307, 311, 313 117--18, 119, 250, 251, 252--3, 265--6 Sambucus, Joannes 90, 96, 139, 169, 290 of medieval vernacular texts 117--18, 118--19, Sami language 300 119--21, 125--6, 160--2, 171, 221 Sanders, Francis 181 Regensburg, manuscript of Hrotswitha at 117 ‘Saracenic language’ 307 Renaudot, Euse`be 270 Sardic language 128, 300, 307, 312 Resch, Konrad 36 Savile, Sir Henry, Rerum anglicarum scriptores 181 Reuchlin, Johannes 28--9, 31, 48, 116, 118 Saxo Grammaticus 243 Rhaetic language 312. see also Romansh. Saxons and their language and culture 172, 187, Rhenanus, Beatus 28, 115--16, 119, 120, 122, 129, 189, 207, 224 133, 159, 205, 260 Scaliger, Joseph Justus 6, 31, 72, 77, 83, 98, 99, Ricchieri, Lodovico 51 172, 205, 226, 252, 260 Richard II, king of England 173, 174 Scapula, Joannes, Lexicon graecolatinum 23, 95, Riedesel, Adolf Hermann 122 245, 252, 255 Rigault, Nicolas 182--3, 252--3, 254, 261, 266 Schard, Simon, Lexicon iuridicum 257 Rittershausen, Conrad 100 Schmeller, Johann Andreas 11, 124 Rivola, Francesco, Dictionarium armeno--latinum Schottelius, Justus Georg 135 102, 245, 309 Schottius, Henricus 152 Robortello, Francesco 76 Schreiber, Fred 56 Rogers, Daniel 169--70, 241 Schrevelius, Cornelius 23 Roget, Peter Paul, Thesaurus 48 Schroderus, Ericus 143 Rolls Series publications 13 Scotland, see also Britain. Romance languages 133, 280, 292 see also and the Scots 165, 198 Catalan, French, Italian, Occitan, Franciscus Junius visits 220 Portuguese, Rhaetic, Romanian, Romansh, Roman antiquities in 14 Sardic, Spanish. Scots language 6, 164, 313 Roman de la rose 230 and Greek 220 Romani language 129, 154 Scythia, as home of the Noachides 142 Romanian language 312 Scythian protolanguage 108--9, 112, 225--6, 249, Romansh language 128. see also Rhaetic. 306--12, 308--9, 311--12. see also Celto- romanticism 11 Scythian. Romanus, Saint, bishop of Rouen 253 Scythians 107, 108--9, 143, 237, 308, 311--12 Rome 92, 245, 246, 259, 277 Selden, John 14, 183, 200, 207, 222, 229 Ro¨nnow, Magnus 310 books owned by 183, 201, 209, 211 Ronsard, Pierre de 35, 60, 74--5, 77, 81 self-presentation by lexicographers 53--5, 86, 186 Rotwelsch language 129 semi-etymological ordering, see etymological Rous, John 109 order in dictionaries.

Index 391 Semitic languages 48, 108--9, 119, 292. See also 179--88, 192, 193, 195, 196--7, 198--9, Arabic, Aramaic, Hebrew, and Syriac. 200, 213, 224, 232, 241, 257, 258, 260--1, 262, Seneca 152 270, 274, 281 sense-differentiation in dictionaries 30, 48--9, dictionary of Anglo-Latin 179, 181--7, 195, 84--5, 137, 166 213, 228, 234, 252, 282 Serbian language 112 praelectorship at Cambridge founded by sermone patrio, see patrius sermo. 179, 193, 214 Servius 47 Spelman, Roger 214--15 Sextus Empiricus 73 Spenser, Edmund 165 Shakespeare, William 7 Sphrantzes, Georgios 265 Sheares, William 176--7 Spiegel, Jacob, Iuris civilis lexicon 257 Shem 107 Spon, Jacques 275 Sichard, Johann 117, 139 Sponheim, library at 118 Sidney, Philip 90 Sprat, Thomas, History of the Royal-Society 297 Sigismund, king of Sweden 239 Statius 19 Simokattes, Theophylaktos 265 status labels in dictionaries 49, 298 Sirmond, Jacques 279 Stephanius, Stephen Hansen 243 Skeat, W. W. 234 Stephanus, see Estienne. Skinner, Stephen 214, 234 Stiernhielm, Georg 236, 243--6, 247, 293, 311, 313 Skylitzes, Ioannes 265 Babel destructa 308--9 Skytte, Bengt 245, 293 edition of the Codex Argenteus with Slavonic languages 17, 248, 291, 292, 311, 312. See glossary 248--9, 311 also Croatian, Czech, Polish, Russian, Gambla Swea- och Go¨tha-ma˚les fatebur Serbian, Slovene. 244, 309 Slovene language 291 Magog arameo-gothicus 244, 245, 307--8, Smith, Sir Thomas 278 309, 312 Society of Antiquaries 180, 182, 185 Stobaeus, Joannes 96, 127 Socrates the historian 80 Stockholm Solon 76 and Swedish language 104 Somner, William 8, 159, 202, 203--4, 206--9, home of Andreas Ja¨ger 310 210--16, 217, 229, 258, 281, 282, 313 manuscripts in 223 Dictionarium saxonico--latino--anglicum royal library 240 211--16, 228, 230, 234, 282 runic inscriptions in 238, 239 Sophianos, Michael 58 Strabo of Amaseia 96 Sophocles 78, 79, 80 Strabo, Walafrid 119, 259 Sozomenos 184 Strada, Jacopo 91 Spanish language 128, 136, 233, 312 Strasburg, university of 126 Aragonese variety 105 Strasburg Oaths 111, 153, 154 Bible in 106 Strategicon of Maurice 253 Castilian variety as standard 104, 105 Strype, John 168 and Dutch 144--5 subject-ordered arrangement of dictionaries 134, and French 65 302, 303 and Italian 111 Suda 21 and Latin 110, 111, 312 Suevi 172 history of 111 Svear 236, 244 in polyglot dictionaries 290 Sweden Spanish--Latin--Czech dictionary 91 care for antiquities in 239, 244, 247, 310 Speed, John 188 intellectual life of 245--6, 310 Speght, Thomas, edition of Chaucer 231--2 Swedish language 240, 246, 248, 312 Spelman, Eleanor 179 and Danish 104--5 Spelman, Henry, father of Sir Henry and Edenic language 308--9 Spelman 179 and Gothic 248 Spelman, Henry, son of Sir Henry Spelman and Hebrew 123, 249, 307--8 182 and Scythian 307--8, 308--9 Spelman, Sir Henry, lexicographer 8, 10, 155, Bible in 106

392 Index Swedish language (cont.) by Conrad Celtis 115, 160 early Swedish--Latin(--Greek) dictionaries by William Camden 169, 170 236, 237 by Henri Estienne 14, 66, 68, 74, 92, 97 standardization 104--5, 236 by John Leland 120, 160, 162 Sweet, Henry 5 by Sebastian Mu¨nster 120 Switzerland, manuscripts in 119, 157 tre´sor (word) see thesaurus. Sylburg, Friedrich 97, 98, 169 Trippault, Le´on, Celt’hellenisme 62--3 Symeon of Durham 207 Tristan de Saint Amant, Jean 101 Symmachus 73 Trithemius, Johannes 118--19, 123, 133, 151, 203, Synesius 76, 80 241, 259 Syriac language 102, 128, 221, 307 Troy and the Trojans 77, 86--7, 88, 100 Syv, Peder 237 myths of Trojan ancestry 7, 107, 114 Szekelian alphabet 140 Tschudi, Aegidius 260 Tuisco 108, 191, 221 Tabula Peutingeriana 117, 136 Turkish language 291, 307 Tacitus 72, 108--9, 114--16, 117, 119, 129, 151, 152, Turne`be, Adrien 79 190, 214, 221, 227 Twelve Tables 107 Tactica of Leo VI 253 Twysden, Sir Roger 177--8, 206, 216, 274 Talbot, Robert 161--2, 166, 241 Historiae anglicanae scriptores x 207--8, 273 Tanner, Thomas 178 typographical features of dictionaries 30, 42, 43, Tasso, Torquato 81 46, 83, 211, 227, 243, 253, 254, 255 Tate, Francis 192 Tyrtaeus 76 Tatian, Diatesseron in Old High German 154, 221, 222, 224, 226, 259 Ulfilas 125, 246 ‘Tauric language’ 312 universal languages 48, 239, 245, 293--306, Terence 41, 42, 44, 53, 57 304--5, 309 Tertullian 51 Uppsala, university of 104, 246--7 Teutonic, see also Germanic Urquhart, Sir Thomas 294 ‘Teutonic antiquities’ 214 Ussher, James 197, 215, 223 ‘Teutonic language’ 190--1, 311 Utopian language 129 ‘Teutonic nation’ 191 Themistius 76 Valla, Lorenzo 51 Theocritus 78, 88--9 Vandals 116, 120, 149, 172, 179, 205 Theodore of Tarsus 12 van den Vondel, Joost 217 Theodoretus 80 van der Myl, Abraham 141, 144, 155, 195 Theophrastus 73, 76, 253--4 van der Scheueren, Gherard, Theutonista 228 Theophylact 80 van de Werwe, Jan 147 thesaurus (word) 16, 45--6, 48 van Loor, Pieter 196 Thesaurus linguae latinae 91 van Vliet, Jan 217, 225, 257 Tibullus 88 van Wachtendonck, Arnold 153 Thibaut III, comte de Champagne 285 variant forms, treatment of 168, 201 Thierry, Jean 44 Varro 25--6, 30 Thiessen, Jack 15, 16 later scholars compared to 34, 184, 213 Thomsen, Vilhelm 140 Vegetius 194 Thoresby, Ralph, Ducatus Leodiensis 178 Velleius Paterculus 73, 116 Thorkelin, Grı´mur Jo´nsson 13 Venice Thorne, William 207, 273 cultural exchange at 58, 139 Thucydides 79, 84, 214 printing at 19--22 Thwaites, Edward 235 Verelius, Olaus 246, 247, 311 Toledo and Spanish language 104 vernacular languages. See also names of topography, see chorography individual languages. Topsell, Edward 127 prestige and standardization 103--7study of Toussain, Jacques 35, 37--8, 51, 59, 60 103, 107--12, 289 Traherne, Thomas 305 Verstegan, Richard 188--91, 207, 213, 219 travel 11 Vettori, Pietro 74, 75, 77, 99

Index 393 Viart, Guyonne 39 Wilkins, John 293, 297 Vienna 84, 92, 93, 121 Essay towards a real character and a and German language 105 philosophical language 296, 297--301, national library 139 301--6, 303--6 university of 84, 115 Willem of Nassau 290 Villare anglicum 188 Willeram 153, 154, 172, 189, 195, 213, 223--4, Villehardouin, Geoffroy de 263, 276, 282, 234, 312 285, 286 Williams, Raymond, Keywords 15 Virgil 19, 47, 84, 86--7, 88. See also Douglas. Williamson, Joseph 194 Visigoths 125 Willughby, Francis 302 Vitruvius 281 Wimpfeling, Jacob 116, 118 Vives, Juan Luis 25, 30, 35, 40, 41, 43, 107 Winchester and Old English language 104 Vocabolario degli accademici della Crusca 112, 299 Wittenberg Vocabularius ex quo 113, 130, 156 publishing at 119 Vocabulista tradition of polyglot dictionaries 289 university of 84, 310, 312 Vossius, Gerardus Joannes 101, 213, 217--18, 234, Wolf, Hieronymus 251, 265 252, 261 Worcestre, William 109 Vossius, Isaac 218, 222, 223, 226, 246, 252, 296 Worm, Ole 196, 197, 207, 208, 213, 234, Vrancˇic´, Faust 91 240--3, 244, 245, 303, 311 Specimen lexici runici 242--3 Wachtendonck Codex 153, 197, 207 Wouters, Cornelius 125, 142, 154, 155 Walker, Obadiah 185--6 Wright (formerly Lea), Elizabeth 4 Wanley, Humfrey 12, 235 Wright, Joseph 2, 4, 5 Waserus, Caspar 141, 245 English Dialect Dictionary 2, 4 Watt, Joachim von 119, 258, 260 Wyatt, Sir Thomas 159 Waugh, Earle 13 Wyche, Sir Peter 297 Webb, John 152 Webster (in titles of dictionaries) 29 Xenophon 79, 84, 85, 100, 127, 214 Wechel, publisher 97, 181 Xiphilinus 74 Weever, John, Ancient funerall monuments 212, 213 Yiddish language 129 Welser, Marcus 136, 260 Welsh language 107, 112, 128, 154, 170--1, 290 Ziesemer, Walther 135 and Greek 223 Zonaras, Ioannes 251, 252, 265, 284 Werden, Codex Argenteus at 125 Zosimus 77 Wheelock, Abraham 178, 193, 198, 200, 201, Zu¨rich 213, 214 birthplace of Conrad Gessner 126 Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, Ulrich von 27, 72, lexicography at or near 130-131-131, 132--3 80, 86, 261 publishing at 131