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From the Library of

PERCY BENTLEY BURNET A.B., 1884; A.M., 1887

Presented to Indiana University by

MARY S. BURNET

If*

€&e fJ&eUe^aiettrejai Veriest

SECTION I ENGLISH LITERATURE FROM ITS BEGINNING TO THE YEAR IIOO

GENERAL EDITOR EDWARD MILES BROWN, Ph.D. pRorrsson or the Engl1sh langvage and l1teratvke IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI I THE JULIANA OF

CYNEWULF

EDITED BY WILLIAM STRUNK, JR., Ph.D. Paornao1t or Emuu 1n Coinxll Uh1tim1tt

BOSTON, U. S. A., AND LONDON K C. HEATH AND CO., PUBLISHERS 305125

COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY D. C. HEATH & CO. Printed in United States of America

3HO

Printed in U. S. A.

3Ittttolwrtfon

I THE TEXT The Old English life of St. Juliana has been preserved in a single manuscript, the Codex Exoniensis or Exeter Book, written about two centuries after the composition of the poem. This volume formed part of a bequest made by Leof- ric, first Bishop of Exeter, to Exeter Cathedral. From his name, Leofric 1 seems to have been of English birth, but he was educated in Lotharingia. He became a chaplain to Edward the Confessor, and probably came to England with the king in 1042. In 1046 he was made Bishop of Crediton (comprising the sees of Devon and Cornwall); in 1050, with the consent of the king and of the Pope, he transferred his seat to Exeter, on the ground that the latter city was more secure from the attacks of pirates. He died in 1072. On coming to Exeter, Leofric found the congregation poor, and the Cathedral despoiled of its estates and almost unprovided with books, vestments, and sacred utensils. For a time, it is said, he fed the congregation at his own expense, and he came to the aid of the Cathe dral with splendid generosity. 2 Besides recovering many 1 For his life, sec Warren, The LtofrU Missal, pp. xix-xxvi, and the Diet. Nat. Biigr. 1 For the document recording Leofric's gifts, see Dugdale, Mnattietn, U. 257 (with Latin translation) ; Kemble, CW. Difl. iv. 274-276 (no 940) ; see also Warren, The LetfrU Missal, pp. xxi-xxlv vi 3|ntwDuctton of the alienated estates, he bestowed on it much land of his own. Further, he gave the Cathedral an ivory altar, ivory croziers, silver chalices, a silver censer, bells and banners, vestments and altar-cloths, and books to the number of sixty-one, thirty-one in English, and thirty in Latin. The list of these is still extant ; they consist mainly of service-books, portions of the Bible (including the Gospels in English) and theological works. Ten of these volumes are still preserved elsewhere in England ; one, and one only, remains in the possession of the Cathedral. This is the work designated in the list as i mycel engiue hoc be gehwylcum pingum on leoSwisan geworht, that is, "one great English book on various subjects composed in verse," and now known as the Exeter Book. Since Leofric's time leaves from both the beginning and end of the book have disappeared.1 There now re main 123 leaves, or 246 pages, numbered from 8* to I30b, of the original manuscript ; seven other leaves have been prefixed at a comparatively modern time. In the interior of the book one leaf has been cut out between 37 and 38. The first and last pages are nearly illegible, owing to damages sustained by the manuscript at some period when it was unbound ; the last twelve leaves are in varying degree marred by a hole, with charred edges, where some bit of ignited wood, or similar substance, has fallen on the open page. Otherwise the volume is in good condition. The manuscript, which is on vellum, is neatly written, apparently in a single hand, either of the latter part of the tenth,2 or the early part of the eleventh century.' 1 This description is abridged from that given by Schipper, Girm. xix JZ7-3I9. * Thorpe ; Mist L. T. Smith (article " Kynewulf " in Diet. Nat. Bitgr.) * Schipper ; W Hiker, Grundrits, p. 223. introDuctton vii Cook thinks that it may have been prepared under Leof- ric's own directions.1 After the manuscript had been written, it was corrected by a second hand, in paler ink. 3 The leaves are 14 cm. in height and 'iyi cm. in width (about 5 y£ by 7 yi inches). A facsimile of part of page 77* (the beginning of Gifts of Men) may be seen in Thorpe, opposite p. 293. Among the most notable poems contained in the vol ume may be mentioned Christ, Gut Mac, the Phoenix, Juliana, the Wanderer, the Seafarer, Widsith, the Rhyming Poem, the SouVs Address to the Body, the Ruin, and the Riddles.1 The first modern mention of the book was made by Wanley 4 in 1705, in his Librorum Veterum Septentriona- lium Catalogus, published as the second part of the The saurus of George Hickes (Hickesius). After a brief account of the size and condition of the manuscript, he analyzed the contents, as he understood them, making a purely arbitrary division into ten books. His seventh book is as follows : — Fol. 65b[-77b] . Liber VII. septem constant Capiti- but, Tractans de Passione S. Julians sub Maximiano Caesare, etc. Sic autem Incip. Hwaet we baet hyrdon haeltfS eahtian deman daedhwate. Exp. Uiber. to fieder on heofhum bser us eal seo faestnung stondeft.* Nothing further is heard of the Exeter Book until the year 1 8 1 2, when the Rev. J. J. Conybeare, Professor of Poetry at Oxford, submitted a paper dealing with it to 1 The Chritt */ Cjnewulf, p. xvi. 1 See the variants to lines 72, 286, 322, ete » For the complete list, see Wiilker, Grundriu, pp. 223-224. ' For a reprint of Wanley's account, see Wiilker, Grundriu, pp. 219- 221. 0 This is the conclusion of the Wanderer, which follows Juliana in the MS. viii 3lntroDuctfon the London Society of Antiquaries. This was reprinted in Archaeologia, vol. xvii (1814). In this paper, the Juliana is not discussed. Conybeare's Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry (1826), compiled from his papers, after his death, by his brother W. D. Conybeare, gives a fuller description of the manuscript,1 with numerous ex cerpts and translations. Although with justice censuring Wanley's account "as scanty and inaccurate," Cony beare seems to have used it as a guide, for he echoes Wanley's wholly unjustified division into "ten books," and of several of them, including that which contains the Juliana, he gives even less information than Wanley had offered. In 1831 Robert Chambers made a copy of the whole manuscript, and in 1836 Thorpe made the copy which formed the basis of the first printed edition, his Codex Exoniensis (1842). This was the first publication of the Juliana, except for the brief passage noted below (p. x). Thorpe' s text of the Juliana served as a basis for those of Ettmuller in his Scopas and Boceras (1850) and of Grein in his Bibliothek der angelsachsischen Poesie (1858). A careful collation of the entire Exeter Book was made by Schipper in 1870-71, and published in Germania, vol. xix (1874). The text of Gollancz (1895), who is re publishing the Exeter Book for the Early English Text Society, and that of Assmann (1897), in Wiilker's re- edition of Grein, are based on later independent examina tions of the manuscripts. The text, as given in the original manuscript, contains numerous errors and some lacunae. The detection and emendation of these is due to the successive editors, and to the other scholars who have discussed the Juliana ; see the appended bibliography, and the list of variants. ' Pp. 198-253. 3|ntroDuctton ix The runic passage of the Juliana was translated by Kemble in 1840 (see p. x). A modern version of the entire poem was given by Thorpe, and again by Gol- lancz. A German translation was published by Grein (1859) in his Dichtungen der Angelsachsen ii. 47-66.

II THE AUTHOR Wanley,1 the first describer of the Exeter Manuscript, remarked the occurrence of runic letters in the "Poem on the Day of Judgment " (Christ 779-866), and Hickes, in his Thesaurus, which Wanley' s Catalogue accompa nied, had given a facsimile of the passage involved.4 But neither Wanley, nor Hickes, nor their readers, detected the hidden purpose of the mysterious characters. Cony- beare, in his Illustrations,* again mentioned these runic letters, and referred to Hickes' s facsimile. Each letter, Conybeare explained, denoted an entire word, either its name or some word of similar sound. He, also, had missed the cipher. \ ' 1 It was reserved foA^KembleJto discover the signature concealed in the " Poem on the Day of Judgment," and also those in Juliana and the Elene. His discovery was announced to the Society of Antiquaries of London in a paper entitled On Anglo-Saxon Runes, published in 1 840,4 but apparently presented in 18 39. 6 Kemble says:6 " In the Vercelli MS. is contained a poem on the find-

•1 WUlkcr,P. 280; Wttlker, Grundriu, Grundriu, p. 219. p. 219. • P. 203. • Aribaiilogla xxvill. 327-172. ■The paper, as printed in Archatthgla, is undated ; it comes between a paper of Apr. 11, 1839, and one of Jan. 9, 1840. • P. 360. x Jntroimctfon ing of the Cross by the Empress Helena ; after the close of the poem, and apparently intended as a tail-piece to the whole book, comes a poetical passage consisting of one hundred and sixty lines, in which the author princi pally refers to himself, and after a reference to his own increasing age and the change from the strength and joy- ousness of youth, he breaks out into a moralizing strain> in which he concludes his work." After quoting El. 1 25 6b-1z7oa,1 Kemble continues: "The extreme rudeness and abruptness of the lines, and the apparent uselessness of the Runes, led me to suspect that there was more in them than merely met the eye. And this I found to be the case ; for on taking the Runes out of the context, using them as single letters and writing them in one word, they supplied me with the name C YNEWULF, undoubtedly no other than the author of the poems. It was now with the utmost interest that I read the follow ing passage from the still more celebrated Codex Exoni- ensis, fol. 19, b." At this point, Kemble quotes Christ 795~8o8a, with a translation. He continues: "Here we have the same Runes, and that in a passage which bears a remarkable similarity in the thoughts and images to the one last cited ; only the Rune M- i- e. E, is want ing, from which we may conclude that at least one coup let2 is lost. . . . " Not content with having once already given us this acrostic of his name, the poet repeats it at a later period in the Exeter Book, and in a manner which renders it very difficult to translate the lines, so great is their obscurity. ' * With this introduction Kemble quotes and translates Juliana 6 9 7-7 12a, remarking at the end, "It is evident here that the poet literally means to use the letters that 1 See below, p. xvi. » That ie, two half-linei. See page xv, note I. 3|ntroDuctwn xi make up his name, and that he does not introduce them as words, which he had done in the passages previously quoted. ' ' At very nearly the same time, Cynewulf ' s authorship of the Elene was announced by the great German scholar Jacob Grimm. 1 Early in 1839 Grimm had with some difficulty obtained a copy of Thorpe's Appendix B to Mr. Cooper s Report (1835), containing the poems of the Ver- celli MS. From this he took the text of the Andreas and Elene for his edition (1 840 ; the preface is dated Oct. 19, 1839). To the Exeter MS. Grimm did not have access ; consequently he could not know of the runic pas sages in Christ and Juliana. A fourth passage of the same kind, occupying leaf 54a of the Vercelli MS. , had by reason of its illegibility been silently omitted by Blume, the first transcriber, and re mained undiscovered until 1888, when it was published by Napier.2 This passage follows the Fates of the Apostles, and has by some been regarded as the conclusion of that poem ; it has also, by others, notably Trautmann" and Skeat,4 been considered as forming, with the Fates of the Apostles, an epilogue to the Andreas. For the present, without entering into the question of its relation to these other poems, we may speak of it as the Fragment. As early as 1 840, then, it was known that there had existed an English poet who was undoubtedly the author of the Juliana, the Elene, and what was then called the Poem on the Day of Judgment. In one of these poems, the Elene, occurred a passage (lines 1236-1276) professedly autobiographie In this passage 6 the poet spoke of him- •1 Zeitschr.Andreas fUrund deutsch.Elene, pp. Alt. 1, 167.XXxlil. 66 f. 8 Kjnewulf der Bischef und Dichtir. * Andreas and Fata Afostolerum, in FurniVaU Mist., pp. 408-420. 5 Given in translation, on p. xvl. xii ^IntroDuctton self as one who in early life had been in and of the world, and had been rewarded with treasure in the hall, but who had acquired the consciousness of sin, had found comfort in the divine grace, and now, an old man, rejoiced in exer cising a Heaven-sent gift of song. Little more than this could be gathered from the sombre and obscure allusions to his history made by the poet himself. The question naturally presented itself : was it possible to obtain any further information regarding him ? Could he be plausi bly identified with any previously known bearer of the name of Cynewulf ; could any other of the Old English poems be recognized as his work ; was it possible, by studying the language of the writings unquestionably his, to determine with any precision the time and place in which he lived ? To these queries, in the course of the more than sixty years that have elapsed since Kemble and Grimm discov ered the poet's signature, many widely differing answers have been offered.1 Some of the early conjectures, how ever, made at a time when the phonology of the Old English dialects had not yet been scientifically examined, and before the researches of Sievers(1885) had determined the laws of Old English versification, present now only an interest of curiosity. Such, for instance, is the conjecture of Kemble (Archaeologia, p. 363) that the poet was the same as Cenwulf or Kenulf, Abbot of Peterborough and Bishop of Winchester, who died in 1006, and the argu ment of Leo (1857),2 that the poem known as the first Riddle is a charade, written by Cynewulf, which has for its answer the poet" s name. Both these suppositions are 1 No attempt will be made here to furnish a complete history of conjec ture and opinion concerning Cynewulf. For this the student is referred to Wulker, Grundriss, pp. 147 ff., Trautmann, Kjntwulf, Cook, Tht Christ of Cjnewulf, pp. lii ff. 1 i%uae de si if so Cjnttoulfus . . . tradideriu ^IntroDttttton xiii inadmissible. With regard to the first it may be pointed out that Cynewulf and Cenwulf are entirely distinct names ; that although each is found with several forms and spellings, the first always has the vowel y, the second always oe or e ; further, that the second cannot possibly have a connecting vowel.1 Besides, if Cenwulf had written poetry, he would have written it in late West- Saxon, similar to that of the writings of Aelfric and of contemporary entries in the Chronicle. No West-Saxon at the beginning of the eleventh century would have made, for instance, two syllables of tie (= si-e), as Cyne wulf twice does (El. 675, Jul. 280), nor would he have written e for S in such words as Segon or wege (Jul. 687, 487), or for te in ned (Jul. 464). As to the supposition that Cynewulf s name was concealed in the so-called first Riddle, not only did this involve (by a process too in tricate to be explained here) the same impossible equiva lence of the prefixes Cyne- and Cen-, but in 1 8 8 8 Mr. Henry Bradley 2 made it certain that the " riddle " is no riddle at all, but an epic fragment, like The Wife' s Com plaint. Leo' s conjecture, based on suppositions now eas ily seen to be fantastic, led by successive steps to a series of erroneous conclusions regarding the poet, notably that he had been a wandering minstrel and that he was the author of all the riddles of the Exeter Book. These misconceptions, though challenged as early as 1869, were for a long time almost universally accepted, and have contaminated nearly every account of Cynewulf and his writings previous to Trautmann's monograph of 1898. To discover whether Cynewulf, the poet, can be iden tified with any Cynewulf whose name is otherwise known 1 Sievers, Anglia xiii. 19 fT. * Acadimy, March 24,1888, pp. 196-197. xiv 3|ntroDuctton to us, we must take into consideration the linguistic peculiarities of his signed poems, the linguistic evidence afforded by the way he spells his name, and the testimony regarding his life which he furnishes in the Elene. Then we must see whether the data thus obtained are sufficient to establish his identity with any of the recorded Cyne- wulfs. Now CynewulP s poems are preserved in manuscripts (the Exeter and Vercelli Books), both written somewhere about the year 1ooo by scribes who not only made occa sional blunders,1 but also, by a process of incomplete normalizing, wrote words partly in their West-Saxon forms, and partly in non-Wessex forms, the latter un doubtedly representing the original version.2 It is, of course, more difficult to derive conclusions from such late and contaminated texts, than it would have been if the poems were preserved in contemporary manuscripts, written throughout in the author's own dialect ; still, as already indicated, it is perfectly plain that the author was not a West-Saxon. Further, it is shown on closer exami nation * that he was almost certainly a Northumbrian, as was first proposed by Leo, and subsequently, on more scientific grounds, urged by Sievers * and Trautmann. 6 Cook 8 thinks that we must concede the possibility of his having been an Anglian, and not necessarily a Northum brian in the narrower sense. The best indication of Cynewulf's period is afforded, as Sievers has pointed out,7 by the way in which he spells 1 Jul. 12, 16, 72, 128, 218, 271-272, 325, etc. ' Cf. irmUtt, Jul. 46s, with wegt, 487; cwialdt, Jul. 5, with galgan, 310, 482. * See above (p. xiil), and note to Jul. 704-708. 'B Biltr.Kyniwulf, ix. 23s, 71-73. n. i x. 209 ff., 464-475. • Christ, p. lxxi. ' jtngl. xlii. II-IJ. 3|ntro&uctton XV his name. From the nature of the case, this significant word has been preserved as the poet wrote it, each letter being represented by an entire word, and the whole being embedded in four distinct records which must be practi cally intact, as they still make sense and metre. Apart from the interchange of K and C, the prefix that occurs in the name is found in three successive forms : Cyni-, Cyne-, and Cyn-. The change of unstressed i to e took place about the middle of the eighth century, before that period only Cyni- being found, as in the Historia Ecclesiastica of Bede (d. 735), who writes Cyniberct, Cynigils, Cynimund, ete After 740 or 750, Cyni- is still occasionally written, but Cyne- becomes the estab lished form. Finally, Cyn- (the e being lost before h, e, r, w, and finally before s) does not show itself until the end of the eighth or the beginning of the ninth century, at which time all three forms are found, the two earlier persisting as traditional usages. Now in Juliana and in Elene the poet signs himself Cynewulf ; these poems were consequently not written before 750. In Christ and in the Fragment "he writes Cynwuif these poems are consequently of later date than the former two, and fall toward the close of the century. Cynewulf is thus a Northumbrian, or at least an Anglian, whose maturity lies in the second half of the eighth century. The mere fact of his authorship points to his being a monk or ecclesiastic ; when we reflect fur ther that the Juliana, Elene, and Christ are all on reli gious themes, and are based, the two former wholly, the latter in part, on Latin originals, this conviction becomes a certainty. What he further tells of himself has already 1 Before the discovery of the Fragment, all editors of the Christ con cluded from the absence of the rune for E that a line, or two half-lines, had been lost from the text. Wulker (1897) still indicates an omitted line. xvi iflntroDuctton been indicated 1 ; but on account of the great interest attaching to the passage, we here translate it entire. 2 " Thus, experienced and ready to depart, by reason of the treacherous body, I have woven word-craft and curiously gathered, time and again pondered, and sifted my thought, in the confinement of night. I knew not rightly of the cross before wisdom, through the noble Might, disclosed a broader view to the thought of my heart. I was defiled by my deeds, fettered by sins, tor mented by sorrows, bitterly bound, oppressed with cares, until the Mighty King through the bright estate bestowed wisdom for the solace of the old man, granted a glorious gift, and infused it into my mind, revealed instruction, in the course of time increased it, unbound my body, set free my heart, [and] unlocked the power of song which I have practiced with pleasure, with joy in the world. Of the tree of glory I had remembrance, not once only, but often, ere I had disclosed the miracle of the bright tree, accordingly as in the course of events I found related in writings concerning the token of victory. Always until that [time] was the man beaten by waves of sorrow, the warr1or distressed, though in the meadhall he received gifts, embossed gold. Pass1on sorrowed ; wrath, its companion, suffered sore pain, an oppressive secret, though for him the steed went, measured the milepaths, and proudly ran, adorned with wires. Joy has waned, pleasure [has waned] with years, youth has been trans formed, the former pride. Possess1on was of old the • P. xii. 1 This translation follows the text of Gr.-lV. with the following ex ceptions : I237 gewasf, Tr. — 1240 be 85re rode riht, Gr. — 124Z on- wrih, Grimm. — 1244 bitre, Sitvers. — 1248 tyht, Tr. — 1256 aecg, L*o. — 1261 peah, Tr. — 1262 matte, T r. In the interpretation of the runes. Trautmann has been followed. In the translation I am under especial obligations to the translation and thorough study of this passage given by Professor Cook in his edition of the Christ, pp. lxvi ff. 3|ntroductton xvii splendor of youth; now are the days of yore passed away after the allotted time, the joys of life departed, as water flows away, the driven floods. Wealth is for each one transitory beneath the sky ; the ornaments of the earth pass away, likest to the wind when it rises loud before men, wanders among the clouds, advances raging, and suddenly becomes still again, close confined in its prison, constrained by force." 1 The " Might" of which the poet speaks is the divine power ; the " bright estate" is the priesthood, or, perhaps, some angelic vision; the "tree of glory" is the true cross, whose recovery forms the subject of the Elene. Cynewulf seems to say that in his youth he had lived a worldly life, had been a horseman and a warrior, and had been rewarded with treasure for deeds of prowess ; but that later he had ceased to find pleasure in worldly joys, had become a priest, and had with devout care composed religious poetry. It is not necessary to accept the literal implication of all that he says, and to imagine him as old, poo', and decrepit. In mediaeval times, men sometimes spoke of themselves as old at forty or less, * and to the re- ligious soul all human strength and wealth were naught. Can we now recognize our Cynewulf in any Cynewulf of the records ? The name was not uncommon ; one manuscript of the Chronicle mentions three different holders of it within a space of six years.* Other Cyne- wulfs are found as signatories to documents and in the lists of the Liber Vita of Durham.4 Two Cynewulfs have been put forward as claimants for the authorship of the poems ; one, the Bishop of Lindis- 1 The words in small capitals represent tbe runes of the original. * Skeat, Wir\s of Gioffrey Chaucer, i. xvi. » MS. E, 777, 778, 782. * Birch, Cartularium SaxonUum, nos. 312,445,468, 469, ete ; L. V. (Surtees Soc), pp. 63, 126, 139, ete, ete xviii 3|ntroDuctton farne who died 781-783 ; the other, a priest, probably of Dunwich, who signed a decree executed at Clovesho in 803. The first was proposed by Dietrich, and accepted by Grein ; his claims have recently been strongly urged by Trautmann. The second is suggested by Cook. Of Cynewulf the Bishop, the Chronicle records that he was enthroned in 737 (MSS. D, E), that he retired in 779 and that he died in 782 (MSS. D, E, F). Simeon of Durham (d. about 11 30) gives some further informa tion. 1 According to Simeon, Cynewulf met with con tinual difficulties in the discharge of his holy office. Ofta, a relative of the royal house, who had taken sanctuary at the shrine of Cuthbert, had been forcibly dragged away and then murdered, whereupon King Eadberht had the bishop seized (a. d. 750) and imprisoned at Bamborough. Cynewulf 's duties were meanwhile performed by Frithu- berht, Bishop of Hexham. Subsequently the king re lented, and Cynewulf was released and restored to his episcopate. In 780, broken down by age and infirmity, he withdrew from his office, which he consigned to Hilde- bald. After three years of repose and prayer, he died in 783 and was succeeded by Higebald. Against the identity of bishop and poet, three argu ments are adduced. First, the argument of silence ; the bishop is nowhere mentioned as a writer. Second, the argument that the circumstances of his life were not such as to have permitted poetical composition, until those last years when it would have been too late to begin practis ing an unfamiliar art. Third, the resemblance of Elene 1276-1320 to a passage in Alcuin's treatise on the Trinity iii. 21, which must have been written after 800, being dedicated to Charlemagne as Emperor.2 J> Cook,fTerh, Anglia ed. Arnold xv. 9-20. (Rolls Serin), 1. 47-48, 50; 11. 39, etc. iflntroDuctton xix If the burden of proof rests with the negative, these arguments are not conclusive. To the first, one may reply : If the early authorities know nothing about writ ings of Cynewulf the Bishop, neither do they know of the writings of Cynewulf the poet. The latter certainly exist ; consequently the absence of any mention of writ ings of Cynewulf the Bishop is not a fatal objection. The second argument is no more convincing than the plea that Shakespeare could not have written his own plays. If Boethius, Cervantes, Bunyan, and William Penn could write in prison, why not Cynewulf? As to the third argument, Cook concedes that "the thought of Alcuin is not dissimilar to that of Caesarius of Arles, in a sermon printed among Augustine's works." 1 And C. F. Brown has since shown that almost the entire passage in Alcuin is transcribed verbatim from a writer of the seventh century (St. Eligius, Bishop of Noyon), and that all the views expressed in it can be traced back to the early Fathers.2 But though it cannot be proved that the Bishop was not the poet, it remains only possible, and not demonstrable, that he was. In the absence of any direct testimony that the Bishop wrote English poems and of any definite state ment by the poet of his rank and office, we are not justi fied in regarding the identity of the two bearers of so com mon a name as an historical fact. The claims of the other Cynewulf mentioned, the priest of 803, are still less substantial. He bears the magic name, it is true ; he is a priest ; we cannot reject him on the grounds of time and place ; he may even have been a travelled Northumbrian, if conjecture is to be un- confined. But this is not proof. 1 Migne 39, 1946-1949. * Carleton F. Brown, Cynewulf and Alcuin, Publication: Mod. Lang Assoc. of Amor. N. S. xi. 308-354 (1903). xx 3|ntroDuctton We must then reluctantly admit that no sufficient evi dence exists to identify the author of the poems with any Cynewulf known to us from other sources. The question, how much of the old English poetry is to be ascribed to Cynewulf, has been debated ever since the discovery of the runes. The mental satisfaction of being able to name an author for a given literary work has tempted many scholars to credit him with pieces on very slender evidence. Kemble and Thorpe thought it possible that Cynewulf had written everything in the Exeter and Vercelli MSS. ; their immediate successors, though not quite so generous as this, went to great lengths in ascribing to Cynewulf poems which in tone and gen eral phraseology resembled the signed works. Dietrich' s combination into one poem, the Christ, of what had been printed by Thorpe as fifteen separate pieces, and Leo's supposed solution of the first Riddle, were important in this connection. To Wiilker 1 belongs the credit of hav ing called a halt to the process of recklessly assuming Cynewulfian authorship of anonymous pieces on insuffi cient grounds. The dialectal and metrical researches of Sievers,2 and Napier's discovery of the Vercelli Fragment, afforded new starting points for a discussion which seems to be never-ending. The Juliana, in itself, is not complicated with any dispute as to authorship. No extraneous lines have ever been conjectured to form a part of it ; no passage in it has ever been denounced as an interpolation ; the author's name is signed in full. Everywhere else, however, we meet with some dis puted point. It would be trespassing on the province of 1 Anglia i. 48) S. (1878). * Angelsachsische Grammatik (first edition, 7882); Zur Metril det tltgirmanischcn AlllUratltnvertes, Btitr. X. 209 ff. and 451 ff. (1885). BlntroDuctton xxi the other volumes in this series, if the present editor did more than indicate what these disputed points are, waiv ing any thorough discussion. Trautmann stoutly refuses to admit the unity of the Christ. For him only the second part (lines 440-866) is Cynewulf 's work ; the rest is to be rejected. His confi dence in this view has reached the point of contempt for any contrary opinion. Cremer,1 however, regards the lines from 779 to the end as the only part written by Cynewulf. Dietrich 2 saw in the Dream of the Rood a prelude or introduction (by Cynewulf, of course) to the Elene. The Fragment, in which Sievers,* with great probability, sees only a detached passage from some unknown or lost poem, has been regarded by several scholars 4 as an epilogue to the Fates of the Apostles, thus fixing the latter upon Cynewulf, while some others 6 have confidently combined Fragment, Fates and Andreas into one heterogeneous non descript, and made Cynewulf responsible for the whole. One involuntarily recalls the guessing of the first Riddle, and the detection of the poet in Cenwulf of Peterborough. On Leo's solution of the first Riddle and two further forced solutions of his own,6 Dietrich7 based the assump tion that the Riddles were all by Cynewulf. All the suppositions that favoured this view have been discredited, however, and the Riddles are now generally recognized as non-Cynewulfian. Riddle xxxvi exists in a Leyden MS. that writes i in unstressed syllables (ni, giSraec, helitsum), 1 Metr. Sprachl. Unttrsuthung, pp. 47-48. * Disputatlo de true* Ruthwtlltnsl, Marburg, 1865. 3 Ang I. xiii. 1 S. * Napier, WUlker, Sarrazin. 6 Sarrazin, Trautmann, Slceat. 6 No. 86 (90) = Lupus — Cynewulf; No. 89 (95) = the wandering minstrel = Cynewulf. ' Zelttchr. fur deutsch. Alt. Jti. 448-490. xxii 3|ntroDuctton and must be earlier than the period in which Cynewulf spelled his name with an e. Of course, there are still other reasons for dating the Riddles before Cynewulf s time, but one will suffice here. The three other pieces for which Cynewulfian author ship has been most frequently urged are the Andreas (on grounds other than its supposed connection with the Fragment), Guthlac (especially ' ' Guthlac B, ' ' the appar ently distinct poem which begins at line 791), and the Phoenix. The arguments for Cynewulf are the similar ity in subject and general treatment to his acknowledged works, the frequent coincidences of expression,1 and the linguistic and metrical resemblances. To meet these are presented the absence of the runic signature, and the metrical necessity of admitting quantities and inflectional forms (as glxdum, gladum, Phoen. 92,303 ;fotas, Phoen. 311 ; feondas, Guth. 189, 392), not found in the ac knowledged poems. Further, it must be admitted that the resemblances of word, phrase and idea extend in varying degree through practically the whole body of Old English religious poetry, and have common sources in the phraseology of the heroic poems, and in that Latin religious literature which was the common property of Christendom. Guthlac B stands the tests well, and may very possibly be by Cynewulf. The Andreas and the Phoenix, while displaying resemblances probably amounting to imitation, must remain anonymous. If this is in some ways a dis appointment, in that it deprives Cynewulf of honour that we might wish to have been his, it has the compensation of adding to the number of the early masters of English verse. Next in order in the frequency of their attribution to 1 See the Ntm for instances; especially the notes to Jul. 236 and 589. idntroHttttton xxiii Cynewulf come the Harrowing of Hell and the Physio- logus {Panther, Whale, Partridge). But even the Beowulf has not escaped.1 It will thus be seen that the list of Cynewulf s writings has been much disputed. Where so much is debatable, it is best to be cautious in laying down conclusions, but the student will not go far wrong if he regards the Juli ana, Elene, Christ, and Fragment as the authentic works, with a strong probability that Guthlac B is by the same hand. He may bear in mind, however, that the unity of the Christ has been contested by high authority.

Ill THE LEGEND Cynewulf derived the material for his poem from a his tory of Juliana' s life in Latin prose, one of the hundreds, indeed thousands, of lives of saints which in his day were current throughout Christendom, and which in similar abundance may still be read in the great folio volumes of the Bollandist Acta Sanctorum. It is interesting to note that of the numerous mediaeval accounts of this saint, both in verse and in prose, Cynewulf 's is the oldest in any vernacular language. According to the legend, St. Juliana was put to death at Nicomedia in the reign of Galerius Maximianus. The place, Nicomedia, and the time, the reign of Maximian, equivalent to 305-3 1>, are constant in all the versions of ~ the legend! 1 hat at such a time and place a young girl named Juliana suffered martyrdom may be an authentic tradition ; the rest of her story is for the most part ob viously fabulous, the product of pious invention in ages when everything that was marvellous found ready accept ance. 1 Sarrazin, Anglia ix. 51J If. xxiv 3|ntroDttctwtt The earliest extant notices of St. Juliana occur in the Martyrologium Vetustissimum, ascribed to St. Jerome (d. 420), which has, under date of February 16, Nicomediae, passio sanctae Julians virginis ct martyris,1 and in the Liber Comitis, a similar compilation, also as cribed to St. Jerome, in which we find, xiv. Kal. Martii. Natale sanctorum Onesimi et Julianae virginis.3 The Martyrologium Romanum Vetustius seu Parvum, found at Ravenna by Archbishop Ado about 850, and supposed to have been written toward the end of the seventh century, gives, under February 16, Et in Cumis,3 S. Julianae virginis.4 Juliana's name appears with that of other saints in a litany of the English Church of the end of the seventh century,6 S. Juliana. Ora, but is lacking in many litanies of later date which Migne publishes. 6 But the notice of St. Juliana given in the martyrology of Bede (d. 735) is of a different character. Instead of the mere date, place and name, we find a much longer 1 Migne 3o, col. 444 (Nicomcdia). 1 Migne jo. col. 495 8 A mistake frequent in the later martyrologies. Her body is related to have been removed, first, from Nicomedia to Pozzuoli (Acta §21), then, in the latter half of the sixth century, to Cumse (Alia Vita § 24), and next, in 1207, to Naples (TranslatU III. S. Juliana § 8). The works cited are all printed in Acta Sanctorum, Feb. tom. II. The subsequent history of her remains is snvolved in contradictions and uncertainties ; details in the prefatory remarks in the same volume. * M'gne 123, col. 149-150. * Migne 72, col. 627. * Por instance, in the Officio fir Ferias of Alcuin (d. 804), Migne 101, col. 523 and 596. ^IntroDuctton XXV entry, concise it is true, but with circumstantial detail. Bede writes, Et in Cumis natale sanctae Julianae virginis, quae tem pore Maximiani imperatoris primo a suo patre Africano caesa et graviter cruciata, deinde et a praefecto Eleusio, quem sponsum habuerat, nuda virgis caesa et a capillis sus- pensa est et plumbo soluto capite perfusa et rursum in car- cerem recepta, ubi palam cum diabolo conflixit, et rursus evocata, rotarum tormenta, flammas jgntum, ollam ferventem superavit, ac decollatione capitis martyrium consummavit. Quae passa est quidam in Nicomedia, sed post paucum tempus, Deo disponente, in Campaniam translata.1 It is plain that Bede, or some unknown epitomizer by whose labours he profited, had access to a detailed account of Juliana's martyrdom. More than this, his source can easily be identified. In every feature, his summary agrees with the Acta St. Juliana published by Bolland in the Acta Sanctorum under date of February 16.2 And further, in spite of minor discrepancies and of changes made by the poet for his own purposes, a comparison, easily made, between Cynewulfs Juliana and the Acta shows that the latter work, in a version not greatly differ ing from those which are still preserved, was the source of the Old English poem as well. The Acta St. Juliana, then, as the source of CynewulFs poem, becomes the 1 Migne 94, col. 843. Another text, there cited, omits deinde et and est (after suspensa), and reads Eolasio and in capite. The text in Giles's edition of Bede (iv. 37) omits deinde et and est, has Eolesio, a capite, and rursum (for rursus), and inserts Hue usque ad A. before et rursum in car. cerem. This passage is part of the original work of Bede (Giles). Bede has also a Martyrohgium Poeticum, which contains under February the line (with an inadmissible short u in the proper name), Sic Juliana et bisseptenas ornat honore, referring to the date, xiv. Kal. Mart. (Migne 94, col. 605). 8 Feb. torn. II, pp. 875-879. xxvi 3|ntt:oDuctfon subject of our investigation. What can be ascertained regarding the history of this work before it came into the hands of Bede and subsequently of Cynewulf? What, if anything, can be said with certainty, and what with reasonable probability, regarding its place and date of composition, and the source of the information which it professes to give ? Bolland 1 used eleven manuscripts in preparing his printed text, and knew of the existence of others.2 He does not, however, tell more of their date than that they are "old." In his notes he gives at least the principal variants of his MSS. Schonbach * is more explicit re garding three MSS. which he mentions : of two at Munich, one is of the twelfth century and the other a little older ; one at Vienna is as early as the ninth cen tury. Unquestionably other MSS. still exist in European libraries, and among them may perhaps some day be found one which will substantially represent Cynewulf' s original. Lives of martyrs, with accounts of their sufferings, were composed in the earliest days of the Church, and transmitted from one Christian community to another. But these oldest Acts perished, for the most part, in the systematic destruction of Christian books that accom panied the Diocletian persecution. After the victory of Christianity under Constantine, however, an effort was made to restore the lost works, and to collect the names of all the martyrs of the Church.4 From this time on, there was free opportunity for the development of this branch of religious literature, and in the course of the 1 The Acta St. Juliana 111 edited by Bolland (d. 166j) hinueif. 1 Commentarlus § 7. * Mitthtilungen hs altdeutschen Handschrifttn, 7\, pp. 45-46 * Horstmann, Altengl. Ltgenden, mut Ftlgt, p. xxix. where references and further details may be found. 3|ntroDuctton xxvii following centuries, when almost every church in Europe had come to be the possessor of some holy tomb or precious relics, about which miracles were wrought, an enormous mass of tradition and legend arose, which was embodied in written form in the lives of countless saints, martyrs, and confessors. In the seventh century, this literature had become so abundant as to excite, on the one hand, the zeal of en thusiasts, who aimed to secure for their own monasteries or churches complete sets of the various Lives, and on the other hand, the distrust of the authorities, who could not be unaware that much in these biographies was pure fable, and who found also that through the inadvertence or ignorance of their authors, the Lives occasionally seemed to give support to unsound doctrine. " Baillet tells us in the Discours sur V histoire de la ■vie des saints prefixed to his Les vies des saints (4 vols. , folio, Paris, 1701), that the Council of Constantinople in 692 condemned to the fire all the false histories of martyrs and anathematized all who received them or gave them credence. He informs us further that St. Ceran (Cera- nius) of Paris, who lived in the beginning of the seventh century under Lothair II., undertook to collect the Acts of the martyrs, and spared no pains to have copies made of those that were in the different churches of France. So, also, St. Prix (Praejectus) of Clermont in Auvergne, who lived fifty years after Ceran, not only collected the ancient Acts, but composed new ones. St. Aldhclm, too, of Sherborne, England, who died in 709, made extracts from the Acts of some of the martyrs for his works on the praise of virginity. Unfortunately he does not mention St. Juliana. We see, however, by the use that Aldhelm made of them, as Baillet says, that the false or falsified Acts of saints of the most distant xxviii }f|ntroDuctton provinces of Asia were already current in the West in his time and had even reached England. He remarks further that almost all the histories turned into fables in the hands of those who treated them ; the most conscien tious thought themselves compelled to consecrate even falsehood to truth, and to use pious impositions to the greater glory of God. The Acts of Saints were brought into the Missals and Breviaries, and read just as the Epistle and the Gospel in the churches of the West.'Q) Acts of saints and martyrs were thus abundant in west- ern Europe early in the seventh century. Can we set the Acta S. Juliana still farther back ? Inasmuch as the Acta does not mention the translation to Cumae, which is said to have taken place some time between 568 and 600,2 Bolland concludes that it must have been written before this period. This will hardly be questioned ; un fortunately, however, there is no further evidence, such as citation by earlier writers, or indications in the text it self, to date the Acta more definitely. One cannot tell with certainty whether it is a work of the fourth. fifth. or— — sixth century. Many of the early Acts of Martyrs were originally composed in Greek. "Ss^iL this -hoU^ true of the Acts of St. Juliana ? While no such Greek original is now known to exist, it is probable, on general grounds, that .the Acta is a translation from theGreek. Juliana is an Eastern saint ; it is most likely that her life should first be written in the language of her own country. Further, by reference to the Acta and variants, as printed in the Appendix to this edition, it will be seen that the variants denoted by M (from a MS. or MSS. cited by Schonbach, as there explained) agree so closely in substance with the 1 Garnett, PublUathns Mod. Lang. Assot. xiv. 284-285. 1 See note 3, p. xxiv. idntroDuctton xxix text used by Bolland, and yet differ from it so noticeably in wording, as to suggest at once the inference that they represent two independent translations from the same original. And the original could only be Greek. The removal of the saint' s body to Fozzuoli, and the establishment of her shrine in that place, made it natural that the record of her martyrdom should be translated into the language of western Christendom. It was prob ably some Italian clerk or priest, some Campanian, near enough to her resting-place at Pozzuoli to feel the inspi ration of her presence, perhaps even connected with the church or monastery that possessed her relics, who turned her story into Latin and thus made possible its further dissemination. The sources upon which the original author drew in composing the life of his heroine were various. His start ing-point may well have been some authentic tradition ; the name of the saint, the place and time of her martyr dom. Some circumstance connected with her life or death may have accompanied these. To this might be added traditions properly attaching to other persons of the same name, for there are several Julianas in sacred legend. Then would come further incidents, miracles like those of the Old and New Testaments and of the Apo cryphal Gospels and Acts, transferred from their original performers or beneficiaries to the new heroine. Thus Juliana's miraculous preservation in the molten lead [Acta J 1 8 ; Juliana 577—594) seems to duplicate the apostle John's miraculous immunity when immersed in boiling oilS) Other miracles may have been borrowed from already current lives of saints, lest the writer's own patroness should seem to be surpassed. Thus St. Lucia 1 Told in Old English in AUtic's Hemilj tn the Assumption §f St. John (Thorpe '• edition, 1. 58). xxx ^IntroDuctton (Sept. 1 6) had remained unharmed in a brazen pot in which lead and pitch were melted 1 ; St. Catherine (Nov. 25) had been tortured with the wheel2 as ruth lessly as Juliana (Acta g 14 ; the OE. poem has a lacuna here). Finally, to complete and round out the story, pious invention came into free play, and new miracles, the creation of the unaided imagination, were joined to the others, and lavish dialogue was supplied, providing the de vout reader with the menaces of the tyrant, the responses, the prayers, and sometimes the theologic dialectics of the sufferer, the infernal solicitations of the fiend, and even the comments of the bystanders. Such a literary process would produce the Acta St. Juliana as we have it, and as, in the eighth century, it lay before Cynewulf.* It is not remarkable that lives of saints composed in this fashion should bear a strong family resemblance. As a matter of fact, the circumstances and miracles of the Acta St. Juliana appear again and again, with only slight modifications, in the lives of the other woman saints of the early Church. ^St. Juliana ij_anly_one of a^ throng of virgin martyrs with similar history? The typical virgm martyr 1s a girl of noble rank (St.' Juliana, St. Agatha, St. Anastasia, St. Catherine, St. Basilla, St. Cyrilla), devout and learned (St. Juliana, St. Susanna), sought in marriage by some heathen proconsul or prefect or prefect's son (St. Agatha, St. Juliana, St. Agnes). She rejects her suitor, and refuses to sacrifice to Apollo (St. Anastasia, St. Euphemia, St. Juliana). Brought before the prefect for trial, she adheres to her faith, whereupon she is subjected to atrocious torture and 1 Mart. Admits Migne 123, col. 358. 1 Simeon Metaphrastes, in Migne, Patrtl. Grac. 116, col. 297-298. 1 The notices of St. Juliana in the martyrologles of Ado. etc., the Alia Vita published by Bolland, the life by Simeon Metaphraatea, etc., are later than Cynewulf 1 time, and are diacusaed further on (pp. xli-xlir). ^IntroDuctton xxxi humiliation. She is stripped naked (St. Agnes, St. Bar- \ bara, St. Juliana), scourged and cudgelled (St. Agatha, ) St. Anastasia, St. Dorothea, St. Euphemia, St. Lucia) ; / hung up by the hair (St. Juliana, St. Symphorosa) ; torn I by a wheel in which are set swords or sharp hooks (St. / Juliana, St. Catherine, St. Euphemia, St. Christina) ; placed in a hot cauldron (St. Juliana, St. Lucia, St. Fausta), and I in the flames (St. Agnes, St. Juliana, St. Euphemia, St. / Macra, St. Cecilia). Instead of harming her, the fire bursts out and consumes the miscreant bystanders (St. Agnes, St. Juliana, St. Christina). Her executioners become converted by her constancy, and meet death for their faith (St. Juliana, St. Anastasia, St. Fausta). After another imprisonment (St. Juliana, St. Lucia, St. Anas tasia), she is beheaded (St. Agnes, St. Juliana, St. Doro- / thea, ete ; almost all perish in this way)Q> and is thenceforward enrolled m the great army of the Church Triumphant, while her memory is tenderly and reverently cherished by the devout in this world.

IV THE POEM In Northumbria, then, some time in the second half of the eighth century, a period marked in that kingdom by declining power and factional strife, Cynewulf, a monk or priest, perhaps the Bishop of Lindisfarne of that name, became acquainted with the Acta St. Juliana, in a form not greatly unlike that printed in this volume, and decided to make this saint the subject of an English poem, 1 The death by the sword is not to be understood as implying any peculiarity in the sword which made it proof against the effects of miracle \ the heroines receive the crown of martyrdom in accordance with their own prayers. The reason is rather that as Christian heroines and as women of noble birth, the legends permit them to die only by what was always regarded as the noblest mode of suffering the death-penalty. xxxii 31ntroDuctton perhaps his first work of such an ambitious character. Whether any special circumstance prompted him to select Juliana rather than some other equally well-known virgin martyr — Margaret, Catherine or Dorothea — . is beyond conjecture. His purpose in undertaking this work was lb perform an act of piety and of religious edification: to embody in language which all might understand, the story of a heroine of the Christian faith, and to embrace the opportunities thus presented of dwelling upon matters of conduct and of doctrine. Such was his primary aim; his artistic ideal was to compose this work in the tradi tional form and diction of Old English poetry, the form and diction of the heroic and the religious poems, such as Beowulf and the epic of Caedmon, with which there is every ground for supposing him to have been acquainted. His artistic ideal comprised also the aim to free the story from certain blemishes present in the Latin original, to separate, as it were, the finer metal from the dross, and thus to convert the principal figure of the legend into one of wholly admirable saintliness. One of the familiar characteristics of the Old English religious poetry is the continual application to sacred and to saintly personages of the old warlike epithets derived from the heroic poetry of ultimately pre-Christian origin. Thus the Andreas begins, Hwaet, we gefrunan on fyrndagum twelfe under tunglum tsreadige haelelS, J;eodnes begnas ; no hira brym alaeg 4 camprxdenne, bonne cumbol hneotan,

J>aet wSron mxre men ofer eor'San, frome folctogan ond fyrdhwate, rofe rincas, bonne rond ond hand 10 on herefelda helm ealgodon. idntto6ttrtton xxxiu "Lo, we have heard of twelve glorious heroes beneath the stars in days of old, thanes of the Prince; their glory failed not in combat when ensigns clashed. . . . These were illustrious men upon earth, mighty leaders of the host and warlike, fierce warriors when shield and hand guarded the helm on the battlefield. " These fierce warriors are the twelve apostles_; the Prince is GocE The metaphor ot the Church Militant is carried out in detail. Inasmuch as Juliana is a woman, the poem dealing with her cannot be written wholly in this strain. But the old Teutonic spirit asserts itself nevertheless. God is spoken of as aSelinga Wyn, beorna_ Hleo, heofona Helm : "Delight of warriors, Protection of heroes, Helm of the heavens" (11. 730, 272, 122) ; Peter and Paul are called Cristes pegnas, "thanes of Christ" (299); Eleusius, the Roman prefect, is called rice gerefa, xtseling, hildepremma, peoden : "the mighty reeve, the atheling, the famous in war, the prince" (19, 37, 64, 83). When he summons Juliana's father before him, the two set down their spears together (63). And when, after the death of Juliana, Eleusius goes to sea, and is drowned with his men, the expressions used are characteristically Old English ; the sea is called the " swan-road " (675), and of his men it is said that never more should they hope to sit in the hall upon the ale- benches and receive gifts of rings and embossed gold (683-688). The Juliana of the Acta is not wholly a sympathetic figure. To begin with, she is deceitful. After leading Eleusius to believe that she will marry him on condition of his becoming prefect, thus inducing him to go to the expense of obtaining that office, she makes a new condi tion and demands that he change his religion if he would marry her (§1). She is vindictive. She prays that her xxxiv ^IntroDuction persecutor Eleusius may die in agony : et fac ipsum pra- fectum, participem dxmoniorum, a me derideri, et ipsum consumptum a uermibus magno dolore torqueri (§5) ; she beats the miserable Belial with a chain until he shrieks (§10). She is coarse_of speech (§ 3). All this Cynewulf omits, and instead of representing her as ready, upon con dition, to accept her suitor, he ascribes to her what the Church commended as the noblest of resolves, the vow of perpetual virginity (28-31). Yet, by a strange in- „ consistency. he later returns to his original, and makes her ready to marry Eleusius if he will become a Chris tian (46-50 ; 108— 116). It is significant also that Cynewulf suppresses the names of devils and of false gods that occur in the Latin : Mars, Apollo, Diana, Satan, Beelzebub, Belial (§§ 2, 4, 7, 8). It has been suggested 1 that his object was to avoid putting a possible stumbling-block in the way of the weaker brethren ; that the hold of Christianity upon the English was so uncertain as to make such mention dangerous ; that he avoided everything that might con tribute to a lapse into heathendom. But Northumbria had been Christian since 627, and the last great champion of the old gods, Penda, King of Mercia, had been slain in 655. Cynewulf could hardly have feared to under mine the faith of his readers. It is more likely that his excision of these names is a manifestation of that ancient and world-wide instinct which leads men to be cautious in pronouncing the names of dangerous and possibly malignant supernatural powers, the instinct which finds expression in the proverb. no longer understood. " Speak of the devil and he's sure to come," — in other words, 1 O. Backhaus, Vber dit Quille der mi. Legend* von der htillgen Juliana, p. 25 ; Fritzche, Das agt. Gedichs Andrtas und Cjnewulf, Angl. U. 4J9. 3|ntroDuctton xxxv don't speak of him at all if you can help it, or trouble may follow. Some of the differences between Cynewulfs Juliana and the Acta as we have them are thus merely stylistic ; others represent an intentional alteration in the substance of the story. Some of the other apparent omissions, alterations and additions are very possibly to be explained as due to Cynewult's use of a MS. of the Acta not wholly like any at present known.1 In Cynewulfs hands, the story takes the following form : ■ " In the days of Maximian, the cruel persecutor of Christians, there dwelt in Nicomedia a rich and noble reeve, by name Eleusius,2 an idolater. To him, by her father, Africanus, was betrothed a Christian maiden, Juliana. Eleusius was eager to marry her, but she answered that she would consent only if he gave up his false gods and became a Christian ; otherwise, neither threats nor torments could persuade her (1-57). Eleusius, infuriated, sent for her father, who was also a heathen, and reported her reply to him. Africanus urged Juliana to accept the reeve, and threatened, in case of her re fusal, to give her to wild beasts. Finding her still un moved, he had her scourged, and gave her over to Eleusius (58—160). ' ' In the morning she was brought before his tribunal, where all marvelled at her beauty. Eleusius greeted her affectionately, and promised her immunity if she would 1 Detailed comparisons between the Juliana and the Acta have been made by O. Glb*de, Cjntwulfs Juliana und ihrt Quelle, Angl. xi. 146- 158, and by J. M. Garnett. Thi Latin and the Angle-Saxon Juliana Publ. Mod. Lang. Auoc. xiv. 288-295. 1 Holiteus is the spelling of the MS. xxxvi 3|ntroDuctfon: worship his gods. The maiden defied him, and again refused to marry him unless he would forsake his idols. He caused her to be stripped naked and scourged, and threatened her with worse tortures. She proclaimed again her faith in God and her contempt of the reeve's divinities. Eleusius next had her hung by the hair from a tree and scourged for six hours ; she was then taken down and led to prison (160-235).

t1 " The devil, in the form of an angel, entered her prison, and urged her to sacrifice to Eleusius' s gods and thus escape his wrath. Questioned by her, he assured her that he was an angel of God, sent from on high with this message. Juliana prayed that she might learn who the visitant really was. A voice from heaven replied, ' Seize the insolent one, and hold him fast until he tell his errand and his origin ' (23 6—2 86). " Her heart was cheered. She seized the devilG)[and made him confess that he was indeed a demon, the tempter of Adam and Eve, of Cain, and of many others, he who had induced Judas] to betray the King of Kings, the instigator of the deaths of John the Baptist, of Peter and Paul, of Christ, and of Andrew (289-3 1 5). Ordered to tell yet more, he confessed that he had been sent by his father, the chief of all devils, and told of the punishment to which ho was liable for having failed in his mission. Plied with further questions by the Saint, he told her of his methods of leading the righteous astray, of his frequent discomfitures, of the sufferings which hehad inflicted upon the good, and of the crimes which ha. had caused since 1 Here occurs the fii'3t break in the poem (-iter 1, 288). The words In bracket* arc conjccturally restored from the Mtat idntroDuctton xxxvii the time of Creation (316-510). But no one, even of the patriarchs and prophets, had ever won over him such a signal victory as hers (511-530). " Then the reeve again sent for her. She dragged the devil with her a little way, but upon his entreaty not to disgrace him further, let him go, to tell his fellows of his ill success (530-558). 1 I11 " [As she came before the reeve, he asked her by what enchantments she had endured her tortures. She replied that God had sent His angel to aid and comfort her. She added a warning that he, the reeve, should beware of eternal torment, and repent. Eleusius then subjected her to torture by means of a wheel set with sharp swords, and also by fire, but Juliana, although torn and bleeding, was unshaken in faith. An angel descended from heaven and extinguished the flames. Juliana, free from pain, uttered a long prayer, rehearsing God's past deliverances and mercies, and beseeching deliverance from the tyrant (Acta §§ 13-15)-. " [The executioners became converted and proclaimed their belief in Juliana's God and their readiness to suffer martyrdom. Eleusius sent the news to Maximian, who returned orders that all should be beheaded. Five hun- dred men and one hundred and thirty women then suffered death (§ 16). " [The prefect ordered Juliana to be burned alive. In response to her prayer for aid]2 an angel descended and scattered the fire. Juliana stood uninjured. Next she 1 Here occurs the second break in the poem. The missing incidents are conjecturally supplied from the Acta, as before. 2 Lines 559-563 are probably the concluding words of this prayer, al though they are not like anything in the corresponding passage of the Acta (J 16). xxxviii 3lntroDuctfon was immersed in a vessel of molten lead ; the lead spurted upon the throng and destroyed five and seventy of the heathen host ; the Saint remained unharmed. Eleusius, raging and gnashing his teeth, ordered her to be beheaded (559-614). " The devil reappeared and cried for vengeance upon her, but fled at the glance of the Saint. At the place of execution, Juliana addressed farewell counsels to the on lookers, and asked for their prayers. Then she met her death (614-671). " Eleusius, putting to sea, was drowned with thirty- four companions (671—688). Juliana's body was brought back into the city by a great host, singing songs of praise ; over her grave in later years the praises of God were sung, as they are to this day (688-695)." In his closing words, the poet speaks of his need of this saint's intercession at the Day of Judgment. The sins of his early days were too late repented. He begs each reader of his poem to pray for him by name (the name is woven into the verse), that on that awful day he may find a lenient Judge (695-731). What are the merits of Cynewulf s poem considered as a work of literature ? The judgments hitherto expressed. haye_been unfavourable,1 and in truth, 1t cannot bere- garded as a very remarkable performance. The com paratively close adherence to the original gives it a unity, a directness of movement, not to be found in the Christ, a poem which in almost every other respect is of a dis tinctly higher order. By suppressing certain crudities in the legend, already mentioned, Cynewulf has succeeded in making the character of his heroine more consistent 1 See ten Brink, Early English Litertture, translated by H. M. Ken nedy (1884), p. $8) Brooke, Ulmry */ Earl, Enrllsh LlUrtture (1892), P- 387. 3|ntroimctfon xxxix and more saintly. On the other hand, the dialogue is undramatic and tedious, especially in the long scene be tween Juliana and the tempter ; the verse frequently lacks vigour ; 1 and the entire treatment of the story is bookish, and lacking in those touches of observat1on or imagi- ^nation which might have redeemed it from tediousness. ' ' Local colour " is an invention of the nineteenth century ; we cannot find fault with Cynewulf for being unable to give us a picture of oriental life and manners ; but if we compare the scene between Juliana and the demon with the encounter of Christian and Apollyon in the Pilgrim's Progress, or even with the corresponding scene in the Old French Vie Sainte Juliane, we can see the difference between a conventionalized, bookish conception of good and evil, and one which is closely associated with physical images or with the humble facts of every-day life. In Bunyan's scene, which is too familiar to call for quota tion, the presentation of the struggle between right and wrong is as allegorical as in the Juliana (352—417), but Bunyan, it is evident. sees his allegory with vividness, whereas Cynewulf almost repeats his by rote. In the Vie Sainte "Juliane, on the other hand, the devil repeats liter ally to Juliana the wicked suggestions by which he leads his victims astray, and his language is precisely that which might be used by some godless man to his churchgoing , neighbour: " Those clerks chant too long prayers; when / you go there, you have to stay too long. You ought to be going to your work, by which you must live the year round. It is better to earn money than to pray, for from the proceeds of your labour you can give alms and clothe the poor. You can go to church often enough V-when you have more leisure. ' ' 2 There is nothing in •1 SeeU. 735-744- note to 1. 482. xl 3|ntroDuCtton Cynewulf s whole poem so lifelike and natural as this simple bit of bad counsel. Nowhere in the Juliana is there any real evidence that the author knew more of the acts and speech of men and women than what he had read in books. Little worse could be said of any pncm introducing human figures^ But although the direct human interest of the Juliana is slight, the piece may yet claim consideration on other grounds. Any one can recognize its linguistic, anti quarian, and historic interest. It is one of the priceless records of our early speech ; it is a relic of Christian faith in days when England was only one century re moved from heathendom ; with its companion pieces, the Christ and the Elene, it entitles its author to a place of honour, almost at the beginning, in the long line of poets of English speech, extending now over more^than twelve, centur1es. Let us be grateful that " 'l ime, which _anti-_ quates antiquities, and hath an art to make dust of all things, hath yet spared these minor monuments." APPENDIX TO INTRODUCTION THE LEGEND AFTER CYNEWULF We have seen that the first work relating the martyr dom of St. Juliana was in all probability composed in Greek ; that of this lost Greek account two independent Latin translations were made, both still extant, and known as the Acta S. Juliana; that a summary of the Acta was inserted by Bede in his Martyrolugy ; and that next the Acta was paraphrased by Cynewulf in his Juliana. This is, in brief, the literary history of the legend from the fourth to the close of the eighth century. Although works of later date are not strictly relevant to our present study, it may not be amiss, by way of postscript, to append a brief account of the fortunes of the legend during the remainder of the mediaeval period. Several martyrologists of the ninth century repeat Bede' s summary with only slight verbal changes : Floras, head of the cathedral school at Lyons (d. about 860) ; Ado, Archbishop of Vienne (appointed 860) 1 ; Rabanus Maurus, Archbishop of Mayence (about 845) 2 ; Usuard, a monk of St. Germain-des-Pres (about 875) * ; Notker, a monk of St. Gall (d. 912).* Early in the tenth century Simeon Metaphrastes (the ■ paraphraser'), a Byzantine author, included a life of Juliana in his collection of 1zz lives of Saints. Simeon is said to have treated his sources in a very arbitrary fashion, and to have drawn freely upon his imagination in 1 Migne 123, col. 23o. 1 Migne 110, col. 113a. • Migne 123, col. 767-8. * Migne 131, col. 1046. xlii JntroDuctwn embellishing his narratives, but it must be admitted that his version of the Juliana legend is reasonably close to the form found in the Acta. He supplies the detail that the saint was eighteen years _old at the time of her death. Simeon's source was presumably the old Greek life from which the Acta had been translated. A Latin translation of the work of Metaphrastes was published by A. Lipo- manus about 1558, and reprinted in 1570 by L. Surius. Both the Greek and the Latin texts have been reprinted by Migne.1 A second life in Latin is the Alia Vita,* written by a certain Peter, a subdeacon, about 11 00, and dedicated by him to Peter, Archbishop of Naples. This writer declares that in his day the saint' s life was little read, be cause of its crude style. He handles the legend with great freedom, and with much display of learning and rhetorie Many of the long speeches of the original are suppressed, and the scene between Juliana and the devil is greatly abridged. In exchange, hexameter verses are inserted, the scenes between Juliana and Eleusius are ex panded into a formal debate, the correspondence between Eleusius and Maximian is given in full, and an account of the translation to Cumae is added. In the twelfth century a priest named Arnolt, author of the poem Von der Siebcmcahl %um Lobe des heiligen Geistes, versified her story in Middle High German, in an Austro-Bavarian dialect.* His most notable depart ure from the Acta consists in converting the injuries in flicted by the devil upon the righteous (Ac ta §11) into 1 Patrol. Graca 114, col. 1437-1452. An English summary may be found in the article by Garnett, Publication* Mod. Lang. Auot. xiv. 295- 298. * Acta Sanctorum, Feb. torn. II. 879-883. 1 SchBnbach, Mittheilungm aus altdeus. Hdschr., V., Vienna, 1882; Piper, Nachtragt xur 'Ahiron dtutschen Littiratur, 1898, pp. 277-281. llntroDttttton xliii punishments inflicted by "Sathanat" upon his followers (11. 456-469). An Anglo-Norman poetical version of the legend, La vie Sainte Juliane, composed about the end of the twelfth century, has been published by H. von Feilitzen,1 from MSS. Cant. Mise 74 and Douce 381. This ver sion, in which the Acta is expanded with considerable freedom, has 1300 lines. Von Feilitzen names also the MSS. in which may be found a second Old French poet ical life, ^n Old French prose translation of the Acta, and translations made by Jean Belet and Jehan de Vignay in the fourteenth century of the Legenda Aurea, which includes an account of St. Juliana.2 A document entitled by Bolland Translatio HI. S. Juliana 3 professes to be an account by an eyewitness of the translation of St. Maximus and St. Juliana from Cumae to Naples after the destruction of Cumae by the Neapolitans in 1207. St. Juliana's relics, contained in a marble sarcophagus, were borne by two cardinal priests, escorted by a procession of clergy and populace carrying candles and singing hymns, to the church of the nunnery of St. Maria de Donna Aromata. The writer makes no reference to the legend. Of the beginning of the thirteenth century are two Middle English poetical lives, both in Southern dialect, edited for the Early English Text Society in 1872 by Cockayne and Brock, the alliterative Liflade of Seinte Juliene (from Bodl. MS. 34 and Royal MS. 17 A. xxvii), and the rhyming Seyn Julian (from Ashmole MS. 43). The former is on about the same scale as the

1 LI vir del jultt, Upsala, i883. 1 Id., AfpendUit, p. 3 ; see also P. Meyer, Romania vil. 163 ; viii. 322 and n. 6. * Acta Samttrum, Feb. tom. II. 883-885. xliv 3InttoDuetton Acta, to which, on the whole, it is very faithful. The latter has only 228 lines, and forms a part of the collec tion known as the South-English Legendary, a cycle of saints' lives for the entire year, of which numerous MSS. exist.1 Von Feilitzen mentions also a short prose life in Old (presumably Middle) English, MS. Douce 377. St. Juliana's life is found also in an Italian version of the fourteenth century,2 and in Old Swedish.* It will be sufficient, in conclusion, without attempting to pursue further the history of the legend in detail, to mention the inclusion of a short summary of the story given in the Acta, about 500 words in length, in the famous and popular collection of saints' lives known as the Legenda Aurea, composed toward the end of the thir teenth century by Jacobus de Voragine (James of Varazze), Archbishop of Genoa.4 In its original Latin form and in numerous translations, this work enjoyed extraordinary favor for several centuries, first in manuscript and subse quently in print. With the mention of two of these translations we may fittingly conclude this sketch : the poetical Legends of the Saints 6 sometimes attributed to the Scottish poet John Barbour (d. 1395), and the Golden Legende in English prose, printed at Westminster by William Caxton in 1484/ seven centuries after Cyne- wurPs Juliana. 1 For information regarding the MSS., see Horstmann. Altengl. Legen- den, 1875, pp. iii ff. ; Altengl. Ltgtndtn, Neut Folgt, 1881, pp. xliv ff. 1 H. Varnhagen, Ztits.fiir Rom. Phil. i. 553. 3 Klemming, Svtnska fornsiriftsallskapets samlingar, xvil. 314 ff. These last two references are from von Feilitzen. * Modern edition by T. Graesse, 2d ed., 1850; Juliana, pp. 176-177. ■ Ed. by W. M. Metcalfe, Edinburgh, 1896; Juliana, vol. 11. 424-431. 6 Dated by Caxton, Nov. 20, 1483; reprinted in 1487(f) by Caxton and in 1494 by Wynkyn de Worde. See Blades, Biogr. and Typogr. of W. Caxton,* New York, 1882 ; Horstmann, Alttngl. Legtnden, N. f., pp. CYXX ff. 3Iutfatta For the readings of the MS. , the editor has relied upon the collations of Schipper (Germ. xix. 332), Gollancz (Exeter Book), and Assmann ( Grein- Wiilker, Bibliothek der angels. Poesie iii. 117-139). All deviations from the MS. are indicated in the vari ants. Additions to the text and letters substituted for others are placed in brackets, but the common contractions used by the scribe are expanded without indication. The punctuation and Li1e use of capitals are modern, and according to English (not continental) usage. The variants from other editions given by Assmann (Grein- Wulker, as above) have been collated with the editions themselves. As the text is short, variants have been given in full, without limi tation to those actually involving a change of meaning or of metre, except that some of Ettmiiller's arbitrary alterations of spelling have not been recorded. Differences of punctuation involving a distinctly different interpretation of the relations of words or clauses are pointed out in the notes. Further textual emendations proposed elsewhere than in editions of the entire poem are also given among the variants. The abbreviations used in the list of variants are as follows : Cm. = Cosijn, Beitr. xxiii. 123-125 ; Edd. — all editors except those expressly mentioned as disagreeing ; Ett. = Ettmiiller ; Fr. — Frucht, Metrisches, etc. ; Go. = Gollancz ; Gr. =1 Grein, Bibliothek, ii. ; Gr2. — Grein, Germ. x. 423 ; GrW. = Grein- Wulker, Bibliothek, iii. ; Ho. ~ Holthausen, IdgF. iv. 305 ; S. = Sievers, Beitr. x, xii ; &A. = Schipper, Germ. xix. 332 j Th. — Thorpe ; TV. = Trautmann, Kyneivulf der Bisehof. For titles, see the Bibliography. 31utfatw *-*Jf•^

Hwaet ! we .Saet hyrdon 'haele-S eahtian, d eman daedhwate, paette in dagum gelamp Maximianes, se geond middangeard, arleas cyning, [e]htnysse ahof, 5Cwealde Cr1stne men, circan fylde, gear, on graeswong Godhergend[r]a, haeSen hildfruma, haligra blod, ryhtfremmendra. Waes his r1ce brad, wld ond weorSl1c ofer werJ,eode, 1dytesna ofer ealne yrmenne grund. Foron aefter burgum, swa he biboden haefde, pegnas prySfulle ; of [t] h! J,raece raerdon, daedum gedwolene, pa ]>e Dryhtnes ae feodon Jmrh firencraeft ; feondscype raerdon, 1Shofon haepengield, halge cwelmdon, breotun boccraeftge, baer[n]don gecorene, gaeston Godes cempan gare ond lige. Sum waes aehtwelig aepeles cynnes rice gerefa, rondburgum weold, zoeard weardade oftast symle 4 MS., Edd. eahtnysse ; Ett., Gr. eahtnisse. — 6 MS. god hergenda ; Edd. god hergendra. — 12 MS. of. — 14 Ett. feond- scipe. — 16 MS. bsrdon. 2 Juliana in J,aere ceastre Commedia, heold hordgestreon. Oft he haepengield, ofer word Godes, weoh gesohte neode geneahhe. Waes him noma cenned *S Heliseus, haefde ealdordom micelne ond maerne. Da his mod ongon faemnan lufian (hine fyrwet braec), Iulianan. Hlo in gaeste baer halge treowe, hogde georne 3°J>aet hire maegShad mana gehwylces fore Cr1stes lufan claene geheolde. Da waes slo faemne mid hyre faeder willan welegum biweddad ; wyrd ne ful cupe, freondraedenne hu heo from hogde, 35geong on gaeste; hire waes Godes egsa mara in gemyndum ponne eall paet mapJn1m- gesteald J,e in paes aepelinges aehtum wunade. pa waes se weliga paer[a] wlfgifta, goldspedig guma, georn on mode, 4°J,aet him mon fromlTcast faemnan gegyrede, bryd to bolde. Heo J,aes beornes lufan faeste wrShogde, peah pe feohgestreon under hordlocan hyrsta unrim II Th., Ett. end line with heold. — 25 Ett. Eliscus through out. — 28 Ett., Gr., GrW. Juliana(n) throughout. — 34 Th., Ett., Go. from(-)hogde. — 36 Ett. matSumgesteald. — 38 MS., Gr., GrW. bare ; Th. r. bxra. — 42 Gr. conjectures beah Juliana 3 [a] hte ofer eorJ,an ; heo ]>xt eal forseah 45 ond paet word acwaeft on wera mengu : " Ic ]>e maeg gesecgan paet Jm pec sylfne ne J,earft swtyor swencan ; gif pu s5ftne God lufast ond gelyfest ond his lof rarest, ongietest g*sta Hleo, ic beo gearo sona 5ounwaclIce willan J,Ines. Swylce ic pe secge, gif Jm to saemran gode Jmrh deofolgield daede bipencest, halts [t] haeten [f] eoh, ne meaht Jm habban mec ne gepreatian pe to gesin [I] gan ; 55na?fre pu J>aes swrSllc sar gegearwast purh haestne nrS heardra wlta, ]>xt Jm mec onwende worda Jnssa." Da se aepeling wearS yrre gebolgen, firendaedum fah, gehyrde J>aere faemnan word, 6ohet -Sa gefetigan ferend snelle hreoh ond hygeblind haligre faeder recene to rune. Reord up astag, sippan hy togaedre garas hlaendon, hildepremman ; haeftne waeron begen 65synnum seoce, sweor ond apum. Da reordode rices hyrde 44 MS., Edd. sehte; Cos. ahte. — 48 Ett. gelyfest. — 53 MS., Go. hiettfS; Th. r. haetst. — MS., Go., GrW. hx\,en(-) weoh. — 54 MS., Edd. gesingan; Th. r., Ett. gesinigan. — 58 Ett. irre. — 6z Ett. word. — 63 Ett. to gzedere. — 64 Th. hilde j,remman r. l,rymman. — 66 Ett. hirde. 4 ifluUana wift baere faemnan faeder frecne mode, dara'Shaebbende : " Me b1n dohtor hafaft geywed orwyrBu ; heo me on an sagaft, 70 pact heo maeglufan minre ne gyme, freondraldenne. Me pa fraceftu sind on mods [e] fan maeste weorce, baet heo mec swa tome taele gerahte fore bissum folce, het me fremdne god, 75ofer ba obre be we xr cubon, welum weorbian, wordum lofian, on hyge hergan, obbe hi nabban." Geswearc ba swfSferft sw[e]or aefter worde, baere faemnan faeder, ferSlocan onspeon: 80" Ic baet geswerge burh soft godu, swa ic are aet him jefre finde obbe, beoden, aet be Jrine hyldu winburgum in, gif bas word sind sob, monna leofast, be bu me sagast, 85 J,aet ic hy ne sparige, ac on spild giefe, beoden maera, be to geweald[e] ! Dem bu h1 to deabe, gif be gedafen bince, swa to life laet, swa be leofre sy ! " Eode ba fromllce faemnan to spraece, 68 MS., Edd. dara« haebbende ; Ett. hebbende ; O2., GrPT. dara'Shaebbende. — 69 Ett. geypeii. — 72 MS. modsifan ; si iw erasure. — 73 Th. r. , Ett. gereahte. — 74 Ett. mec. ; n in fremdne over erasure. — 78 MS., Go. swor ('swore'). — 83 Grz. winburgum. — 85 Th., Ett., Gr. hi. — 86 MS., Gr. geweald. — 87 Ett. bynce. — 88 Th. conjectures oWSe to for swa to. 3|ultana 5 9oanraed ond yrepweorg, yrre gebolgen, pjer he glaedmod geonge wiste wlc weardian. He ]>z worde cwaeS : " Du eart dohtor mln seo dyreste ond seo sweteste in'sefan m1num, 95ange for eorpan, mlnra eagna leoht, Iuliana ! pu on geape hafast purh pIn orlegu unbipyrfe ofer witena dom w1san gefongen ; wiSsaecest Jm to sw1pe sylfre riedes 1oop1num brydguman, se is betra ponne Jm, aeJ^elra for eorJ>an, aehtspedigra feohgestreona ; he is to freonde god. ForJ;on is paes wyrpe ]>xt Jm ]>xs weres frige, ece eadlufan, an ne forlaete ! " 105 Him j>a seo eadge ageaf ondsware Iuliana (hlo to Gode haefde freondraedenne faeste gestapelad) : " Naefre ic paes peodnes pafian wille maegraedenne, nemne he maegna God 11ogeornor bigonge ponne he gen dyde, lufige mid lacum ]>one ]>e leoht gescop, heofon ond eorSan ond holma b1gong, eodera ymbhwyrft ; ne maeg he elles mec bringan to bolde ; he ]>a. brydlufan 90 Ett. conjectures Irenbweorg. — 91 Cos. gtaedmode. — 96 Th., Ett. ongeabe. — 104 MS. anne-forlaete ; division-mark and Hani line in MS. after forlaete. — 11o Ett. dide. — 114 Th.t Ett. , Gr. end line with sceal. 6 3|uUana 11Ssceal to 6perre aehtgestealdum '"idese secan ; nafaft he sn [ge] her ! " Hyre pa J>urh yrre ageaf ondsware faeder feondlice, nales fraetwe onheht : " Ic paet gefremme, gif mln feorh leofaft, nogif pu unraedes aer ne geswlcest ond pu fretndu godu fort) bigongest, ond ]>a. forlaetest pe us leofran sind, pe pissum folce to freme stondaft, p£et Jm ungeara ealdre scyldig 1»5purh deora gripe deape sweltest, gif Jm gepafian nelt jungraedenne, modges gemanan ! Micel is paet or1gin ond prea [n1] edl1c J>Inre gel1can, paet Jm forhycge hlaford iirne." 130 Him pa seo eadge ageaf ondsware gleaw ond Gode leof Iuliana : " Ic J,e to softe secgan wille, bi me lifgendre nelle ic lyge fremman, naefre ic me ondriede domas June, 135 ne me weorce sind w1tebrogan, hildewoman, pe Jm haestl1ce manfremmende to me beotast, ne Jm naefre gedest Jmrh gedwolan Jrinne J>aet Jm mec acyrre from Cr1stes lofe ! " 116 MS., Go. aenig ; Th. r., Edd. aenige. — 124 Ett. con jectures ealdres. — 128 MS. breamedlic. — 129 Ti. contraction for baet ; Go. i,at. — 136 Th. hilde woman. 3|ultana 7 140 Da waes ellenwod, yrre ond re]>e, frecne ond feriSgrim, faeder wi$ dehter, het hi pa swingan, susle preagan, w1tum waigan ond }>aet word acwae'5 : " Onwend pec in gewitte ond J,a word oncyr 145 pe Jm unsnyttrum aer gespraece, J,a Jm goda ussa gield forhogdest ! " Him seo unforhte ageaf ondsware purh gsstgehygd Iuliana : "Nsfre Jm gelaerest paet ic leasingum, 15odumbum ond deafum deofolgieldum, gaest[a] geniSlum, gaful onhate, ^£m wyrrestum wltes pegnum, ac ic weorSige wuldres Ealdor, middangeardes ond maegenprymmes, 155 ond him anum to eal bipence, paet he mundbora mln geweorpe, helpend ond haelend wift hellsceaJmm." Hy ]>z Jmrh yrre Affricanus faeder faemnan ageaf on feonda geweald 16oHeliseo. He in aeringe gelaedan het aefter leohtes cyme to his domsetle. Duguft wafade on J,iere faemnan wlite, folc ealgeador. Hy pa se aefteling aerest grette, 151 MS., Th., Go. gaeste. — 154 GrW. maegenbymmes. — 160 Gr. conjeetures he hi aeringe. — 163 MS., Edd. eal gea- dor. 8 iflultana 165 hire brydguma, bllbum wordum : " Mln se swetesta sunnan scima, Iuliana ! hwaet bu glaem hafast, ginfaeste giefe, geoguShades blald! Gif bu godum ussum gen gecwemest 17oond be to swa mildum mundbyrd secest, [h]yldo to halgum, beoS be ahylded fram wraj,e geworhtra wlta unrim, grimra gyrna, be be gegearwad sind gif bu onsecgan nelt sobum gieldum." 175 Him seo aebele maeg ageaf ondsware : " Naefre bu gebreatast blnum beotum, ne wlta baes fela wrstora gegearwast, baet ic beodscype blnne lufie, buton Jm forlaete j>a leasinga, 1SoweohweorSinga, ond wuldres God ongyte gleawlice, gaesta Scyppend, Meotud moncynnes, in baes meahtum sind a butan ende ealle gesceafta." Da for bam folce frecne mode 1SSbeotwordum spraec, bealg hine swlbe folcagende ond ba faemnan het burh nrSwraece nacode bennan ond mid sweopum swingan synna lease. Ahlog ba se hererinc, hospwordum spraec : 165 Th., Gr., Go. hyre. — 167 Ett. gleam. —171 MS., Th. yldo ; Ett. ildo. — 178 Ett. -scipe. — 181 Ett. ongiete, scippend. — 187 Th. r., Gr. penian; Ett. >enjan ; Gr2. bennan. 3|ultana 9 190" pis is ealdordom uncres gewynnes on fruman gefongen ! gen ic feores J,e unnan wille, peah J>u air fela unwaerlicra worda gesprsce, onsoce to swrSe paet pu soft godu l9Slufian wolde. pe pa lean sceolan wtyerhycgend [r] e wltebrogan aefter weorJ,an, butan pu set wip h1 gepingige ond him Jxincwyrpe aefter leahtorcwidum lac onsecge, 2oosibbe gesette. La?t J,a sace restan, lift leodgewin ! gif Jm leng ofer Sis J>urh Jnn dolwillen gedwolan fylgest, ponne ic nyde sceal niJ>a gebsded on J,iere grimmestan godscyld wrecan, 205torne teoncwide, J,e Jni taelnissum wi]> ya. selestan sacan ongunne ond pa mildestan para pe men witen, pe pes leodscype mid him longe bieode." Him paet aeJ>ele mod unforht oncwae'S : z1o" Ne ondrsde ic me domas J,Ine, awyrged womscea^a, ne pinra wlta bealo ! Haebbe ic me to hyhte heofonrices Weard mildne mundboran, maegna Waldend, 190 Th., Ett., Gr. gewinnes. — 191 TV. feores be nu. — 194 Th., Go. swibe ; Th. stfSgodu. — !<)(> MS., Th. wiber(-)hyc- gende ; Ett. wita brogan. — 202 Th. r., Ett. binne dol-willan. — . 203 Th. conjectures, Ett. nibe. — 204 Cos on be ba grimmestan. — 205 Gr. conjectures tornne. — 208 Ett. scipe. 10 Ulultana se mec gescyldeft wi3 blnum sclnlace 215 of gromra gripe, be bu to godum tiohhast : fta sind geasne goda gehwylces, Idle, orfeorme, unbibyrfe ; ne bair freme mete[ft] fira aenig, softe sibbe, beah [h]e sece to him, nofreondraedenne ; he ne findeft bier dugube mid deoflum. Ic to Dryhtne mln mod stapelige, se ofer maegna gehwylc waldeS wldeferh wuldres Sgend, sigora gehwylces ; baet is soft Cyning ! " 225 Da bam folctogan fracu'Sl1c buhte baet he ne meahte mod oncyrran, fSmnan forebonc He b1 feaxe het ahon ond ahebban on heanne beam, bair seo sunsclene slege browade, 2josace singrimme, siex tlda dages, ond he aedre het eft asettan, lstSgenrSla, ond gelaedan bibead t5 carcerne. Hyre waes Cristes lof in feriSlocan faeste biwunden, 235 milde modsefan, maegen unbrice. 214. Gr. me. — Ett. gescilde'8. — 216 Ett. ganne. — 21 8 MS. metet. — 219 MS., Edd. beah be; Th. conjectures beah be he. — 221 Ett. minum. — After 224 division indicated, as after 104. — 227 Ett. conjectures he hi bi. — 228 Gr. heahne. 230 Ett. sex. — 232 Th. lati-genitila ; Ett., Gr., Go. liS geni'Sla; Grt., GrfV. Ia'Sgeni'Sla. — 235 Gr. modsefa ; Gr%. milde mod sefan (instr. ). Uttltana i1

2 Da waes m1d clQstre carcernes duru behliden, homra geweorc ; halig baer inne wierfaest wunade. Symle heo Wuldorcyning herede aet heortan, heofonr1ces God, 240 in bam nydcl [eo] fan, Nergend f1ra, heolstre bihelmad ; hyre waes halig Gaest singal gesfS. Da cwom semninga in baet hlinraeced haeleSa gewinna yfeles ondwls, haefde engles hlw, »45gleaw gyrnstafa gaestgentfSla, helle haeftling, to baere halgan spraec : " Hwaet dreogest bu, seo dyreste ond seo weorbeste Wuldorcyninge, Dryhtne Qssum ? De bes dema hafaft 250 ba wyrrestan w!tu gegearwad, sar endeleas, gif bu onsecgan nelt gleawhycgende ond his godum cweman. Wes bu on ofeste, swa he bee ut heonan laedan hate, baet bu lac hrape 255onsecge sigortlfr, aer bee swylt nime, deaft fore dugufte. py bu baes deman scealt, eadhreSig maeg, yrre gedygan." Fraegn ba fromlice seo be forht ne waes, 239 Th. heoron-rices. — 240 MS., Edd. nydclafan ; Th. con jectures -clyfan or cleofan ; Ett. -cleofan. — 243 Gr. hlinrcced. — 255 MS., Edd. sigortifre ; C01. sigortifr ; Ett. swilt. — 257 Ett. eadhredig. — 258 Ett. ne na?s. 12 3|uUana Cr1ste gecweme, hwonan his cyme ware. 260 Hyre se wraecmaecga wrS bingade : " Ic eom engel Godes ufan s1bende, begn gebungen, ond to be sended halig of heahbu. pe sind heardllcu wundrum w[ae]lgrim w1tu geteohhad 265 to gringwraece. Het be God beodan, beam Waldendes, baet be burge ba." Da waes seo faemne for bam faerspelle egsan geaclad, be hyre se aglaeca, wuldres wiberbreca, wordum saegde. 27oOngan ba faestl1ce ferS stabelian geong grondorleas, to [Gode] cleopian : "N[u] ic bee, beorna Hleo, biddan wille, See, aelmihtig, burh baet aebele gesceap, be bu, Faeder engla, aet fruman settest, 275 baet bu me ne laete of lofe hweorfan Jrinre eadgife, swa me bes ar boda-5 frecne fjerspell, be me fore stondcS. Swa ic be bilwitne biddan wille, baet bu me gecySe, cyninga Wuldor, 28oJ,rymmes Hyrde, hwaet bes begn s[1e] lyftlacende, be mec laereft from be on stearcne weg." Hyre stefn oncwaeft 263 Th. heahbuw ; Ett. heahffium. — 264 MS. welgrim. — 266 Th. conjectures baet bu be; Ett. burga. — 271-272 MS., Th. to cleopianne ic bee ; Th. n. " No alliteration " ; Ett to geddjanne : ic bee ; Gr. to [gode], etc. — 274 Gr. on for ast — 280 MS., Edd. sy ; Ett. si ; Tr. sie sr wese. 3|ttUana 13 wlitig of wolcnum, word hleoprade : " Forfoh pone fraetgan ond faeste geheald, 285oJ,paet he his srSfaet secge mid ryhte ealne from orde, hwaet his aepelu syn ! " Da waes pare fgemnan ferS geblissad, domeadigr [e] . Heo J,aet deofol genom ******* ealra cyninga Cyning to cwale syllan. 290 Da gen ic gecraefte J>aet se cempa ongon Waldend wundian (weorud t5 segon), paet ]>xr blod ond waeter butu aetgaedre eorpan sohtun. Da gen ic Herode in hyge bispeo [n] paet he Iohannes bibead »95heafde biheawan, fta se halga wer fyxre w1flufan _ wordum styrde, unryhtre ae. Eac ic gelaerde Simon searoponcum paet he sacan ongon wip ]>a. gecorenan Cristes pegnas 300 ond pa halgan weras hospe gerahte purh deopne gedwolan, saegde hy drys waeron. Nepde ic nearobregdum, paer ic Neron bi- sw [a] c, 286 MS. ealdne ; d cancelled by dot beneath. — 287 Gr. ge blissad ; Gr2. geblissad. — 288 MS. domeadigra ; Th. r. -eadigre. Here a leaf of the MS. has been lost, or perhaps ivas accidentally left out by the copyist. — 290 Ett. ongan. — 291 MS., Edd. tosegon. — 294 MS. bispeop ; Go. bisweop ; Ett., Gr., GrW. Johannes. — 300 Ett. gereahte. — 301 Ett. omits hy. — MS., Edd. dryas ; S., Cos. drys. — 302 Cos. nedde ; Th. conjectures, Ett. baet ; MS., Edd. biaweac ; Th., Ett. bitwac. «4 jflttltana J,aet he acwellan het Cristes }>egnas Petrus ond Paulus. Pilatus aer 305 on rode aheng rodera Waldend, Meotud meahtigne, mlnum larum. Swylce ic Egias eac gelaerde paet he unsnytrum Andreas het ahdn haligne on heanne beam, j1opaet he of galgan his gaest onsende in wuldres wlite. pus ic wrapra fela mid mlnum broprum bealwa gefremede, sweartra synna, ]>e ic ase[c]gan ne maeg, rume areccan, ne gerim witan 315heardra heteponca." Him seo halge oncwae'S Jmrh Gaestes giefe Iuliana : " pu scealt furpor gen, feond moncynnes, slpfaet secgan, hwa pec sende to me." Hyre se aglaica ageaf ondsware, 32oforht, afongen, fripes orwena : " Hwaet ! mec mln faeder on pas fore to pe, hellwarena cyning, hider onsende of pam engan ham, se is yfla gehwaes in J,am grornhofe geornfulra ponne ic 325ponne he usic sende^, paet [w]e sdftfaestra Jmrh misgedwield mod oncyrren, 307 MS. c in swylce inserted above the c by another hand. — 309 Gr. heahne. — 313 MS., GrlV. asengan ; Edd., Gr., Cos. asecgan ; Gr. n. asengan = asenian ; Gr%. asengan. — 321 MS. werena ; an a in another hand above the first e. — 325 MS. se for we. iflttltana 15 ahwyrfen from halor, we beo-5 hygegeomre, forhte on fertile. Ne bip us frea milde egesful ealdor ; gif we yfles noht 33oged5n habbap, ne durran we si]>J>an for his onsyne ower geferan ; J;onne he onsendeft geond sidne grund pegnas of pystrum, hate-5 j;raece raeran, gif we gemete s1n on moldwege 335 oppe feor oJ>J>e neah fundne weorpen, )>aet hi usic binden ond in bielwylme suslum swingen. Gif softfaestra Jmrh myrrelsan mod ne o P5] cyrreft, haligra hyge, we J>a heardestan 340 ond pa wyrrestan wltu geJ,ol[i]aft Jmrh sarslege. Nu pu sylfa meaht on sefan pInum soft gecnawan, paet ic Jnsse n5J>e waes nyde gebaeded, pragmailum gej,read, J,aet ic pe sohte." 345 pa gen seo halge ongon haelepa gewinnan, wrohtes wyrhtan, wordum frignan, fyrnsynna fruman : " pu me furJ»or scealt secgan, sawla feond, hu Jm softfaestum 328 Ett. (efSe. — 331 Ett. ohwer. — 334 Gr. gemeted ; Gn gemete, adj. ; Fr. gemette. — 336 GrW. "MS. hi, not he (Ti. Gr.)"; Ett. bindan. — 337 Ett. swingan. — 338 MS. neod cyrrCO ; Ti. ne oncyrrcS. — 340 MS. geboIiaiS ; i cancelled .with dot beneath; Edd. gebolia'iS ; Go. gebolaii. .— 341 Ett. silfe ; Gr. sylfe. — 342 Ti. binum. — 344 Ti. contraction for bart. Division indicated in MS., at after 104. — 348 MS. so'Sfaest- tum. 1 6 3|uUana purh synna slide swlpast sceJ,pe, 35ofacne bifongen." Hyre se feond oncwaeS, wraecca waerleas, wordum maelde : " Ic ]>e ea [fte] maeg yfla gehwylces or gecy'S [an] oft ende foriS, para pe ic gefremede nalaes feam si ['Sum] 355 synna wundum, pxt Jm py sweotollcor sylf gecnawe paet Jns is soft nales leas. Ic paet wende ond witod tealde J,riste geJ>oncge, J,aet ic pe meahte butan earfepum anes craefte 36oahwyrfan from halor, paet ]>u Heofoncyninge wrosoce, sigora Frean, ond to saemran gebuge. onsaegde synna fruman. pus ic softfaestum purh misl1c bleo mod oncyrre : pjer ic hine finde ferS stapelian 365 15 Godes willan, ic beo gearo sona paet ic him monigfealde modes gaelsan ongean bere grimra geponca, dyrnra gedwilda ; purh gedwolena rim ic him geswete synna lustas, 37omaene modlufan, J>aet he mlnum hrape, leahtrum gelenge, larum hyr [e] ft ; 350 One or nvo letters erased after hyre. — 35Z MS. , Ed J. ead maeg ; Th. conjectures eaiS-mede ; Ett. , S. , Cos. ea'Se maeg ; Gr. n. ead, adj.; Go. ead-maeg ('blessed maiden'). — 353 MS., Edd. gecy'Se ; Ett., S., Cos. gecy«an. — 354 Th. r. fea. — MS., Th. , Ett. sindon. — 355 Ett. sweotollicor. — 358 Ett. ,Gr.,( Cos. ) gebonce. — 371 MS., Th., Go. hyra'S. 3|uUana 17 ic hine paes swlpe synnum onaele paet he byrnende from gebede swlceii, stepcS strongllce, stapolfaest ne maeg ?5 fore leahtra lufan leng gewunian in gebedstowe. Swa ic brogan to laSne gelaede pam pe ic l1fes ofonn, leohtes geleafan ; ond he larum wile j>urh modes myne mlnum hyran, Sosynne fremman, he sipJ>an sceal godra gumcysta geasne hweorfan. Gif ic ienigne ellenrofne gemete modigne Metodes cempan wr5 flanpraece, nele feor ponan ^bugan from beaduwe, ac he bord ongean hefeft hygesnottor, haligne scyld, gaestlic girSreaf, nele Gode sw1can, ac he beald in gebede bldsteal gifeS faeste on feSan, ic sceal feor J>onan joheanmod hweorfan hropra bidaeled, in gleda gripe gehSu maenan, yxt ic ne meahte maegnes craefte gu'Se wrSgongan. Ac ic geomor sceal secan operne ellenleasran 15 under cumbolhagan cempan saenran, J,e ic onbryrdan maege beorman mine, agaelan aet gupe ; peah he godes hwaet 374 TA. conjectures steppe'S. — 375 MS., Edd. lenge. — 381 Ett. gasne. — 386 Ett. scild. — 395 TA., Ett. 1 1 8 Sultana onginne gaestlice, ic beo gearo sona ]>xt ic ingehygd eal geondwllte, 400 hu gefaestnad sy fer$ innanweard, wiftsteall geworht ; ic ]>xs wealles geat ontyne purh teonan ; biS se torr pyrel, ingong geopenad, Jx>nne ic jerest him Jrnrh eargfare in onsende 405 in breostsefan bitre geponcas Jmrh misllce modes willan, paet him sylfurn selle J,ynceft leahtras to fremman ofer lof Godes, lices lustas ; ic beo lareow georn 41opaet he m[a]nJ>eawum m1num lifge acyrred cQSlIce from Cr1stes ae, mod gemyrred me to gewealde in synna seaft. Ic J)jere sawle ma, geornor gyme ymb ]>xs gSstes forwyrd, 41Sponne paes lichoman, se pe on legre sceal weoriSan in worulde wyrme to hroJ,or bifolen in foldan." Da glen seo faemne spraec " Saga, earmsceapen unclaene gaest, hu pu J,ec gepyde, pystra stihtend, 420 on clienra gemong? pu wift Criste geo warleas wunne ond gewin tuge, hogdes wip halgum; pe wearti helle seaS 401 Th. r. wig-steal. — 410 MS., Edd. mon-beawu»s ; Th. conjectures, Ett. man(-))wawum ; Go. transl., ' evil habiu.' — 414 Gr. omits \,xi. — 420 Ett. in. — 422 Ett. hogdctt. Juliana 19 niper gedolfen, paer J>u nydbysig fore oferhygdum eard gesohtes. j.25 Wende ic J,aet Jm py waerra weorpan sceolde wrS soSfaestum swylces gemotes ond ]>y unbealdra, J>e pe oft wiSstod purh Wuldorcyning willan pInes." Hyre pa se werga wift J^ingade, 43oearm aglaeca : " pu me aerest saga, hu Jm gedyrstig Jmrh deop gehygd wurde J,us wlgJmst ofer eall wlfa cyn, ]>xt mec J»us faeste fetrum gebunde aeghwaes orwlgne ? pu in ecne God 435 Jrymsittendne plnne getreowdes, Meotud moncynnes, swa ic in mlnne faeder, hellwarena cyning, hyht stapelie. ponne ic beom onsended wiS soSfaestum, paet ic in manweorcum m5d oncyrre, 44ohyge from halor, me hwllum bip forwyrned Jmrh wipersteall willan mines, hyhtes act halgum, swa me her gelamp sorg on slJ>e ; ic paet sylf gecneow to late micles ! sceal nu lange ofer Jris 445 scyldwyrcende scame prowian. ForJwn ic pec halsige Jmrh paes Hyhstan meaht, Rodorcyninges giefe, se pe on rode treo 425 Ett. omits t,y. — 426 Go. sobfestum. — 428 Gr2. conjee- turcs wuldor cynmg. — 429 Ti., Ett., Go. wM(-)bingade. — 437 wcrena ; a in another hand above first e ; Th., Ett. -warana. 20 Ulultana gebrowade, brymmes Ealdor, ]>xt bu miltsige me bearfendum, 45obaet unsallig eall ne forweorbe, beah ic bee gedyrstig ond bus dolwillen slbe gesohte, J,a?r ic swlbe me bysl1cre £r brage ne gewende ! " Da seo wlitescyne wuldres condel 455 to bam waerlogan wordum mielde: " pu scealt onddettan yfeldaeda ma, hean hellegaest, aer bu heonan mote, hwaet bu to teonan burhtogen haebbe micelra manweorca manna tudre 46odeorcum gedwildum." Hyre baet deofol on- cwae'S : " Nu ic baet gehyre burh blnne hleobor- cwide pact ic nyde sceal nlba gebaeded mod meldian swa bu me beodest, breaned bolian. Is beos brag ful strong, 465breat ormaete ! ic sceal pinga gehwylc bolian ond bafian on blnne dom, womdsda onwreon, j>[e] ic wldeferg sweartra gesyrede. Of[t] ic syne ofteah, ablende bealoboncum beorna unrim 450 Ett. eall ic. — 452 After gewende, division mark in MS. — 456 Th., Go. Bu. — 462 Th. conjectures, Ett. nibe. — 465 Gr. conjectures brea. — 467 MS., Edd. l,y ; Gr. n. bjr (jucniam); Th. conjectures, Ett. be ; Cos. )*. — 468 MS. of. Juliana 21 47xt hy faeringa 485eald[e] aefjrancan ednlwedan beore dru [n] cne ; ic him byrlade wroht of wege, paet h1 in wlnsele Jmrh sweordgripe sawle forletan of flaeschoman fiege scyndan, 49osarum gesohte. Sume, pa ic funde butan Godes tacne, gymelease, 471 MS., Edd. ord. — 474 Th. contraction for l,aet ; Go. \at. — 475 Ett. gedide. — 476 MS., Edd. spiowedan ; S. spiow- don. — 479 MS., Edd. on weg ; Th., Go. ' way ' ; Gr. weg ; Fr. on wege ; Cos. aefter wSge. — 481 Ett. conjectures rynestream «r — hreohne stream. — 482 Gr. conjectures heoru-dreorge. — 485 MS., Edd. ealdsef )ioncan ; Ett., Gr. ealde, etc. — 486 MS. drucne. — 487 Ett. wage, on. 22 3lultana ungebletsade, J;[a] ic bealdl1ce purh misllc cwealm mlnum hondum searoponcum slog. Ic asecgan ne maeg, 495beah ic gesitte sumerlongne dag, eal pa earfepu pe ic aer ond s1p gefremede to facne, sippan furpum waes rodor anered ond ryne tungla, folde gefestnad ond pa forman men, 500 Adam ond [E]ue, pam ic ealdor oftprong ond hy gelaerde paet h1 lufan Dryhtnes, ece eadgiefe anforleton, beorhtne boldwelan, p£et him baem gewearS yrmpu to ealdre ond hyra eaferum swa, 505 mircast manweorca. Hwaet sceal ic ma riman yfel endeleas ? ic eall gebaer, wrape wrohtas geond werbeode, pi pe gew[u]rdun wldan feore from fruman worulde flra cynne, 51oeorlum on eorpan. Naes aEnig para, pe me pus prlste swa pu nu pa halig mid hondum hrlnan dorste ; naes alnig paes modig mon ofer eorpan 492 MS., Go., Grff. beah ; Go. 'nevertheless'; Gr. con jectures = fret. o/"bicgan ; Th. conjectures, Ett. Gr. ba ; Cos. be. — 493 Ett. bondum. — 495 Ett. sumorlongne. — 499 Th., Gr., Gr%. feorman. — 500 MS., Th., Go. aeue ; Edd. Eve. — 506 Th. conjectures ealle baer ; Ett. ealle. — 508 MS., Go. gewordun ; Th. r. gewurdon ; Tr. to widan feore. — 510 MS. , Edd. ne waes. — 511 MS., usual contraction for bset ; Edd. baet ; Ett. conjec tures bset he me. 3|ultana 23 (mrh halge meaht, heahfaedra nan j., z he mec feran het J;eoden of J,ystrum, J>aet ic pe sceolde 525synne swetan; }>xr mec sorg bicwom, hefig hondgewinn. Ic bihlyhhan ne J>earf aefter sarwraece sTSfaet Jusne magum in gemonge, ponne ic m1ne sceal agiefan gnorncearig gafulraedenne 53oin pam reongan ham." — Da se gerefa het gealgmod guma Iulianan of pam engan hofe ut gelaedan on hyge halge haeJmum to spraece to his domsetle. Heo J,aet deofol teah 535 breostum inbryrded bendum faestne, halig haepenne. Ongan J,a hreowcearig srSfaet seofian, sar cwanian, 514 MS. heah fedra ; Edd. heah(-)fa:dera ; GrW. heah faedra. — 519 MS. usual contraction for jjset; Edd. b*t ; MS., Go. bennum. — 521 MS. miclam ; Cos. conjectures min' ( = mine). — 526 En. bihlihhan. — 530 Ett. on. — 533 Tt., Gr. halige; MS. halige with i cancelled. 24 Juliana wyrd wanian, wordum mSlde : " Ic pec halsige, hlaefdlge mln 54oIuliana, fore Godes sibbum, paet pQ furfur me fraceJm ne wyrce, edw1t for eorlum, J,onne Jm xr dydest, J,a pQ oferswIJ,dest Jwne snotrestan under hlinscuan helw [a] rena cyning 545 in feonda byrig ; paet is faeder user, morJ,res manfrea. Hwaet ! Jm mec Jreades Jmrh sarslege ; ic to sope wat J;aet ic aer ne srS aenig ne mette in woruldrice wl[f] J,e gellc, 55oJ>rIstran gep6htes ne J;weorhtimbran maegpa cynnes. Is on me sweotul J,aet jm unscamge aeghwaes wurde on fer]>e frod." Da hine seo f£emne forlet aefter praechwlle J;ystra neosan 555 in sweartne grund, sawla gewinna[n], on wlta forwyrd ; wiste he Jn gearwor, manes melda, magum to secgan, susles J,egnum, hu him on sr&e gelomp. 542 Ett. didest. — 544 MS., Th. -werena. — 545 MS. his. — 548 Go. sib. — 549 MS., Edd. wil, ; Gr. wif. — 554 Ett. neosjan. — 555 MS., Tr. gcwinna ; Ett. gewinna, gpl. of gewin ; Th. r. gewinnan. — 556 Ett. by. — After 558 division indi cated, as after 104. Here a page of tie MS. hat been lost, at after 288. 3|ultana *5

3 ^ i|C 3(C 3ft georne aer j6oheredon on heahJm ond his halig [weorc], saegdon soSlice paet he sigora gehwaes ofer ealle gesceaft ana w[e]olde, ecra eadgiefa. Da cwom engel Godes fraetwum bllcan ond J,aet fyr tosceaf, 565gefreode ond gefreoSade facnes claene, leahtra lease, ond pone llg towearp heorog1ferne, paer seo hal[g]e stod, maegpa bealdor, on pam midle gesund. paet pam weligan waes weorc to polian 57o(paer he hit for worulde wendan meahte); sohte synnum fah, hu he sarllcast Jmrh pa wyrrestan wltu meahte feorhcwale findan. Naes se feond to laet, se hine gelaerde J,aet he laemen faet 575biwyrcan het wundorcraefte, wlges womum ond wudubeamum, holte bi[h]laenan. Da se [hearda] bibead 560 Th. heahbum ; Ett. heahbum, halige ; Th. notes omission of word; Ett. supplies meaht ; Gr., Go., GrW. wuldor; Ho. weorc; Cos. word. — 562 MS., Th., Go. wolde ; Ett. walde. — 563 Ett. com. — 567 Th. heoro giferne ; MS., Th. halie. — 569 MS., Edd. l,olianne ; S. bolian. — 570 [In El. 978, Gr. , ten Brink, Zupitza z, read \.zeX, Tit meahton ; Kemblc ne meahton]. — 573 Th. waes. — 574 Ett. be for sc. — 577 MS bihenan ; Th . conjectures bilecgan ; Th. supplies hearda. 26 3]ultana j»aet mon paet lamfaet leades gefylde, ond pa onbaernan het baelf1ra maest, 580 ad onaelan ; se waes aeghwonan ymbboren mid brondum ; baeft hate weol. Het J>a ofestlice yrre gebolgen leahtra lease in paes leades wylm scufan butan scyldum. pa toscaden wearS 585 lig tolysed ; lead wide sprong, hat, heoroglfre. [HJaeleft wurdon acle arasad for py raese ; J,aer on rime forborn Jmrh paes fires fnaest flf ond hundseofontig haeSnes herges. Da gen slo halge stod 59oungewemde wlite; naes hyre wloh ne hraegl, ne feax ne fel fyre gemaeled, ne lic ne leoj;u. Heo in llge stod Zghwaes onsund, saegde ealles ponc dryhtna Dryhtne. pa se dema weartS 595 hreoh ond hygegrim, ongon his hraegl teran ; swylce he grennade ond gristbitade, wedde on gewitte swa wilde deor, grymetade gealgmod ond his godu taelde, paes pe hy ne meahtu[n] maegne wtystondan 6oowIfes willan. Waes seo wuldres maeg anraed ond unforht, eaftrSa gemyndig, Dryhtnes willan. pa se dema het 579 Gr. omits het ; Ett. bselfyra. — 582 Ti., Ett., Gr. ofes- lice. — 584 Ti., Ett., Gr. tosceaden. — 586 MS. ale*. — 588 Ett. tyres. — 589 Ti., Ett., Gr. seo. — 598 Ett. grime, tade. — 599 MS., Ti. hyne meahtum (' him iviti migit"). Klultana 47 aswebban sorgcearig Jmrh sweordbite on hyge halge, heafde bineotan 6o5CrIste gecorene'; hine se cwealm ne peah, siJtyan he pone fintan furpor cuJ>e. Da wearS paere halgan hyht geniwad ond paes maegdnes mod miclum geblissad, si^an heo gehyrde haeleS eahtian 61oinwitrune, J,aet hyre endestaef of gewindagum weorpan sceolde, l1f alysed. Het ]>& leahtra ful claene ond gecorene to cwale laedan, synna lease. Da cwom semninga 615hean hellegiest ; hearmleoft ag5l, earm ond unlaid, pone heo jer gebond awyrgedne ond mid wltum swong ; cleopade J,a for corpre ceargealdra full : " Gylda'S nu mid gyrne J,zet heo Goda ussa 62omeaht forhogd[e] ond mec swtyast geminsade, pzet ic to meldan wearS ! Lataft hy laJ>ra leana hleotan purh wiepnes spor ! wrecaft ealdne nrS synne gesohte ! Ic pa sorge gemon, 625 hu ic bendum fasst bisga unrim on anre niht earfeSa dreag, 605 Th. r., Ett. bah. — 606 After cul,e, division-mark In MS. and half-line blank. — 617 MS. awyrgedne; Th. "MS. awygedne ; * ' Gr. awygedne ; Gr. conjectures [wean] awygedne ; Ett. awigedne. — 619 Ett. gilda'S. — 620 MS. forhogd. — 62J Ett. bysga. — 626 Th., Go. earfeba. 28 Juliana yfel ormaetu." pa seo eadge biseah ongean gramum Iuliana ; gehyrde heo hearm galan helle deofol. 63oFeond moncynnes ongon pa on flea[m] scea- can, wlta neosan ond J;aet word acwae'S : " Wa me forworhtum ! nu is wen micel J,aet heo mec eft wille earmne gehynan yflum yrmJmm, swa heo mec aer dyde ! " 635 Da waes gelaeded londmearce neah ond to paere stowe pier h1 stearcferpe Jmrh cumbolhete cwellan pohtun. Ongon heo pa laeran ond to lofe trymman folc of firenum ond him frofre gehet, 640 weg to wuldre, ond paet word acwfaejft : w Gemuna'S wigena Wyn ond wuldres prym, haligra Hyht, heofonengla God ! He is baes wyrSe paet hine werpeode ond eal engla cynn up on roderum 645hergen, heahmaegen, J>aer is help gelong ece to ealdre, J,am pe agan sceal. Forpon ic, leof weorud, laeran wille, aefremmende, paet ge eower hus gefaestnige, py laes hit ferblaedum 628 MS. iulianan. — 629 Th. hearmgalan ( 'harmful singing ' ) ; Th. begins new sentence ivith helle deofol. — 630 MS., Th., Go. flean ; Ett. conjectures fleam. — 634 Ett. dide. — 640 MS. acwe'S, ivith tagged e. — 641 Th. brym ; Go. brymm. — 649 Th. n gefaestnian ; Ett. gefaestnigean. — Ett. faerbbedum. 3|uUana 29 65owindas toweorpan ; weal sceal ]>y trumra strong wiJ,stondan storma scurum, leahtra gehygdum ! Ge mid lufan sibbe, leohte geleafan, to pam lifgendan stane strShydge staj,ol faestnia-3 ; 655 Softe treowe ond sibbe mid eow healdaft aet heortan, halge rune purh mSdes myne. J>onne eow miltse giefcS Faeder aelmihtig, J>aer ge [frofre] agun act maegna Gode, maeste |>earfe 66oaefter sorgstafum; forJx>n ge sylfe neton utgong heonan, ende llfes. Waerl1c me pinceiS, J,aet ge waeccende wrS hettendra hildewoman wearde healden, py laes eow wiperfeohtend 665 weges forwyrnen to wuldres byrig. Biddaft Beam Godes paet me Brego engla, Meotud moncynnes, milde geweorJ,e, sigora Sellend ! Sibb sy mid eowic, symle soJ> lufu ! " Da hyre saw [o] 1 wearS 67oaljeded of lice to pam langan gefean purh sweordslege. — J>a se synscaj>a to scipe sceohmod sceapena preate Heliseus ehstream sohte, 650 Ett. trymra. — 654 MS. stHS hydge ; Edd. sti'S(-)hygde. — 658 Th., Ett. end line with set ; Gr. supplies frofre. — 660 Th. r. nyton. — 662 Ett. >ynce$. — 664 Ett. healdan. — 665 Ett. forwyran. — 669 Edd. soS ; GrlV. sol,. — MS., Edd. tawl. 3° 3|uUana Ieolc ofer laguflod longe hwlle 675011 swonrade. Swylt ealle fornom secga hlope ond hine sylfne mid, aer pon hy to lande geliden haefdon, Jmrh pearllc J>rea. J?aer XXX waes ond feowere eac feores onsohte 68oJmrh wxges wylm wigena cynnes, heane mid hlaford ; hropra bidaeled hyhta lease helle sohton. Ne porftan pa pegnas in pam Systran ham, seo geneatscolu in J,am neolan scraefe, 685 to ]>am frumgare feohgesteald [a] witedra wenan, paet hy in winsele ofer beorse [t] le beagas J'egon, aepplede gold. — Ungel1ce waes laeded lofsongum lic haligre 69omicle maegne to moldgraefe, J,aet hy hit gebrohton burgum in innan, sldfolc micel ; J>aer si&San waes geara gongum Godes lof hafen Jnymme micle oJ, pisne daeg 695 mid J,eodscipe. — Is me J,earf micel J>aet seo halge me helpe gefremme, Jx>nne me gedaelaS deorast ealra, 675 Ett. swilt. — 678 Ett. brittig. — 681 Ett. hlaforde. — 684 Ett. neowlan. — 685 MS. -gestealde ; Th. r. -gratealda. — 686 Ett. witodra. — 687 MS. beor-sele ; Th. conjectures -setle. — 691 Gr. on innan. — 69Z MS., Edd. sid folc ; Ett. tic$ folc ; Gr. conjectures srtS-folc. Jultana 31 sibbe toslltaft sinhlwan tu, micle modlufan; mln sceal of lice 7oosawul on srSfaet, nat ic sylfa hwider, eardes uncyft [g] u ; of sceal ic pissum, secan o^erne aergewyrhtum, gongan ludsdum ; geomor hweorfeft . h . . . on<^ . "h . ; Cyning bip repe, c ^ u 705 sigora Syllend, Jwnne synnum fa . M . . |> . ond . fl . acle bldaS hwaet him aefter dadum Dema wille l1fes t5 leane ; . . . f . beofaft, seomaS sorgcearig, sar eal gemon, 71osynna wunde, ]>e ic slp opJ;e jer geworhte in worulde ; paet ic wopig sceal tearum mjenan ; waes an tld to laet pact ic yfeldieda jer gescomede, penden gaist ond lic geador styedan 715onsund on earde. ponne arna btyearf, paet me seo halge wi$ pone hyhstan Cyning gepingige ; mec paes J,earf monap, micel modes sorg ; bidde ic monna gehwone

698 GrW. " The second i of sinhiwan above the line, apparently in another hand.'" — 701 MS., Edd. uncy'S'Su. — Go. i[c]. — 703 Gr. geongan. — Eft. hweorfa'S. — 705 Ett. sellend ; MS. , Edd. fah ; Tr. fa. — 707 Ett. conjectures he him. — MS., Edd. deman ; Tr. dema. — 709 Gr%. conjectures seofa'S. — 709b- 710a transposed by Kemble and Wright. — 712 Th.t Ett. regard an = an. — 713 Th. contraction for ),aet; Go. \,m t. — 716 Ett mec 32 Jultana gumena cynnes pe ]>\s gied wraece, 72opaet he mec neodful bl noman mlnum gemyne modig, ond Meotud bidde paet me heofona Helm helpe gefremme, meahta Waldend, on pam miclan daege, Faeder, frofre Gaest, in pa frecnan tld, 725daeda Demend, ond se deora Sunu, ponne seo prynis prymsittende in annesse aelda cynne Jmrh pa sclran gesceaft scrlfeS bi gewyrhtum meorde monna gehwam. Forgif us, maegna God, 73oJ>aet we Jrine onsyne, aeJ>elinga Wyn, milde gemeten on J,a maeran tld ! Amen. 719 Ett. his. — Ett. spece; Gr. raede ; Gr2. wraece. — 726 Ett. l,rini<. — Th. brym ; Go. brymi». — 729 Ett. meoriSe. Caput I* 5. Juliana connubium gentilis prafecti a*uersata, ab eo et patre dire torquetur* 1. Benignitas Salvatoris nostri,3 martyrum perseveran- tia comprobata, eo usque processit, ut fidei amicos coro- naret, et inimicos eorum ex ipsis inferorum claustris erueret.4 Denique temporibus Maximiani imperatoris, persecutoris Christianae religionis, erat quidem senator in civitate Nicomedia, nomine Eleusius,5 amicus impera toris. Hic desponsaverat quandam puellam nobili genere ortam, nomine Julianam. Cujus pater Africanus cog- 1 As published by Bolland, Acta Sanctorum, Feb. tom. II. pp. 875-879 (Feb. 16), under the title, Acta auctore anonjmo ex xi veteribus MSS. Me enumerates these as (1) a MS. at Miinchen-Gladbach ; (2) a MS. at Cusano (Campania) ; (3, 4) two MSS. at Treves (Germany), in the mon asteries of St. Maximin and of St. Martin ; (5) a MS. at Utrecht, In the Church of St. Saviour ; (6) one at Rougeval (Brabant) ; (7) one at Huber- gen, in the diocese of Antwerp; (8) one belonging to the Queen of Sweden ; (9, 10, 11) three MSS. of his own, of which one agreed closely with (1), the second was slightly briefer, and the third briefer still. Va riants from these MSS., as gsven by Holland, will be designated by G, C, Max, Mar, . . . H, S, and B8B. Bolland gives no variants from (5) and (6). What be tells of the readings of the other MSS. is frequently some what indefinite, as will appear below. Some extracts given by Schonbach from the MSS. consulted by him (see Jn/r., p. xxvis), apparently represent ing a different translation from the (lost) Greek original, will be indicated by M (Munich). * The chapter-headings, and the division into chapters and sections, are presumably by Bolland. 3 Many MSS. begin, Temporibus Maximiani ; others, Martyrum per- severantia comprobata. — Bolland. * C, erudiret. 6 So most MSS. ; some give Heljsaus ; B, Gelasius ; other sources give Evilasius, Elvisius, Eulelius, Eleugius, Bolesius, Eolasius, Colesius, Eble- sius, Eulelisius. — Bolland. M, quidam senator fuit, nomine Eleusius, amicus Maximiani imperatorit. * For correspondences with the poem see page 50. 34 ^lcta £>. 3|ttlian« nominabatur, qui et ipse erat persecutor Christianorum; uxor vero ejus dum intentione animi sacrilegia Martis 1 perhorresceret, neque Christianis neque paganis misceba- tur. Juliana autem habens animum rationabilem, pru- densque consilium, et dignam conversationem, et virtu- tem plenissimam, hoc cogitabat apud se quoniam verus est Deus, qui fecit coelum et terram; et per singulos dies vacans orationibus concurrebat ad ecclesiam Dei, ut divi- nos apices 2 intelligeret. Eleusius vero sponsus ejus nup- tiarum complere festinebat festivitatem. Illa autem dicebat ad eum: Nisi dignitatem praefecturae administraveris, nullo modo tibi possum conjungi. Haec audiens Eleusius, dedit munera imperatori Maximiano, et successit prae- fecto alio administranti, seditque in carruca,* agens offi- cium praefecturae. Transactis autem paucis diebus, denuo misit ad eam. Tunc Juliana prudenti pertractans con- silio dixit ad eos i Euntes dicite Eleusio: Si credide1is Deo meo, et adoraveris Patrem et Filium et Spiritum Sanctum, accipiam te maritum. Quod si nolueris, quaere tibi aliam uxorem. 2. Audiens haec praefectus, vocavit patrem ejus, et dixit ei omnia verba quae ei mandaverat Juliana. Pater vero ejus haec audiens dixit : Per misericordes et amatores 4 hominum deos, quod si vera sunt haec verba, tradam eam tibi. Et his dictis perrexit ad filiam suam cum magno furore et convocavit eam, dicens : Filia mea dul- cissima Juliana, lux oculorum meorum, quare non vis accipere praefectum sponsum tuum ? En vero volo illi complere nuptias vestras. Beata Juliana confidens in Christum dixit : Si coluerit Patrem et Filium et Spiritum 1 Other MSS., Jtvis; BB, mariti. 1 Letters, writings. * Two MSS.,currH/ one, cathedra. * Here some MSS., frincifes ft amattw ; one, pir mittricerdet et amantes omnium deos. £cta £>. 3|uUan£e 35 Sanctum, nubam illi ; quod si noluerit, non potest me accipere in conjugium. Haec audiens pater ejus dixit: Per misericordes deos Apollinem et Dianam, quod si permanseris in his sermonibus, feris te tradam. Juliana respondit: Noli credere, pater, quia te timere habeo. Per Filium Dei vivi, quod si viva habeo incendi, num- quam tibi consentiam. Tunc denuo rogavit eam pater suus, ut ei consentiret, nec tale perderet decus. Ad haec Juliana respondit: Eia pater,1 non intelligis quae a me tibi dicuntur. Verum dico et non mentior, quia omnem questionem et omnia judicia gratanter sustineo, nec re- cedam a Domini mei Jesu Christi praecepto. Statim pater ejus jussit eam exspoliari et caedi, dicens ad eam: Quare non adoras deos ? Illa autem clamans dicebat: Non credo, non adoro, non sacriflco idolis surdis et mutis; sed adoro Dominum Jesum Christum, qui vivit semper et regnat in coelis. Tunc pater ejus cruciatam tradidit eam praefecto sponso ejus.2 3. Praefectus autem jussit eam diluculo adduci ante tribunae suum, et videns pulchritudinem ejus, mollissimis "eam allocutus" est verbis : Die, dulcissima mea Juliana, quomodo me tanto tempore delusisti ? Quis te persuasit colere alienum Deum ? Convertere ad me et declina omnes cruciatus qui tibi parati sunt si sacrificare nolueris. B. Juliana respondit : Et tu si consenseris mihi, ut adores Deum Patrem et Filium et Spiritum Sanctum, acquiescam tibi; si vero nolueris, non mihi dominaberis. Praefectus dixit: Domina mea Juliana, consenti mihi, et credo* Deo tuo. B. Juliana respondit: Accipe Spiritum Dei, et nubam tibi. Praefectus dixit: Non possum, domina mea, quia si fecero, audiet imperator, et successorem mihi dans, 1 Some MSS., Deltras fater. * One MS* adds, Si run acquieverit ut nubat, divertit ftenls interfte eam* • Some MSS., crUt. 36 acta £>. KluUattfc caput meum gladio amputabit. S. Juliana respondit: Et si tu times istum imperatorem mortalem et in stercore sedentemyDquomodo me cohere potes immortalem im peratorem negare, unde multum blandiens decipere me non potes ? Quae tibi videntur, in me exerce tormenta. Ego autem credo in quem credidit Abraham, Isaac et Jacob, et non sunt confusi, quia potens est me liberare de tormentis tuis. 4. Audiens haec praefectus, commotus iracundia jussit eam caedi. Extensa vero in terra S. Juliana, jussit eam quatuor virgis nudam caedi, ita ut mutarentur in ea tres 2 milites vicissim caedentes; et post haec jussit cessari ab_ ea, et dixit ei Praefectus: Ecce principium quaest1onis : accede, et sacrifica magnae Dianae, et liberaberis de tor mentis. Quod si nolueris, per magnum deum Apolli- nem, non tibi parcam. S. Juliana respondit: Noli credere, quod suasionibus tuis me revocare poteris a Domino meo Jesu Christo. Tunc praefectus jussit eam capillis suspendi. Appensa vero per sex * horas clamans dicebat : Christe fili Dei, veni, adjuva me. Tunc praefectus jussit eam deponi, dicens ad eam: Accede, Juliana, et sacrifica, ne in tormentis deficias; non enim te poterit liberare, quem putas Deum colere. 4 Juliana respondit : Vincere me non poteris miser per tua tormenta; sed ego in nomine Domini mei Jesu Christi vincam mentem tuam inhumanam, et faciam erubescere patrem tuam Satanam, et inveniam fidu- ciam in conspectu Domini mei Jesu Christi. Praefectus au tem commotus ira jussit aeramenta conflari,6 et spoliatam 1 Some variants are recorded by Bolland. * C, sepsem ; H, B, sex; M, extentam vere in terra sanctam Julianam fuatuor virgis nudam ceperunt cedere, ut mutarent in ipsa sex milites vi cissim. ■ Mar, septem. * G, H, B, et non te Uberabit Deus tuus quem cells. » Another MS., tormenta affiari ; G, H, as incendi ; Max, B, art* mentum cenjlari. £cta 3|ultana> 37 eam a capite, usque ad talos perfundi, et sic eam incendi. Quo facto, nihil ei nocuit. Iterum jussit ligamen1 pel femora ejus mitti, et sic eam in carcerem recipi. 5. Hoc autem facto posita S. Juliana in carcerem coepit dicere: Domine Deus omnipotens, anima mea in exitu posita est ; confirma me, et exaudi me, et miserere mei, et dolentibus circumstantibus mihi miserere; et praesta mihi misericordiam tuam, sicut et omnibus qui tibi pla- cuerunt.2 Deprecor etiam te, Domine, ne deseras me, quia pater meus et mater mea dereliquerunt me; sed tu Domine Deus meus suscipe me; et ne projicias me a facie tua, et ne deseras me in isto tempore doloris, sed serva me in his tormentis, sicut servasti Danielem in lacu leonum, et sicut liberasti Ananiam, Azariam, Misaelem de camino ignis ardentis, sic et me custodi in brevitate vitae istius, et deduc me in portum voluntatis tuae, sicut deduxisti filios Israel fugientes ex ^Egypto per mare sicut per terram, inimicos autem illorum operuit mare; ita me Domine exaudire dignare, et extingue minas tyranni, qui contra me exsurrexit, et destrue potestatem ejus ac men- tem, quoniam tu Domine scis naturam humanam, quia captivitatem non potest pati. Esto mihi Deus praesens auxiliator et adjutor in tormentis, quae inducturus est super me ille qui judicii tui praeceptum non servat;3 et fac ipsum praefectum, participem daemoniorum, a me de- rideri, et ipsum consumptum a vermibus magno dolore torqueri, ut ostendatur virtus tua super me ancillam tuam, quia tu es Deus solus, et tibi gloriam dicimus in secula seculorum, Amen. 1 S, C, and others, llgamenta. 1 G, H, and B add: Pater omnium, dispensator omnium benorum, tpei infersor, consilii dator, defensor moerentium, tuscepter ligatorum, ter* vator et recreator dolentium, pastor errantium. * The test missing in Max, Mar, C, S, BB. 38 Sktx % 3|uUatue Caput II Damon S. Juliana impia suadens, ab ea verberatur, et vinctus trahitur. 6. Et dum finisset orationem apparuit ei daemon, no mine Belial, in figura angeli, et dixit ad eam: Juliana dilecta mea, mala et pessima tormenta tibi parat praefectus. Modo audi me, et salva eris. Cum te de carcere jusserit egredi, accede et sacrifica, et effugies tormenta. Putabat autem S. Juliana quod angelus Dei esset, et dicit illi: Tu quis es ? Dicit ad eam diabolus : Angelus Domini sum. Misit me ad te, ut sacrifices, et non moriaris. Juliana autem ingemiscens amarissime exclamavit ad Dominum, Oiy^Xo> et ocuJas_suos levans ad coelum cum lacrymis dixit: Do- mine Deus coeli et terrae, ne deseras me, neque permittas perire ancillam tuam, sed confirma cor meum in virtute tua, et confidenti in nomine tuo significa mihi quis est iste qui mihi talia loquitur et persuadet idola adorare. Statimque vox facta estde coelo ad eam, dicens: Confide Juliana, ego sum tecum qui loquor ad te. Tu autem apprehende istum qui tecum loquitur, ut scias quis sit ille. 7. Tunc S. Juliana exsurgens de pavimento,1 facto Christi signaculo, tenuit Belial daemonem et dixit ei : Dic mihi, quis es tu et unde es, vel quis te misit ad me. Tunc daemon respondit: Dimitte me et dicam tibi. B. Juliana dixit: Dic primo et sic te dimittam. Tunc daemon ccepit loqui: Ego sum Belial daemon (quem aliqui Jopher nigrum 2 vocant) malitiis hominum oblectatus, homicidiis gaudens, amator luxuriae, amplectens pugnam, dissolvens pacem. Ego sum qui feci Adam et Evam in 1 Two MSS., de dolorihus in quibus erat conttricta. 1 So G; B, Jtvem nigrum; C, Max, H, Jtfer, Tipher / some MSS. read after Ioqul, Ego princeps malignorum spirituum, malitiis heminum, etc. ; S and two othen, Belial damen et Satanas ; M, egt tum lefin niger* jacta 3lttlianK 39 paradiso praevaricari ; ego sum qui feci ut Cain interfe- ceret Abel fratrem suum ; ego sum qui feci omnem substantiam Job perire ; ego sum qui feci populum Israel in deserto idola venerari; ego sum qui feci Isaiam prophe- tam ut lignum ad serram secari; 1 ego sum qui feci Na- buchodonosar regem facere imaginem; 2 ego sum qui tres pueros feci mitti in caminum ignis ardentis; ego sum qui feci Jerusalem inflammari; 3 ego sum qui feci ab Herode infantes occidi ; ego sum qui feci Judam tradere Filium Dei ; ego praeoccupavi Judam ut laqueo vitam finiret ; ego sum qui compunxi militem lancea sauciare latus Filii Dei ; ego sum qui feci ab Herode Joannem decapitari ; ego sum qui per Simonem locutus sum quia magi essent Petrus et Paulus; ego sum qui ad Neronem imperatorem ingressus sum ut Petrum crucifigeret et Paulum decapita- ret ; ego sum qui Andream feci tradi in regione Patras ; * ego ista omnia et alia deteriora feci cum fratribus meis. 8. B. Juliana dixit: Quis te misit ad me ? Daemon re- spondit: Satanas pater meus. S. Juliana dixit: Et quo- modo dicitur pater tuus ? Dasmon respondit: Beelzebub. S. Juliana dixit: Et quod est opus illius ? Daemon re spondit: Totius mali inventor est. Statim enim ut ei assistimus, dirigit nos tentare animas fidelium. S. Juli ana dixit : 6 Et qui repulsus fuerit a Christiano, quid patitur ? Daemon respondit: Mala et pessima patitur tor- 1 Max, terra lignea marl y B, in ligno cum terra; others, ab tctu ferret ; C and others, Ktdram prephetam in ligno ad terrasn ttcari. Serra lignea sicari is in accordance with the legend; see Renan, VKglite chrittenne (Paris, 1879), p. 266 and n. 3. 1 M, ttatuam auream. This of Nebuchadnezzar omitted In C and others. • 8 C, Mar, B, infamari ; B, in fama deficere. * In some MSS. the betrayal by Judas, his death, and the deaths of John and Andrew are missing : C adds, ego tum qui feci Stephanum lapl- dari ; M has this of Stephen, and, ego tum qui a Salemone tentus tum* 8 Some MSS. omit the passage regarding the punishment, flight, aud hiding of the demons who have Tailed to entrap the righteous. 40 menta. Si missi fuerimus contra justum, ut subverta- mus illum; quod si non potuerimus, non videbimur ab illo a quo mittimur. Quando enim quaesiti ab illo fueri mus et non inventi, demandat aliis daemonibus ut ubi inventus fuerit is qui missus est, male tractetur ab illis; deindefugit, ut non possit inveniri. Necesse ergo est nobis facere quod praecipit, et obaudire illi ut gratissimo parenti. S. Juliana dixit : Ad quae opera justa proficiscimini, narra mihi. Daemon respondit: Ecce domina mea, ut omnia tibi dicam, et agnoscas a me veritatem, quomodo ego malo meo hue ad te introivi et putavi te inducere ut sacrificares et negares Deum tuum; sic ingredimur ad omnes homines, tam ego quam fratres mei. 9. Et ubi invenerimus prudentem 1 ad opus Dei con- sistere, facimus eum desideria multa appetere, conver- tentes animum ejus ad ea quae apponimus ei ; facientes errorem in cogitationibus ejus, et non permittimus illum vel in oratione vel in quocumque opere bono perseverare. Et iterum si viderimus aliquos concurrere ad ecclesiam 2 et pro peccatis suis se affligentes, et scripturas divinas cu- pientes audire, ut aliquam partem ex ipsis custodiant, statim ingredimur domos ipsorum et non permittimus illos boni aliquid agere, et multas cogitationes immitti- mus in corda eorum. Nam si quis ipsorum superare potuerit et recesserit a cogitationibus suis vanis et ierit orare et sanctas scripturas audire et communicare divi- num mysterium, ab illo praecipites effugamur. Quando enim Christiani communicant divinum mysterium, rece- dentes nos sumus illa hora ab eis. Nos enim nullius rei curam gerimus, nisi solum subvertere homines bene viventes. Si vero viderimus eos aliquid boni tractare, 1 Many MSS., promptum. 1 G, aut ad tepulchra martyrum,aut aliquam partem mandaterum Del eusttdire ; another, aut aliquam pauperibus eleemosynam tribuentet, ast Patrit mandata cuttodientet. acta iflultana' 41 amaras cogitationes inferimus illis ut nostras voluntatcs sequantur. 1 10. S. Juliana dixit: Immunde spiritus, quomodo praesumis Christianis te admiscere ? Daemon respondit : Dic mihi et tu, quomodo ausa es me tenere, nisi quia confidis in Christum ? Sic et ego confido in patrem meum, quia malarum actionum est auctor, et quae vult haec facio.3 Multa enim mala conatus sum perpetrare, et aliquotiens prosperi occursus fuerunt desiderii mei. Sed quomodo nunc malo meo missus sum ad te ! Utinam te non vidissem ! Heu mihi misero quid perfero ? * Quo modo non intellexit pater meus quid mihi eveniret ? Di- mitte me, ut vel ad alteram mihi liceat transire locum.4 Nam accusabo te patri meo et non expediet tibi.s Tunc S. Juliana ligavit illi post tergum manus, et posuit eum in terram, et apprehendens unum e vinculis de quibus ipsa fuerat ligata, caedebat ipsum daemonem.6 Tunc daemon clamavit rogans et dicens : Domina mea Juliana, aposto- 1 This section reads in M, Et ubi invenimus homlnem prudentem et ad opus Dei consistentem,facimus eum desideria mala complecti, convertent es animum ejus ad ea que adponimus ei et facientes errores inserendo cogita- ciones inanes, et non permittimus ilium vel in oracionibus se adjuvare neque in quocunque bono opere perseverare. Iterum si vidertmus aliquos concur r ere ad ecclesiam aut pro peccatis se affiigere et scripturas sanetas volentes custodire, ingredimur in do mum ip serum et non permittimus illes aliquid boni agere et multa accendimus in mente ipsorum. Si aut em aliquis ipsorum poterit sapere et deserere et communicaverit divinum mysterium, Hie fugat no/. Quando autem Christiani communicant divina mysteria, recedimus nos in ilTa hor a ab els, nullam vero curam gerimus. Si vert viderimus aliquem volentem bonum tractare, amaras cogitaciones inferimus illi, ut subvertatur. 1 M, Die mihi quomodo ausa es tu me tenere, nisi quia confident es in Christo? Sic et ego confide in patre meo, quia malaram arcium est invert' tor, et quod jubet facio. 8 M, quomodo, domina mea, male meo lmmissus sum tibi . . . me miserum, quid pertulil * M, Quomodo non intellexi futura mihi esse? Quomodo non intellexit pater meus quid mihi in futurum esset? Dimitte me,ut ad alterum lecum sequar. ■ G, Nam si accusavero te patri meo, non expediet mihi. 6 M, Sancta Juliana ligans manus ejus post tergum posuit eum super 42 #cta 3|ttltatwc lorum comes, martyrum consors, particeps patriarchomm, socia angelorum, adjuro te per passionem Domini Jesu Christi miserere infelicitati meae.1 11. S. Juliana dixit : Confitere mihi, immunde spiri- tus, cui hominum injuriam 2 fecisti ? Daemon respondit : Ego multorum hominum oculos extinxi, aliorum pedes confregi, alios in ignem misi, alios appendi, alios autem sanguinem vomere feci, alios in pontum submersi, alios vitam finire feci violenter, alios autem in suo furore mani- bus suis crucian feci, et ut breviter dicam: Omnia mala, quae in isto mundo sunt, meo consilio peraguntur, et ego ipse perficio ; 4 et alios quos inveni non habentes signa- culum Christi, interfeci. Et cum omnia mala fecerim, nemo ausus fuit me torquere, quantum tu. Nemo apos- tolorum manum meam tenuit ; tu autem et ligasti me. Nemo martyrum me cecidit ; nemo mihi prophetamm injurias fecit quas a te sustineo ; nemo patriarcharum in me manum misit. Nam et ipsius Filii Dei experimentum cepi in deserto, et feci illum ascendere in montem excel- sum, et nihil mihi fecit ; et tu me sic tormentis consumis ? O virginitas, quid contra nos armaris ? O Joannes, quid contra nos virginitatem tuam ostendisti ? 12. Et ista daemone dicente, jussit praefectus Julianam de carcere accersire ad se.4 Sancta autem Juliana, dum terram et caplens unum ligamentum ferreum de quibus Ipsa fuerat llgata, et cedebat if sum demonem. 1 M, cenclvis for consors; after Angelerum: censers sanctorum, amica archangelerum,per crucem Patris tui fermidandam, per passionem Domini tui Jhesu Christi, miserere mihi ; C, per crucem Patris tut tremendt, miserere met. Per orationem Domini Jesu Christi te conjure, miserere infelicitati mea. * M, cenjstere mlhl quam tnjuriam hemlnibus. * M, Demon dixit : Qjtorundam ocules extlnxl, . . . , quemdam in Ignem misi, . . . , alium sanguinem vomere feci, alium laqueo vltam finire feci, altos furore manibus suis perniciem sibi inferre fed, et . * . que in mundo contingebant, cum sociis mels perpetravL * M,mlste prefectus qui Julianam de carcere ducerent, tt forte lllam invenlttent viventem, ante tribunae suum. acta g>. Klulian£c 43 duceretur, trahebat secum daemonem. Daemon autem rogabat eam dicens : Domina mea Juliana, dimitte me i jam amplius noli hominibus me ridiculum facere; non enim potero postea homines convincere. 1 Patrem meum superasti, me vinxisti, quid adhuc vis ? 2 Dicunt in- creduli Christianos misericordes esse, tu autem in me ferox visa es. Et dum haec diceret daemon, S. Juliana trahebat eum per forum ; et dum diu rogaret eam, pro- jecit eum in locum stercore plenum.*

Caput III S. Juliana •varie torta decollatur, et CXXX ab ea con- versi. Translatio corporis. 13. Et veniens intra praetorium, facies ejus gloriosa visa est omnibus. Et cum respexisset ad eam praefectus, admiratus eam, dixit: Dic mihi Juliana, quis te docuit talia ? Quomodo tanta et talia tormenta incantationibus superasti?4 S. Juliana respondit: Audi me, impiissime praefecte, et dicam tibi. Dominus meus Jesus Christus docuit me colere Patrem et Filium et Spiritum Sanctum, et ipse vicit patrem tuum Satanam et daemones ejus, et misit de sedibus suis Sanctis angelum suum qui mihi auxiliaretur et confortaret me.6 Tu autem miser ignoras quia tibi parantur aeterna tormenta, ubi habebis aeternos cruciatus, vermem edentem, nec deficientem, atque ob- 1 C> teducere ; Max, convenire. * M, rogant eam dicit, . . . Juliana, noli me amplius hominibus ridiculum facere ; non enim jam fossum postea venire ad patrem meum. Superasti me ; quid aliud vis? * M, Et tum [?] talia . . . trahent eum per forum projectt demenem in lecum stercorit. * M, Ipsa cum venitset in pretorium, facies ejus ut fulgor ignis fulgebat, et cum prefectus illam aspexisset, meratus est, et dixit ei : Juliana, quis te docuit talia venena facere? quomodo talia et tanta tormenta per venena superasti I s Mar, te autem erubescere fecit. 44 #cta fs>. 3|ultan» scuritatem aeternam. Poenitere infelix. 1 Nam Dominus Jesus Christus misericors et pius est, et vult omnes homines salvos facere, et dat poenitentiam salutis et re- missionem peccatorum. 1 4. Tunc praefectus jussit adduci rotam ferream et figi in ea gladios acutos,2 et super ipsam rotam imponi vir- ginem, ut staret rota in medio duarum columnarum, et quatuor milites de ista parte, et alios quatuor ex alia parte, et milites trahebant rotam," et Julianam habebant super- positam. Trahentes autem milites machinam tangebant, et nobile corpus virginis Christi omnibus membris finde- batur, et medullae de ossibus ejus exibant, et tota rota tingebatur de illa, et saeviebat ignis4 ex incendio. Beata autem Juliana stabat immobilis in fide Christi, contrita corpore sed rigida fide. Angelus autem Domini descen- dit de coelo et extinxit flammam, et vincula soluta sunt ab igne.5 1 5. Sancta autem Juliana stans sine dolore glorifica- bat Dominum, et extendens manum ad coelum cum lacrymis et gemitu coepit dicere sic : 8 Domine Deus omnipotens, solus habens immortalitatem, vitae dator, creator omnium saeculorum, qui coelum extendisti mani- bus, et terrae fundamenta fecisti, et hominem tuis mani- * C, O pessima hora natus, hoc te poeniteat infelix. 1 E,claves for gladios ; Q, H, B, et fieri verbera acuta. 8 C, Max, ut S. Julianam contererent. Trahebant milites machinam : erat corpus immobile, et custodiebatur famula Christi immaculata. Ange lus autem Domini descendit et comminuit catastam (the scaffold) et omnia vincula resoluta sunt. * C and Max omit this torture by fire. B, ignis ex ingenio. 8 Thia section in M, Tunc prefcctus iratus jussit afferri rotam ferream et in ea fieri verbera acuta, et . . . imponi sanctam Julianam, . . . milites in una parte, quatuor in alia parte, qui trahebant rotam, ut Ju liana superposita contereretur. Trahentibus autem militibus machinas, nobile corpus omnibus membris . . . medulla . . . exiebat. Tunc sancta, tali pena exanimata, perseverabat renuncians vite humane. Angelus autem Domini discendit et comminuit argumtnta (the machine), et vincula soluta sunt. MS. dm. 14418 has comminuit vincula. 9 In C, Mar, and Max, this prayer is much shorter. acta £>. 3|ttltan£e 45 bus plasmasti, paradisi plantator et viventis arboris humani generis gubernator ; qui Loth a Sodomis propter hospi- talitatem liberasti, qui Jacob benedixti, et Joseph de fra- terna invidia liberasti, qui et venditus est in .lEgypto, et honorem principum ei donasti, qui servum tuum Moy- sen misisti in .^Egyptum et servasti eum de manu Pharao- nis, et per mare rubrum populum tuum deduxisti terres- tri similitudine, et genus allophylorum 1 subjugasti, et gigantem Goliam per manus sancti pueri tui David stra- visti, et David in regno sublimasti; qui de Virgine car- nem assumpsisti, et a pastoribus visus es, qui ab angelis magnificaris et a magis adoratus es ; qui mortuos resus- citasti, et apostolos congregasti, et regnum tuum eos annuntiare jussisti, qui a Juda traditus es, et in carne cru- cifixus es, et in terra sepultus, et post resurrectionem a discipulis visus es et ad coelos ascendisti ; qui diffusis per mundum apostolis notitiam tuam omnibus credentibus donasti ; qui es salus pereuntium, via errantium, refu- gium deficientium, unus potens et solus verus Deus, quem nullus injuste sed juste laudare potest ; gratias tibi ago, omnium Deus, qui me indignam et peccatricem, ad tuum auxilium perducere dignatus es. Et peto, Domine, ut me liberare digneris a malitia istius tyranni, ut perfecte erubescat cum patre suo Satana; et gloriam tibi dicam semper in cuncta secula seculorum. 1 6. Et ipsa dicente Amen, clamaverant camifices Nicomediensium civitatis: Unus Deus omnipotens sanctae puellae Julianae, et non est alius Deus praeter ipsum. Poenitet nos, Praefecte, quod usque nunc inducti sumus in errorem. Et dixerunt omnes una voce: Ad te confu- gimus, Domine, sufficiat nobis hue usque errasse; amodo credemus ipsum Deum, quem colit Juliana.4 Et conversi > Gentiles. *' M,'#f n«x colimus Deum quem tu colis, tancta Juliana. 46 acta £>. 3|ultan« ad praesidem dixerunt : Pereant omnes dii paganorum, succumbant omnes qui idola colunt. Tu autem, impie praefecte, infer nobis supplicia ; simus in poena, qui nunc us que coluimus idola ; incende ignem, excogita opera patris tui. 1 Nos enim eligimus amodo habere Dominum Jesum Christum patrem, quia multo tempore afflicti sumus a patre tuo diabolo. Praefectus autem ira repletus renun- tiavit omnia Maximiano imperatori. Imperator vero Maxim ianus dedit adversus eos sententiam, ut omnibus capita truncaretur. Ipse vero jussit omnes simul gladio feriri. Decollati autem sunt viri cum mulieribus centum triginta. 1 17. Pnefectus vero jussit S. Julianam vivam ardere.3 Sancta autem Juliana haec audiens, extendens manus ad coelum cum lacrymis dixit: Domine Deus omnipotens, non me deseras, neque dicedas a me, et ne projicias me a facie tua ; sed esto mihi adjutor, et libera me de isto supplicio, et dele peccata mea, si quid in verbo, si quid in cogitatione peccavi. Domine Deus meus pie et miseri- cors, miserere mei, ut non dicat inimicus meus Eleusius tyrannus, ubi est Deus ejus ? Tu enim es Deus bene- dicts1s in secula. Et dum haec diceret, ecce subito venit angelus Domini et separavit ignem et flammam excussit.4 Sancta autem Juliana stans illaesa glorificabat Dominum in igne.6 18. Sed Praefectus fremebat contra ipsam quasi fera maligna, cogitans quale supplicium illi inferret. Tunc jussit ollam adferri et plumbum mitti in ea et super ignem 1 C, Fac quod vis, Prafecte : infer nobis sufplicia : ignes affer et rotam : fara malas insidias, et cogitationes p arris tui Satana perfltt. 1 C, Max, centum viginti ; B, viri quingenti cum multertbus temtuu triginta. * M, autim . . . cremari jussit. * C, B, txtinxit. * M, £/ subito angelus Domini wn/f, ot sifaravlt ab ta Ignim, et flam mam extinxit. Santta Juliana stans inleta gleriflcabatur Dominum. 47 ferventem eam poni. Cumque superposita esset, factum est illi sicut balneum bene temperatum. Ipsa autem illa olla resiliit,1 et incendit de adstantibus hominibus numero septuaginta quinque.2 Et cum haec vidisset praefectus, iratus scidit vestimenta vsuo et cum gemitu vituperavit $ i\ (\__ deos, quia non potuerunt illam laedere, et quia cum ipsis quoque injuriam fecisset, nullatenus eam laedere potuerunt. Et statim dictavit adversus eam sententiam, ut gladio puniretur. 19. Audiens autem haec S. Juliana gaudio magno repleta est, eo quod appropinquasset finis certaminis ejus. Cumque ad locum traheretur ubi decollanda erat, daemon, qui cruciatus fuerat ab illa, subito currens venit ad praesi- dem * et dicit ei : Noli ei parcere ; deos vituperavit et hominibus injuriam fecit ; multa etiam mala ego ab ea perpessus sum ; 4 reddite ergo ei quod meretur. Sancta autem Juliana paullulum aperuit oculos, ut videret quis esset qui talia loquebatur. Tunc timidus daemon clama- vit et dixit: Heu me miserum ! Forsitan modo iterum vult me tenere. Et statim evanuit, et obmutuit fugiens.6 20. Et cum ducta fuisset ad locum ubi decollanda erat, coepit dicere his qui conversi erant ad fidem, praesentibus 1 C, resilierunt gutter: et incenderunt, ete; Max, txilterunt. * M, Prefectus autem fremebat contra sicut fera maligna, et cogitabat quali supplicio subiceret illam, et jusslt . . . in tam, et sanctam Julianam poni super ellam ferventem. Sed dum imponeretur, facta est ipsa olia velud balneum temperatum, ex Ipsa autem olla resiluit ignis, qui incendit de adsistentibus virls LXXV. * C, H, Max and B omit adprazsidem, and substitute, damans dicebat: nolite parcere et. * C reads. Nam mihl multa mala ostendit in necte una: et dum non potulssem perferre plagas ejus, omnia ei confessus fui quacumque egi a juventute mea. Almost the same in Max. * M, Dum appropinquasset finis . . . et dum traheretur ad necandum, demon, qui . . . ab ea, subito venit damans et dtcens : Nolite parcere el, quia deos vituperavit . . . / multa et mihi mala in una nocte egit ; reddite ei quomodo digna est. Tunc sancta Juliana . . . ocules sues . . . qui hec diceret. Sed timidus . . . dicens : . . . vult me iterum tenere . . . eva nuit ab oculis eorum fugiens. 48 £cta £>. Klulian» aliis Christianis : Patres mei et matres, audite me, et poeniteat vos daemonibus immolasse, et aedificate domos vestras super firmam petram, ne venientibus ventis validis disrumpamini. Sed semper orate indeficienter in ecclesia sancta, et ad sanctas scripturas intenti estote, et amate vosmetipsos, et dabit vobis Dominus invenire misericor- diam in conspectu sanctorum suorum. Bonum est vigi- lare ad Deum, bonum est frequenter psallere, bonum est orare sine cessatione, quia nescitis quando vitam istam finiatis. Ego autem rogo vos ut oretis pro me, ut Domi nus meus Jesus Christus acceptabilem me dignetur habere, et me humilem ancillam suam introducere dignetur in aulam sanctam suam, et provideat cursum agonis mei, ut non me vincat inimicus. Et cum dedisset omnibus pacem, itemm oravit ad Dominum dicens : Domine Deus, pater omnium, amator fidei,1 qui non tradis figuram tuam in manus inimicorum tuorum, miserere mei et auxiliare mihi, et cum pace suscipe spiritum meum Domine. Et cum hoc in oratione diceret decollata est.3 2 1 . Post paucum autem tempus quaedam mulier Sepho- nia senatrix * transiens per civitatem Nicomediensem, et veniens ad urbem Romam, tulit corpus B. Julianae, et condiens cum aromatibus et linteaminibus pretiosis * cum veniret ad urbem, exsurgens tempestas valida, abiit navis usque ad fines Campaniae. Posita est autem B. Juliana prope territorium Puteolanum, ubi habet mausoleum uno milliario a mari. 22. Praefectus autem Eleusius cum navigaeset in suo 1 G, Filii. In C the prayer reads, Benedictus Dcminus, qui nen dtdit nos in epprebrium inimlcit nosfWs, miserere mei et auxiliare mini, et in pace suscife tpiritum meum. 1 G, H, B, tradidit animam Dee. * So Max, Mar, C 3 G, B, Sufrageria tenatoria ; another B, Suffrage eenateria ; S, Sephia ; another MS., tuffragatu sinaterie ; Petnia, in the Alia Vita, Sephrenia. < Some MSS. add, in lecellum. acta £>. 3|ultan« 49 suburbano, venit tempestas valida et mersit navem ipsius, et mortui sunt viri numero viginti quatuor ; 1 et cum aqua jactasset eos in locum desertum ab avibus et feris corpora eorum sunt devorata.2 Passa est autem B. Juliana die decima quarta kalendarum Martiarum 3 a praefecto Eleusio, regnante Domino nostro Jesu Christo, cui est gloria in secula seculorum. Amen. 1 H, triginta duo. 1 M, Prefectus autem cum navigasset in tuburbanum, venit . . . di- mersit . . . sunt numero XXX et IV viri, ad lecum detertum jactasset, . - . ifsorum devorata sunt. » Some MSS., vil Id. Febr. (Feb. 7) ; C, v Id. Feir. (Feb. 9). CorresponDence of tfje |&oem to tljc fccta ^ultanae Poem Acta Poem Acta 1-57 §1 454-53° §" 58-160 §2 530-558 §12 160-183 §3 # # * * * * 184-233 §4 559-568 §17 233-242 §5 569-606 §18 242-286 §6 607-634 §19 287-315 §7 635-671 §20 3IS-363 §8 671-688 §22 364-417 §9 688-695 §21 417-453 §10 695-731 I. The division into three parts, corresponding to the three chapters in the Acta as published by Bolland, has no MS. authority, but is due to Grein. Thorpe, Ettmiiller, and Gollancz divide the poem into seven parts, beginning with lines I, 105, 225, 345, 454, 559, and 607. Although this latter division is indicated in the MS. , it has not much else to commend it, and can hardly have been intended by the author. 4. arlSas cyning". The secondary stress on -leas compen sates metrically for the shortness of the second arsis. Cf. 388b, 531a, 661a, 692a. 19. rondburgum. As rond = scy/d, the compound is equivalent to scildburg (MaL 2qi^Jud. 305), 'phalanx, tes- tudo. * 23. weoh. The original stem-vowel is 7, as shown by Gothic iveihs. The eot due to loss of h and contract1on in the oblique cases (Sievers3, 114. 3), has been substituted also in the uncon- tracted cases. 25. HeliseuS. See variants to the Acta § 1. Helisaeus is the Latin form of the name of the prophet Elisha. In the poem this word alliterates with words beginning with a vowel ; the h is not pronounced. The same is true of Herode, 293. 27b. = Beoiv. 232b. Fyrivet, in the present passage, Cosijn would translate impatience^ with reference to 1. 40. 28. Zuliat1an. This word alliterates, throughout the poem, with words in g, before either a palatal or a guttural vowel or even another consonant, showing that g was regularly pronounced as a spirant. 34. from hogde. From bears the stress, and is hence an adverb, not a prefix. 36. ma];)mmgesteald. Literally, ' possession of treasure,' for * treasure *; similarly ahtgestealdum, 115. 5* 47, SWencan. Previous editions have a comma after this word, and a colon after Hllo. 49. gearo. Used with the genitive in Blow. 2118. 57- onwende. on- from ond- ; see the article ond- in the glossary. 73. gerahte. Sievers3, 407, n. 11. 86. maera. When used with a noun in the vocative, the ad jective commonly takes the weak form. 88. swa to l1fe laet. Siva may be considered here as an adverb, 'likewise,' or as a conjunction, 'or.* No hard and fast line can be drawn between the two uses. Compare EL 605b- 607a : J?e synt tu gearu, swa llf swa deaS, swa pc leofre biS t3 geceosanne. 90. yre]pweorg. The MS. is plainly at fault, but no satis factory emendation has been proposed. Cosijn points out that piveorh does not occur as the second member of compounds. Holt- hausen reads piveorg. 91. glaedmod. Glad is used in Beoiv. as an epithet of princes, * illustrious.* 104. eadlufan. Cosijn would translate this by 'riches' das Hebe Ge/d)9 as more in keeping with the father's real motives. Cf. eardlufan^ Beoiv. 692, lit. * love of one's abode,' for ' beloved abode. * ) There is no corresponding passage in the Latin to decide ; but laalufan seems to be used as a synonym of frige. I16. aenge. Proposed by Holthausen. 126. JungrSdenne. Cosijn establishes the meaning of this word in this passage by comparing Bede's Hist. (ed. Miller) 170. 23, where pingung and bin are used as a synonymous pair. I33. b1 me lifgendre. 'As long as I live.* Cosijn cites the same idiom in Schmid, Gesetze, be lifiendre p£re, Withered 6. 5 § I. So also Gu. 1207, bt ml lifgendum. 19O. ealdordom. Apparently a mistranslation of the Latin, Ecce princtpium quastionis, due to an association of principium with princeps, ' ruler.* The real force of the original is, ' This is only the beginning of the ordeal.' 53 201. lSodgewin. The compound here means no more than the simple geivin. 202. dolwillen. Explained by Cosijn as the substantive use of the neuter of an adjective similar to druncenivillen, * ebriosus,* Cur. Past. 401. 29. Cf. druncen, * drunkenness,* Fattier 34. 204. wrecan. Sievers (Beitr. x. 514) suggests ivracan from ivrac, * punishment,* citing Dan. 577. 205. Professor Hart would read pe, * because,* an instru mental form similar to py. The passages supporting this view are Blickl. H. 183. 34, Orosius 120. 28 and 132. 14, and especially Alcuin De Virtutibus (AngI. xi. 386, line 363), where trans lates quia. 216. geasne. S. 76, n. 1. The la is an exceptional pala talization of an a} arising from r-umlaut of 5. 219. he. This reading, suggested by Professor Hart, is sup ported by line 397. The same change could be made in line 42, but is there less necessary. 229. slege Jrrowade. This third scourging (cf. 142,188) is not found in the Acta, in which the corresponding passage reads, Tunc praifectus jussit eam capillis suspendi. Appensa vero per sex horas damans dicebat, Christe jili Dei, veni, adjuva me. Tunc prafectus jussit cam deponi, etc. 233D-234. Cf. Andr. 57b— 58, himivas Cristes lofon fyrhSlo- can fastc bezvundcn. 236-237. Compare Andreas 10740-10773 : Him s2o wSn gelSb, sy55an mid corSre carcernes duru corre asscbercnd opcne fun don, onhlidan hamera geweore 242a. Holthausen transposes : gcsitf singal. 242b-243. Cf. Andr. 1462D-1463, pa com Dryhten God in pat hlinraced, haletSa W uldor. 244. haefde engles h1w. Cf. H Cor. xi. 14, ' Satan him self is transformed into an angel of light. * 245b-246a. Cf. Andr. 1 341-1342, Ongan eft siva ar ealdgcnlSla, helle haftling, hcarmfeoS galan. 253. swa. The meaning is practically ' when ' ; the Latin has cum. 54 259b. The same idiom in Btow. 257, hwanan eoivre cyme syndon. 264. waelgrim. Inflected like the simple adjective ; not as a polysyllable. Compare heardlicu, 263. 280. sie. The change (proposed by Holthausen) is necessary for the metre. This is the only certain occurrence of sie as a dis syllable in the poem. 288. The length of the missing passage was probably 65-75 lines. Its general nature may be determined by consulting the Acta, § 7 $ see Intr. , p. xxxvi. 289a. = Chr. 1681a. The ealra of the latter passage has com monly been considered a part of the preceding line ; the transfer was proposed by Sievers and carried out by Cook in his text. 292. Cf. Chr. 1 1 1 2-1 1 1 3b, par blod ond water butu atsomne St bicwoman. 293. Herode. See note to 25, and Mat. xiv. 3-10. 298. Simon. Simon Magus, mentioned in Acts viii. 9-24. The story of his conflicts at Rome with the apostles Peter and Paul, and of the martyrdom of the apostles by order of Nero, forms the subject of apocryphal Acts, of which several versions are still ex tant in both Greek and Latin ; see Lipsius, Die apokryphen Apostcl- geschichten n. 1-390, Braunschweig, 1887, and for texts, Lipsius, Acta Petri, etc., Leipzig, 1891, and Fabricius, Codex Apocryphus Novi Testament!2, Hamburg, 1 719. The story is told in OE. in the fifteenth Blickling Homily (ed. Morris, pp. 170-193), in Aelfric's Homilies (ed. Thorpe, 1. 370-385), and in Wulfstan's Homilies (ed. Napier, pp. 98-100). The source of theseOE. ac counts is the Acta Petri et Pauli ascribed to Marcellus, published in Lipsius, pp. 1 19-177. 3041^—306. Nothing in the Latin corresponds to this passage ; it is also out of chronological order. It was probably inserted in order to provide in Pilatus a word to alliterate with Petrus ond Paulas. 307. Egias. This name does not appear in the Acta S. Juliana, which have, " eg 0 sum qui Andream feci tradi in regione Patras." Of apocryphal Acts of Andrew there are also several versions ; see Lipsius, Apostelgeschichten 1. 543—622 ; and for texts TischendorfF, Acta Apostolorum Apocrypha, Leipzig, 1 85 1, pp. 55 105-131, Fabricius, op. cit., pp. 456-515, and Migne, Patrol. hat. 71, coll. 1o11-IIOZ. The story of Andrew's trial before the proconsul Aegeas at Patrae in Achaia, and of his martyrdom there, is told in OE. by Aelfric (Hom. ed. Thorpe, 1. 586-598). The story of Andrew's adventures among the cannibals cf " Mermedo- nia " (poem Andreas and nineteenth Blickl. Homily} is derived from another work, the apocryphal Acts of Andrew and Matthew (Greek text in Tischendorff, pp. 132-166). 307-31 1b. Cf. Fates of the Apostles, 16-22 : Swylce Andreas in Achagia for Egias aldre gencSde; ne )jreodode he" fore prymme SEodcyninges Smges on eorSan, ac him ece geceas langsumre llf, leoht unhwilen, sySoan hildeheard heriges byrhtmc after guSplegan gealgan pehte. 310. Cf. Andr. 1 327, pat ks on gealgan his gast onsende ; EL 480, on galgan his gast onsende. 313b. Cf. 494b, Ic asecgan ne mag. A common formula; cf. Chr. 1 176b, pat asecgan ne magun ; Chr. 219—2218, nis anig nU eorl under lyfte, secg searpponcol, to pas swltfe gliaiv pe Pat asec gan mage, etc. 321. faeder. According to the Latin, Beelzebub. The de mon's own name is Belial. 344. t>rflgm2Slum. A synonym of nyde ; cf. Scow. 87. 352-353. Sa5e .... gecySan. This reading is supported by El. 5880-90, hi pi mag sots gecytSan, onivrlon ivyrda geryno . . . 06" ende forts. 359. anes craefte. The same idiom in Chr. 567b, anes meahtum. 368. Previous editions have a comma after gedwilda and a semicolon at the end of the line. 378. ond. Translate by ' if. * For this use of OE. ond, see J. M. Hart in Mod. Lang. Notes xvii, p. 231. Although later commonly distinguished by being written an, this '13 the same word as the ordinary and ; the conditional idea lies in the optative which follows. 56 Previous editions have a comma after geleafan and a colon after Jremman (380). 382—413. The metaphorical character of this passage is due to Cynewulf ; the Latin original is literal and matter-of-fact. There b apparently an echo of Ephes. vi. 10—19. 402. biS se torr ),yrel. A condition expressed by inversion, without See Matzner, Engl. Gram. n. 485, and Mather, Conditional Sent. in OE., p. 26. 408. to fremman. The uninfected infinitive is found ac companied by to in 557 and (as amended by Sievers) 569. Other passages in which this construction occurs are Chr. 1555; Dan. 76; A*. 37; Phocn. 275; Sea/. 37; Blow. 316, 2556; Gu. 502 (list taken from Cook's note to Chr. 1555). 410. manpeawum. For this emendation, cf. El. 929, ond manpesivum minum folgap. The expression occurs in similar connection : a devil is speaking of an apostate (Julian) . 471. oroS. Suggested by Hart, Mod. Lang. Notcs xvii, p. X32. Sol. 221a has Surh attres orots. 474-475. him lasta wearS sip-ast gesyne. Cosijn cites Beoiv. 1403 and 2947 for gesyne serving as predicate. 48'b~483a. This passage is not in the same place as its Latin original, alios append:, which follows alios in ignem mist (= 473-475)- 482. hyra dreorge. Grein's heorudr'eorge, the adjective from heorudrlor, '(sword-) blood,' is accepted by Holthausen. It occurs, Bio. 935, 1780, 2720; Andr. 998-1083; El. 1214. But Cosijn cites Heliand 4155, drorag sterban, and the half-line as it stands is no weaker metrically than many others in the poem ; e.g., 358b. 485. ealde aefyoncan. As corrected, this half-line = Judith 265a. 49'* Codes tacne. In the Latin, signaculum Christit that U, the sign of the cross. -__492. p-5. It is not possible to makegood sense out of the read ing of the MS. 496. aer ond Sip. This formula, literally 'before and after,' is commonly to be translated 'early and late.' Cf. 548, 710. 510. naes. The half-line has been brought into agreement with 518b. Cf. also 513. 57 511 and 519. ],e. This reading is not an alteration, but a different interpretation, of the MS., which has a crossed/». 515. witgena. Previous editions have a comma after this word and a colon after unmate (517). 53Za. Cf. note to 4a. 536. haebenne. Logical gender, not in accord with deofol. 549. wit. This change is imperative. JEnig requires a neu ter noun ; getic is not used with iviS ; a preposition iviS would be unstressed and consequently would not alliterate. 557. to secgan. See note to 408. 558. The lost passage represented the Acta\\ 13, 14, I5and part of 16. The scale of the poem varies too greatly from one passage to another to enable us to judge whether only one leaf has been lost, or more. See Intr., p. xxxvii. 563-564. CW5m blican. A common idiom in OE. poetry : a verb of motion followed by a complementary infinitive ; thus, Gen. Z849, Geivtt pit ofestlice, Abraham , feran ; Beoiv. 1644, Da com in gan ealdor pegna \ Brun. 53—55, Geiviton him pa NorSmenn . . . Dyjiin sican ; etc. 569. Cf. Andr. 1659, pat ivas Pam iveorode iveorc togepoli- genne (MS. iveort Kluge iveorc, Wiilker, ivcorce} ; Blow. 1417b— 1419, Denum eallum 'wars, ivinum Scyldinga, iveorce on mode to gepolianne, Segne moncgum. The change from polianne to polian is necessary for metrical reasons (Sievers, Beitr. x. 482). For to with the infinitive, see note to 408. 570. = El. 978 [hie . . meahton). par is to be translated by ' if,* i.e., * if only ! would that! For par in this sense, cf. Chr. 1 312, Soul 142; for par introducing conditional clauses, cf. Beoiv. 797, 1835 ; Gen. 388 ; Chr. 753, 1106 ; El. 838, and for examples in prose, Mather, Conditional Sent. in OE. p. 40, n. 2. 576. W'ges w5mum. Cf. El. 1 8b- 19a, Him ivas hild boden, ivlges ivdma. Wdma was probably used of some kind of in cantation ; Omi (^Gylfaginning 3, Grimnesmal 49) was one of the names of Woden, the great master of magic. Without the author ity of his original, Cynewulf seems to declare that after the cauldron has been made, the prefect has charms sung about it, of a sort used against an enemy. 5» 576-577. WudubSamum, holte. Beam ordinarily means * tree,* and holt, i grove * ; the common word for * wood/ the ma terial, is treoiv. 589-594. Cf. Andr. 1469-77 : 1 Aris ba mzgene rof, saegde Meotude pane. hal of hxfte heardra wita; nxs him gewemmed wlite ne wloh of hraegle lungre alysed ne loc of heafde, ne ban gebrocen, ne blodig wund lsce lenge, ne laSes dxl Jjurh dolgslege dreore bestemed, ac wxa eft swa xr purh pa xSelan miht lof liedende ond on his lsce trum.' Dan. 437-440 : nzs hyra wiite gewemmed ne naenig wroht on hrxgle, nS feax fyre beswseled, ac hse on frioe Dryhtnes of Sam grim man gryre glade treddedon, gleawmode guman on gastes byld. 605. hine. Deon ordinarily takes the dative. KJaeber cor rects to him. 61O. inwitrune. The OE. inivit, 'hate/ haa no connec tion with the ME. iniuit, * conscience.* It seems to be a borrow ing, hard to account for, of the Latin invidia. 62 1. baet. Professor Hart would prefer to interpret the crossed p as standing for par. 635. londmearce nSah. The Latin has simply, Et cum ducta fuisset ad locum ubi decollanda erat. The English version seems to record the trace of some old custom. In the OFr. Vie Sainte Jultanc and in the ME. Seyn Julian she is led without the town to die : " Ge vos commant ke Ten menez De fors la ville en cez preiz " (1 199— 1200); "And smyt of hire- heved wi)^oute Jpe toun" (186). 636. ond. Hart, Mod. Lang. Notes xvii, p. 231, suggests that ond is here equivalent to usque (' even * ). 647-654- The author of the Acta, whom Cynewulf here fol lows, is echoing the language of Luke vi. 47—49. 649. gefaestnige. This pres. opt. pi. in ~e is in accordance with the Northumbrian dialect in which the poem was originally written, but as the case is isolated, it may be due only to an acci dental omission of final n by the copyist. 59 658. frdfre. Holthausen declares thia restoration metrically impossible, and suggests friSes or gefean. 678-679. xxx waes ond feowere. See the variants to the Acta § 22. The number 34 is also given by the ME. Liflade (both versions, pp. 78, 79), the ME. Seyn Julian (1. 221), and the MHG. Juliana (1. 621). 692a. Cf. note to 4a. 688-695. Ungelice waes, etc. Instead of following the Acta y which relate that Juliana's body was taken to Pozzuoli by Sophia, or Sephonia, Cynewulf implies that Juliana was buried at Nicomedia, which remained her burial-place to his own day, — a most curious departure from his authority. 691. burgum. Plural in the sense of the singular. Cf. on burgum (Ps. liv. 8), translating in cwitate ; the King James version has, "in the city ** (numbered lv. 9). Similarly, Guthlac's body is said to rest, burgum on innan (Gu. 1341), and the same phrase is used parallel with in Ierusalem, El. 1056. 697— 7I2b. Printed, with modern version, by Kemble in his article On Anglo-Saxon Runes, in Archaologia xxviii. 363 (1840), ' in connection with his discovery of the name of Cynewulf in the runes of Christ, the Elene and Juliana. Kemble wrote, " Not content with having once already given us this acrostic of his name, the poet repeats it at a later period in the Exeter book, and in a manner which renders it very difficult to translate the lines, so great is their obscurity. [After giving the passage, with a modern Eng lish version : J It is evident here that the poet literally means to use the letters that make up his name, and that he does not introduce them as words, which he had done in the passages previously quoted. *' Kemble's excerpt and translation and the substance of his remarks were repeated by Thomas Wright, Biographia Br'ttan- nica Litcraria : Anglo-Saxon Period, pp. 504—5 (1842). 701. uncySg''. This emendation, suggested by Professor Hart, restores the sense. It is supported by El. 724a, elnes oncy&ig. L. J 704-708. . n . W . ond . T ., etc. Kemble's com- . ment on these runes has been quoted (note to 697-71 lb). Grein went a little further : ' * These runes have here the value of mere letters of the alphabet, but in such a manner that each of the three

C u H to $otte groups (C Y and N ; E W and U; LF) figures by itself as a sub stitute for the name in full.'* It was left to Trautmann (Anglia xvi. 219 ff.; Kyncivulf 45— 47) to formulate the principles in accordance with which runes are used in OE. poetic ciphers, and to furnish for the present passage an interpretation based on these prmciples (Kynewulf 47-50). The practice with regard to runes, as determined from cases where there can be no doubt of the inter pretation, is as follows : ^1) A rune may be used singly as the equivalent of its name (as M for mon, Ruin 24), or of a word beginning with the same sound (as W for 'weard, El. 1090); runes may be used in groups to signify the words which they spell (as S R O H for hors, Rid. xx. 1-2), or the words which they spell in part (as W I for wicg, Rid. lxv. 1). (z^ Runes stand always for nouns. The case is always nominative or accusative. (4) Groups of three or more runes always stand for the words whsch they spell. (5) Words represented by single runes must meet the metrical requirements of their half-line. Trautmann then interprets C Y N as •ryn, * [manjkind * ; E W U as eivu, North. for WS. cowan, 'the sheep*; L F as ttcfaet, 'the body* (Gu. 1063, 1343). His solution is corroborated by the plural number of acle and hida&, contrasting with the singular of hivcorfett and bcofats ; fah, which must be changed to agree with eivut is equally inconsistent with aclc and bsdaS, so that it affords no evidence against the solution. 707 = Chr. 803 (in the runic passage). 709b— 710a. These two half-lines are transposed in the extract printed by Kemble and Wright. 731. Amen. So at the end of of Chr. part1, of Seafarer , of Men* s Moods, and of three Prayers. I THE MANUSCRIPT, AND ITS DONOR LEOFRIC 1705. H. Wanley, Librorum vcterum septentri^nalium cata- logus (vol. ii of G. Hickes, Linguarum vcterum septentrionalium thesaurus'), pp. 279—281. Oxford. 1814. J. J. Conybeare, Account of a Saxon Manuscript pre served in the Cathedral Library at Exeter, Archacologia xvii. 1 80— 188. 1826. J. J. Conybeare, Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, pp. 198-255. 1874. J. Schipper, Zum Codex Exoniensis, Germania xix. 327-339. 1 883. F. E. Warren, The Leofric Missal, pp. xix-xxvi. Oxford. 1 885. R. P. Wiilker, Grundriss zur Geschichte der angelsach- sischen Litteratur, pp. 218-236. 1893. W. Hunt, Leofric, Dictionary of National Biography, xxxiii. 63-64.

II EDITIONS 1842. B. Thorpe, Codex Exoniensis, pp. 242-286. 1850. L. Ettmiiller, Scopas and Boceras, pp. 163-178. Quedlinburg, etc. 1 858. C. W. M. Grein, Bibliothek der angelsachsischen Poesie, ii. 52-71. 1895. Gollancz, The Exeter Book, Part I., pp. 242- 284. 1897. R. P. Wiilker, Bibliothek der angelsachsischen Poesie, iii. 117-139 (editor of this volume, B. Assmann). Leipzig. 62 IBtbUograptre

III TRANSLATIONS 1842. B. Thorpe, Codex Exortiensis, pp. 242-286. 1859. C. W. M. Grein, Dichtungen der Angelsachsen, ii. 47- 66. 1895. I. Gollancz, The Exeter Book, Part I., pp. 243-285. I904. H. S. Murch, Journal of Engl. and Germ. Philol. y. 303-319.

IV LANGUAGE, COLLATION, TEXTUAL CRITICISM 1865. C. W. M. Grein, Zur Textkritik der angelsachsischen Dichter, Germania x. 423. X874. J. Schipper, Zum Codex Exoniensis, Germania xix. 33*- 1 885. R. Rossger, Uber den syntaktischen Gebrauch des Geni- tivs in Cynewulfs Elene, Crist, und Juliana, Anglia viii. 338-370. 1 885. E. Sievers, Zur Rhythmik des altgermanischen Allite- rationsverses, Paul-Braune, Beitrage x. 517. 1886. C. P. B. Conradi, Darstellung der Syntax in Cyne wulfs Gedicht ' Juliana. ' Leipzig Diss. Halle. 1888. H. Leiding, Die Sfrache der cynewulfschen Dkhtungen Crist, Juliana, und Elene. _ Marburg. 1888. M. Prollius, Uber den syntaktischen Gebrauch des Con- junctivs in den cynewulfschen Dichtungen Elene, Juliana, und Crist. Marburg Diss. 1894. F. Holthausen, Beitrage zur Erklarung und Textkritik altenglischer Dichtungen, Indogerm. Forsch. iv. 385. 1898. P. J. Cosijn, Anglosaxonica iv, Paul-Braune, Beitrage xxiii. 123-125. 1898. F. Holthausen, Anglia, Beiblatt ix. 356. 1899. R. Simons, Cynewulfs fVortschatvs. Bonn. X902. A. J. Barnouw, Textkritische Untersuchungen nach dent Gebrauch des bestimmten Artikels und des sivachen Adjectivs in der altenglischen Poeste, pp. 120—125. 25ibUognrpft> 63 I902. J. M. Hart, Allotria ii, Modern Language Notes xvii. col. 463. 1904. F. Klaeber, Emendations in Old English Poems v, Modern Philology ii. 143.

V VERSIFICATION 1883. G. Jansen, Beitrage tsur Synonymik und Poetik der allgemein ah acht anerkannten Dichtungen Cynewulfs. Miinster Diss. 1887. P. Frucht, Metrisches und Sprac Miches xu Cynewulfs Elene, yuliana, und Crist. Greifswald Diss. 1888. M. Cremer, Metrische und sprachliche Untersuchung der altenglischen Gedichte Andreas, GitSlac, Phoenix ( Elene, yuli ana, Crist). Bonn Diss.

VI AUTHOR AND DATE, LITERARY CRITICISM 184O. J. Kemble, On Anglo-Saxon Runes, Archaeologia xxviii. 327-372. 1840. J. Grimm, Andreas und Elene, pp. 1-lii, 167-170. Cassel. 1842. T. Wright, Biographia Britannica Literaria : Anglo- Saxon Period, pp. 501-505. 1853. F. Dietrich, Uber Crist, Zeits. fur deutsches Alt. ix. 193-214. 1857- H. Leo, Sluae de se ipso Cynevulfus (life Cenevulfus, sive Coencvulfus) poeta Anglo-Saxonicus tradiderit. Halle Pro- gramm. 1859. F. Dietrich, Commentatio de Kynewulfi poetae aetate. Marburg. 1865. F. Dietrich, Disputatio de cruce Ruthivellensi. Mar burg. 1869. M. Rieger, Uber Cynewulf, Zeits. fir deuttche Phil. i. 215-226, 313-334. 64 !Btbltograp&g 1871. H. Sweet, Sketch of the History of Anglo-Saxon Poetry, in T. Warton, History of English Poetry, ed. by W. C. Hazlitt, ii. 16-19. 1877. B. ten Brink, Geschichte der englischen Litteratur, i. 64-75- 1878. R. P. Wülker, Uber den Dichter Cynewulf, Anglia i. 483-507. 1883. B. ten Brink, Early English Literature, transl. by H. M. Kennedy, pp. 386-389. 1883. F. H. O. d'Ham, Der gegenwärtige Stand der Cyneivulf-Fragc. Limburg. 1884. G. Sarrazin, Beowulf und Kynewulf, Anglia ix. 5'5-55°- 1888. H. Morley, English Writers, ii. 206-235. 1 891. E. Sievers, Zu Cynewulf, Anglia xiii. 19-21. 1892. Stopford Brooke, History of Early English Literature, pp. 371-407- 1 892. F. J. Mather, The Cynewulf Question from a Metrical Point of View, Modern Language Notes vii. col. 193 ff*. 1892. Miss L. T. Smith, Kynewulf, Dictionary of National Biography, xxxi. 358. 1895. R. P. Wülker, Cynewulfs Heimat, Anglia xvii. 106-109. 1898. Stopford Brooke, English Literature from the Beginning to the Norman Conquest, pp. 160— 1 62. 1898. M. Trautmann, Kynewulf der Bischof und Dichter. Bonn. I90O. A. S. Cook, The Christ of Cynewulf, pp. lxvi-xcvü. Boston. I9OO. F. Liebermann, Zur Cynewulf-Frage, Archiv fur das Studium der neueren Sprachen cv. 367. 1902. S. Lanier (d. 1881), Shakspere and his Forerunners; ch. v, Women of English Poetry down to Shakspere, St. Juliana and Love's Labour 's Lost. New York. 1903. C. Abbetmeyer, Old English Poetical Motives derived from the Doctrine of Sin (U. of Minn. Di«s. ). New York. 65

VII THE LEGEND (arranged according to date of composition) [Before 600.] Acta S. Julianae virginis martyris, in Acta sanctorum . . . collegerunt ac digesserunt Io. Bollandus, G. Hen- schenius, cditio novissima curante Io. Carnandet, Feb. torn. ii. 875- 879 (Feb. 16). Parisiis, 1864. [After 750.] Cynewulf, Juliana (see II Ed1tions). [After 900.] Simeon Metaphrastes, Kapripiov T,js aylas 'lovKsavys rrjs iv Nucofi-nSelo;, in Migne, Patrologia Gracca, citiv. coll. 1431-1452, with Latin translation by A. Lipomanus (about 1558). [About 1 1 00.] Petrus Subdiaconus, Alia vita, in Acta sanctorum, Feb. tom. ii. 879-883. Parisiis, 1864. [After 1 1 00.] Arnolt, Juliana, in A. Schonbach, Mit- theilungen aus altdeutschen Handschriften, V., Priester Arnolt s Legende von St. Juliana. Wien, 1882. [After 1 150.] La vie Sainte Julianc, in H. von Feilitzen, Li vcr del ju'ise. Upsala, 1883. [After 1200.] Seyn Julian, in T. O. Cockayne, Jic lifladc of St. Julianc, pp. 81-87. 1872. [1207.] Translatio III. S. Julianae, in Acta sanctorum, Feb. torn. ii. 883-885. Parisiis, 1864. [About I2I0.] Pe lifiade of St. Juliane, ed. by T. O. Cockayne. 1872. [Before 1298.] Jacobus de Voragine, Lcgenda aurea, vulgo historia Lombardica dicta, cap. xliii, ed. T. Graesse, pp. 177-178. Lipsiae, 1850. [Before 1400.] John Barbour (?), Legends of the Saints, ed. W. M. Metcalfe, Juliana, vol. ii, pp. 424-431. Edinburgh, 1896. 1484 (?) W. Caxton, translator, The Golden Legend. West minster. For reference to the briefer notices of Juliana in the martyr- ologies of Bede, Floras, Rabanus Maurus, Ado, Usuard, and Not- ker, see the Introduction, pp. xzvi, xlii. 66 IBtbUograpfy?

VIII LITERARY RELATIONS 1889. O. Gliide, Cynewulfs Juliana und ihre Quelle, Anglia xi. 146-158. 1899. O. Backhaus, Uber die Quelle der mittelenglischen Le- gendc von der heiligen Juliana und ihr Verhaltniss zu Cynewulfs Juliana. Halle Diss. 1899. J. M. Garnett, The Latin and the Anglo-Saxon Juli ana, Publications of the Modern Language Assoc. of America xWj 170-208. ijBIoggarp

[The order of words is strictly alphabetical, ae coming between ad and af, but initial $ following t. Both "3 and b are represented by o\ Roman numerals indicate the class of ablaut verbs; w1., etc., that of the weak verbs ; rd., the reduplicating ; prp., the preteritive present verbs ; anv., the anomalous verbs. When the designations of mood and tense are omitted, * ind. pres. * is to be understood, un less some other designation has just preceded ; when of mood only, supply 'ind.* if no other has preceded, otherwise the latter.]

A pres. 2sg. opt. acyrre, 139; pte acyrred, 411. 5, adv., ever: 183. [cierr, 'turn.'] ablendan, w1. w. ace, 5d, m., funeral pile: as. make blind: pret. 1sg. 580. a blende, 469. Adam, m., Adam: ns. 500. ac, conj., but: 85, 153, S, f.,law, wedlock: ds. a», 385, 388, 393. 297, 411; as. x, 13. aclian, see geaclian. [Cf. Ger. Ehe.] 5col, adj., terrified : np. Sdt,{.,vein: gp. iedra, 478. acle, 586, 706. [Cf. Ger. [Cf. Ger. Ader.~\ Ekel.~\ See geaclian. Sdre, adv., forthwith : 2 3 1 . acwellan, w1. w. ace, kill: aefre, adv., ever: 81. See inf. 303. nSfre. ScweSan, v. w. ace speak, afremmend, adj., doing utter: pret. 3sg. acwae'S, right eousnes s : vpm. 45, '43, 63'. [640]. iefremmende, 648. [MnE. quoth.] aefter, adv., afterward: Scyrran, w1. w. ace, turn: 197. 68 6lo00WB aefter, prep., after; accord *aepplian, w2. trans., em ing to; about: w. dat. u, boss: pte asn. spplede, 78, 161, 199, 527. 554. 688. [aeppel, 'apple.'] \<$io\r 660. aer, adv., before, formerly, aefSonca, wm., grudge: ap. of old; sup., first: 75, 120, aefkmcan, [485]. 145, 192, 197, 304, 453, Sghwaes, adv., entirely : 496, 542, 548. 559,_6'6, 434. 55*. 593- [gsn- of 634, 710, 71 3; sup. aerest, aeghwa, ' each, every. ' ] 164, 403, 430. aeghwonan, adv., on all St, conj., before: 255, 457, sides: 580. 520. ~"Snt, f., wealth, possessions: aetgewyrht, n., former dpl. aehtum, 37. [aganj deed: ip. iergewyrhtum, Shtgesteald, n. , •ivea. 1th: 702. dp. ahtgestealdum, 115. airing, f., daybreak: ds. [Cf. Goth. staldan, 'pos aeringe, 160. sess.'] aer Son, conj., before: sir Shtspedig, adj., rich : bon, 677. comp. nsm. aehtspedigra, aet, prep., at, at the hands 101. [sped, 'success,' of : w. dat. 81, 82, 239, from spowan, ' suc 274. 397, 44*. 656. ceed.'] 659. aShtwelig, adj., rich: nsm. aetgaedre, adv., together . 18. 292. [geador.] aElan, see onaelan. Qw****? aeSele, adj., noble: nsf. wk. aslde, mpl., men: gp. aelda, ael,ele, 175; nsn. wk. 727. ael,ele, 209; gsn. aebeles, aelmihtig, adj., almighty: 1 8; asn. aebele, 273; nsm. 658; vsm. 273. comp. nsm. aebelra, 101. Snig, adj., pron., any, any [Cf. Ger. edel; MnE. o»*:nsm. aenig, 218, 510, Ethel.-] 513, 518; asm. aenigne, aeSeling, m., prince, noble: 382; asf. aenge, [116] ; ns. 58,164; gs. aeMinges, asn. 548. [an.] 37i gp- ae>elinga, 730. 69 aeSelu, npi., kin, origin : np. ahwyrfan, w1. w. ace, aebelu, 286. turn, lead aside : opt. Affricanus, m., Africanus, 1pl. ahwyrfen, 327; inf. the father of St. Juliana : 360. ns. 158. ahyldan, wi. trans., ward 5f6n, rd. trans., capture: off, avert: pte ahylded, pte afongen, 320. 171. .aglelan, w1. w. ace, im alaedan, w1. trans., lead pede: inf. 397. away: pte alieded, 670. agalan, v1. w. ace, sing: alStan, rd. w. ace, give pret. 3Sg. agol, 615. up: pret. 3 pl. aleton, 477, agan, prp. w. ace , possess, aletan, 483. have: 2pl. agun, 658; alysan, w1. trans., release: pret. 3Sg. ahte, [44] ; inf. pte alysed, 612. [Cf. 518,646. [MnE. o•we.~\ lgas.] agend, m., ruler, possessor: amen : appended to poem, ns. 223. after line 731, of which agende, see folcagende. it is not a part, as shown agiefan, v. w. ace, give, by the metre. render, pay: pret. 3sg. an, adv., alone: 104. ageaf, 105, 117, 130, an, num. adj., one, alone, 147, 159. '75. 3'9i inf- sole: nsm. wk. ana, 562; 529. gsm. anes, 359; dsm. Sglaeca, wm., monster, de anum, 155; dsf. anre, mon: ns. 268, 319, 430. 626. See nan, on Sn. ahebban, v1. w. ace, raise, an, see on. elevate, instigate : pret. Andreas, m., Andrew: as. 3sg. ahof, 4; inf. 228. 308. [MnE. heave. ~\ anforlstan, rd. w. ace, ahlyhhan, v1. intr., laugh: abandon, reject: pret. 3pl. pret. 3Sg. ahlog, 189. anforleton, 502. See an, 3h5n, rd. w. ace, hang: adv., and forlstan. pret. 3Sg. aheng, 305; inf. anig, adj., only: nsf. wk. izi, 309. ange, 95. 70 ®l08tiaV£ annes, f., unity: ds. annesse, awyrgan, m. trans., 727. on-t-^^S curse: pte asm. awyr- anraed, adj., of single pur gedne, 617; vsm. awyr- pose, resolute: nsm. 90; ged, 2n. [Cf. wearg, nsf. 601. — RftJK. * outlaw.*] Br, f., favour, mercy: as. are, S1; gp. arna, 715. B [Cf. Ger. Ehre.~\ 5r, m., messenger: ns. 276. bSSdan, see gebsdan. [Cf. MnE. errand. ,] bslfyr, n., pyre, funeral araeran, wi. trans., rear, fire : gp. bsltira, 579. • erect: pte araered, 498. [bSl, ' pyre.'] Srasian, w2. trans., over bSlwylm, m. f., surging take: pte arasad, 587. of fire: ds. baelwylme, [Cf. rags, ' rush.'] 336. Sreccan, w1. w. ace, re bSm, see b5gen. count: inf. 314.. baernan, w1. w. ace, burn, arleas, adj., impious: nsm. pret. 3 pl. baerndon, [16]. 4. «Xt-Ws See onbaernan. asecgan, w3. w. ace, tell: baeS, n., bath: ns. 581. inf. [313], 494. banJoca, wm., body: np. Ssettan, w1. w. ace, take banlocan, 476. [ban, down: inf. 231. 'bone'; loca, 'coffer.'] astigan, I. intrans., ascend, beadu, f. , battle : ds. bea- arise: pret. 3sg. astag, duwe, 385. 62. [Cf. Ger. steigen.~\ bSag, m., ring, bracelet: aswebban, w1. w. ace, ap. beagas, 687. [bfl- put to death: inf. 603. gan.] -trsuv---^— [Cf. swefan, 'sleep.'] beald, adj., bold: nsm. 388. attor, n., poison: gs. attres, See unbeald. 471. [Cf. Ger. Eiter.^ beald lice, adv., boldly: S3um, m., son-in-law: ns. 492, 519. abum, 65. [Cf. Ger. bealdor, m., prince, chief: F.idam.~\ ns. 568. 7* bealo, n., injury, evil: as. beorgan, m. w. dat. and ul; gp. bealwa, 312. ace, avert from: opt. bealosearo, n. , evil, snare -. 2sg. burge, 266. . ^ ip. bealosearwum, 473. beorht, adj., bright: asm. (o^t. bealoSonc, m., wicked beorhtne, 503. thought: ip. bealoboncum, beorma, wm., yeast, fer 469. ment: is. beorman, 396. beam, m., tree: as. 228, [MnE. barm.~\ 309. [Cf. Ger. Baum.\ beorn, m., man, •warrior: See wudubeam. gs. beornes, 41; gp. beam, n., child: as. 666; beorna, 272, 469. a vs. 266. [Cf. beran.] beornan, see foAeornan. vr1^^- begen, adj., both: npm. bSorjsetl, n., beer-bench : begen, 64; npn. butu, ds. beorsetle, [687]. 292; dp. biem, 503. bSot, n., boast, threat: ip. behlidan, 1. trans., close: beotum, 176. [*b1-hat.] pte behliden, 237. [hll- beotian, w2. w. ace, boast, dan, 'cover'; cf. MnE. threaten: pres. 2sg. beo- tast, 137. belgan, I11. refl. w. ace. bSotword, n., boasting, become angry: pret. 3sg. threatening word : ip. bealg hine, 185. See ge- beotwordum, 185. belgan. beran, 1v. w. ace, bear; bend, m. f. n. , bond : ip. ben cherish: 1sg. bere, 367; dum, [519], 535, 625. pret. 3Sg. baer, 28. See beodan, 11. w. dat., com geberan, ymbberan. mand: 2sg. beodest, 463 betra, see god. inf. 265. See bibeodan. bl, prep., by; w. pte phrase beofian, w2. intr., tremble: (' 3 3), •while : w. dat. 3sg. beofa«, 708. [Cf. 133. 227, 7*°, 7*8- Ger. bebenj^__ bibeodan, 11. trans., com b!on, see wesan. mand: pret. 3Sg. bibead, beor, n., bier : is. beore, *3*, *94. 577; ptc bi- 4«6. boden, 11. 72 bicuman, 1v. w. ace, be bihSawan, rd. w. acc. and fall, overcome: pret. 3Sg. ins. (hSafde), behead: bicwom, 525. inf. 295. bidslan, w1. trans., de bihelmian, w2. trans., prive: pte (w. gen.) cover: pte bihelmad, \fj$^ bidiseled, 390, 681. [die- 241. WsJirv^iXl Ian, 'divide' ; cf. dael, bihlaenan, w1. w. ace, ' share.'] surround, set about: inf. bldan, 1. trans., await: [577]- 3pl. blda'S, 706. bihlyhhan, v1. w. ace, biddan, v. w. ace, entreat: laugh at, rejoice over: 1sg. bidde, 71 8; opt. 3sg. inf. 526. bidde, in ; imp. 2pl. bilecgan, m1. trans., c»ver:-\ny. bidda'S, 666; inf. 272, pret. 3sg. bilegde, 519. 278. [lecgan, ' lay,' from lic- bidsteal, m. or n. , place of gan.] waiting : as. bidsteal bilwit, adj., innocent, pure: gife'S, stands at bay, 388. asm. bilwitne, 278. [Cf. bieode, see bigan. Ger. billig.-\ bifSolan, m. trans., hide; bindan, m. w. ace, bind: give over, commit: pte opt. 3 pl. binden, 336. (as if 1v.) bifolen, 417; See gebindan. w. dat. and ace, pret. bineotan, 11. w. ace and 1sg. bifealh, 481. ins., depriveof: inf. 604. bH on, rd. trans. , encompass : [neotan, 'use.'] H*Oje,\ pte bifongen, 3 50. bisencan, w1. trans., sink: bigan, anv. trans. , worship : pte npm. bisencte, 479. pret. 3sg. bieode, 208. [Cf. sincan, intr., bigong, m., extent, com 'sink.'] pass: as. 112. biseon, v. intr., look, re bigongan, rd. (also wk.) gard: pret. 3Sg. biseah, w. ace, worship: 2sg. 627. bigongest, 121, opt. 3sg. bisgu, see bysgu. bigonge, 110. See bigan. bfeponan, v1. w. dat., in- tiiornvg 73 stigate : pret. 1sg. (as if I blind, see hygeblind.^1 ^!)">' rd.) bispeon, [294] blissian, see geblissian. cWv biswican, 1. w. ace, de bliSe, adj., joyful: ip. bll- lude : pret. 1sg. biswac, 1mm, 165. [302]. bl5d, n., blood : ns. 292 ; bite, see sweordbite. as. 7 ; is. Mode, 476. biter, adj., bitter : apm. boccrsftig, adj., learned bitre, 405. [Cf. bitan, in the Scripture : ap. boc- ' bite.'] craeftge, 16. biSencan, w1. w. ace, bodian, w2. trans., an contemplate ; entrust : nounce: 3Sg. bodaU, 276. 1sg. bibence, 155; 2sg. [Cf. boda, 'messenger,' *fboW. bil,encest, 52. and beodan.] /"Cu biSurfan, prp. w. gen., bold, n., house: ds. bolde, WI"' need: 1sg. bi>earf, 715. 41, 114. biweddian, w2. trans., be boldwela, wm., house- troth: pte biweddad, 33. treasure: as. boldwelan, [Cf. wedjd ) , ' pledge. ' ] 503. biwindan, 1n. trans., -bora, see mundbora. \)«*-vw-v' wind, bind up: pte bi- bord, n., shield: as. 385. wunden, 234. brad, adj., broad: nsn. 8. biwyrcan, w1. w. ace, breca, see wiSe1jbreca. «~-a~^v_ make : inf. 575. brecan, 1v. w. ace, break; blSd, 'blast,' see (serblaed. overcome: pret. 3Sg. blaed, f., blossom: as. blaed, braec, 27. See forbre- 168. [Cf. blowan, can. -u>v~,*- ' bloom.'] bregd, see nearobregd. 3Wor|,-"W(tKv blendan, see ablendan. bregdar/, see forbregdan.'co ' bleo, n., appearance : as. brego, m., prince, lord : 363. [Variant of bleoh, ns. 666. MnE. blee.~\ breost, n., breast: dp. blStsian, see ungebletso breostum, 535. blican, 1. intr., gleam: inf. reostsefa, wm., breast, 564. soul: as. breostsefan, 405 74 &lo00ari> brSotan, n. w. ace, break, burgum, 11, 691. [Cf. dash to pieces: pret. 3pl. beorgan.] See rond-, (as if rd.) breotun, 16. wynburg. [Cf. MnE. brittle and but an< conj. w. opt., unless: ) Ger. Brosame!^- 197; buton, 179. L bringan, w1. w. ace, butan, prep., without: w. ] bring: inf. 114. ge- dat. 183, 359, 491, 584/ bringan. [Cf. bl, be-, and fltan.] br5ga, wm., terror, harm: butc, see bSgen. t-tidt- as. brogan, 376. See -byrd, see mundbyrd. wit aW6ga. T» r'1 byrlian, w. dat. and ace, brond,' m., fire: dp. bron- pledge, proffer: pret. 'sg. \jtc*y^~ dum, 581. [Cf. beor- byrlade, 486. [Cf. by- nan, 'burn.'] rele, * cup-bearer.'] brSSor, m., brother : dp. byrnan, w1. intr., burn : bro)rum, 312. pte nsm. byrnende, 373. bryd, f., bride : as. 41. bysgu, f., care, misery : gp. [Cf. Ger. Braut.] bisga, 6*5. [Cf. MnE. brydguma, m, bride busy.~\ groom : ns. 165 ; ds. brydguman, 100. brydlufu, wf., bridal affec tion : as. brydlufan, 114. carcern, n., prison : gs. bryne, m., burning, fire : carcernes, 236; ds. car- as. 473. [Cf. beornan, cerne, 233. [- cennan, w1. trans., bestow: Criste, 259, 420, 605. pte cenned, 24. Cristen, adj., Christian: ceosan, /«/ gecSosan. ap. Cristne, 5. circe, wf. , church : ap. cir- cuman, 1v. intr., come: can, 5. [on, 75. claustrum.~\ cuSIice, adv., manifestly: o~ vcnfyran, see gecnawan. 411. [cfiS, ' known ' ; cf. Commedia, {., Nicomedia cunnan.] in Bithynia: ds. 21. cwalu, f., death, murder: condel, f., candle: ns. 454. ds. cwale, 289, 613. [< Lat. candela.] [Cf. cwelan, ' die.'] - corSor, n., troop, host: ds. See feorhcwalu. life- 'Ucfrr- , corbre, 618. cwanian, w2. w. ace, be- , . Craeft, m., power; artifice: wail: inf. 537. [Cf. ^w,**l>' is. craefte, 359, 392; ip. Goth. qainon^ 76 cwealm, m. n. , death: ns. cySan, see gecySan. rev-iai. 605; as. 493. [Cf. cySig, uncySig. i'a-*or«>M cwelan, ' die.'] cwellan, w1. w. ace, kill: pret. 3sg. cwealde, 5 ; inf. 637. [cwelan.] See Scwellan. dSd, f., deed: gp. daeda, cwelman,w1. w. ace, kill: 725; dp. diedum, 707; pret. 3pl. cwelmdon, ap. daede, 52; ip. dx- 15- dum, 13. [Cf. dBn.] cweman, w1. w. dat., See firen-, g5o-, worn-, please, conciliate: inf. yfeldaed. 252. [Cf. GeT.[bequem?2 dSd-hwxt, adj., •valorous: See gecweman. ap. daedhwate, 2. cweSan, v. w. ace, speak: daeg, m., day: ds. daege, pret. 3sg. cwaelS, 92. SeeU 723; gs. daeges, 230; as. a-, oncweSan. \,J^-*°"~ \ 495, 694; dp. dagum, 2. cwide. See hleoSor-, leah See gewindaeg. dSSlan, see bidslan, ge- cyme, m., cbSnmg: ns. 259; dSlan.p*** .<-«.<*.< 3 ds. 161. daraShaebbende, adj., cyn, n., race: ns. 644; in spear-bearing: nsm. 68. runes, 704; gs. cynnes, fcf. MnE. i/«rt (from 18, 47°, 55'. 680, 719; F,).] ds. cynne, 509, 727; as. dSaf, adj., (toi/": dp. y^^y— K.sv>-*; 432. See monc^n. deafum, 150. [Cf. Ger. cyning, m., king: ns. 4, taub.~\ 224, 322, 516, 704; as. deaS, m., death: ns. 256; **9, 437, 544. 716; gp- ds. deaj,e, 87; is. deabe, cyninga, 279, 289. See 125. [Cf. Ger. 7W.] heofon-,— rodor-, =.wul- dSma, vim., judge: ns. ^9,rA^~ , dorcyning. 594. 602, [707] ; gs. , . ^ K^VO\a>\ cyrran, see 5-, on-,= o3- deman, 256. , cyrran. , 5*- dSman, w1. trans., <8\o$save 77 judge: imp. zsg. dem, [dSm, in sense of 87; announce : inf. 2. 'glory.'] [Cf. dom.] domsetl, n., judgment seat: dSmend, m., judge : ns. ds. domsetle, 162, 725. 534. dfofol, n., devil-. ns. 460; d5n, anv., do (as substitute as. 288, 534, 629; dp. for previous vb.): pret. deoflum, 221. [< Lat. 2sg. dydest, 542, 3sg. diabolus. ] dyde, 110, w. ace, 634. dSofolgield, n., idol: ap. See geddn. 52; dp. deofolgieldum, drsedan, see ondraedan. dne^A^ 15°- ettZi/e,. dreogan, 11. w. ace, un deolfan, see gedeolfan!^ 1 dergo: 2sg. dreogest, dSop, adj., deep, profound?] 247 ; pret. 1sg. dreag, asm. deopne, 301; asn. 626. [Obs. Eng. dree.] _ 431. [Cf. Ger. tie/.] dreorig, adj., miserable: dsuuOi^, deor, n., beast: ns. 597; npm. dreorge, 482. ~C^U^J\ gp. deora, 125. [Cf. druncen, adj., drunk: npm. 7 Ger. Tier. ] druncne, [486]. [pte deorc, adj., dart: ip. deor- of drincan, 'drink,' in cum, 460. cUm-^ active sense.] dSore, dSorast, see dyre. dry, m., wizard: np. drys, dohtor, f, daughter: ns. [301]. 68, 93; ds. dehter, 141. dryhten, m.,lord, the Lord: . dolwillen, adj., foolhardy: gs. dryhtnes, 13, 501, nsm. 451. [Cf. ge- 602; ds. dryhtne, 221, dwolen.] *49, 594; gP- dryhtna, dolwillen, n., yo//y: as. 594. 202. duguS, f., virtue, valor: d5m, m., judgment: as. 98, as. dugube, 221; war 466; ap. ddmas, 134, riors : ns. 162; ds. 210. [MnE. doom. ] duguj,e,256. [Cf. dugan^-. domeadig, adv., glorious: 'avail,' and Ger. [Tu-J to S&si. domeadigre, [288]. [gend?y 78 d>los»ar£ dumb, adj., dumb : dp. eafera, m, child: dp. dumbum, 150. eaferum, 504. durran, prp. w. inf., dare: eafoS, n., power, strength: 1 pl. durran, 330; pret. gp. eafo'Sa, 601. 3sg. dorste, 512. eage, wn., eye: gp. eagna, -{iO^ duru, f., door: ns. 236. 95. 47'- dygan, see gedygan.W*Mlh^ eahtian, w2. w. ace, de- dyre, adj., dear, beloved: clare: inf. 1, 609. [Cf. nsm. wk. deora, 725; Slier. achtenT] sup. nsf. wk. dyreste, 9 3 ; 7 adj., all: nsm. eall, vsf. wk. dyreste, 247 ; 450; nsn. eall, 36; eal, npn. deorast, 697. 644; gsn. ealles, 593; ~p dyrne, adj., hidden, secret: asm. ealne, 10, 286; asf. IcWA gP- dyrnra, 3*8. ealle, 562, 675; asn. eal. 44. 155, 399. 7°9, eall, 432, 506; npf. ealle, 183; npn. eal, 496; gp. Sac, adv., also: 297, 307, ealra, 289, 697. 475. 679- [cf- G«r- eald, adj., old: asm. ealdne, 623; apm. ealde, [485]. 5adgifu, f. , grace: gs. ead- ealdor, m., prince: ns. 329, gife, 276; as. eadgife, 448; as. 153. 502; gp. eadgifa, 563. ealdor, n. , life, age : to [Sad, ' blessing; wealth' ; ealdre,yi>r ever: ds. eal- cf. MnE. allodium and dre, 504, 646; as. 500; Ger. Kleinod.\ is. ealdre, 124. EadhreSig, adj., blessed: ealdocdom, m., dominion, vsf. 257. [Cf. hreS, supremacy: ns. 190; as. 'glory.'] *5- eadig, adj., blessed, saint: ealgeador, adv., altogether: nsf. wk. eadge, 105, 130, [163]. 627. See d5meadig. eard, m., land, abode: gs. eacHufu, wf. , fortunate love : eardes, 701 ; ds. earde, as. eadlufan, 104. 715; as. 20, 424. dlotfefoTE 79 earfeS, n., distress, diffi is. egsan, 268. [Cf. ege, culty: gp. earfe'Sa, 626; ' fear.'] dp. earfe)mm, 359; ap. ShstrSam, m., sea: as. _i_._jEarfehi, 496. [Cf. Ger. 673. [eh for ieg; cf. 8a, [ ^ArbetQ, 'river.'] eargflaru/f., flight of ar Shtnes, f., persecution: as. rows: as. eargfare, 404. ehtnysse, [4] . [Cf. Goth. !"Cf. earh, ' arrow,' and ' ogjattA ' terrify. ' ] aran.] eTle1rt?as, adj., powerless, earm, adj., unhappy, mis feeble: comp. asm. ellen- erable: nsm. 430, 616; leasran, 394. [ellen,-f-j 0 j asm. earmne, 633. ' strength, courage.'] earmsceapen, adj., ellenrSf, adj., stout of cour- wretched: vsm. 418. age :asm. ellenrofne, 382. &VLir>£.-&[C{. scieppan.] [r6f, ' brave.'] SaSe, adv., easily: [352]. ellenwSd, adj., furious: See, adj., eternal : asm. nsm. 1 40. [w 5 d, ecne, 434; asf. ece, 104, 'mad.'] 502; vsm. 273; gp. ecra, elles, adv., else, otherwise: 563. 113. [Cf. Lat. alias.] edn1wian, wj. trans., re ende, m., end: ds. 183; as. new : pret. 3 pl. ednlwe- 353, 661. dan, 485. [Cf. edniwe, endelSas, adj., endless: asn. 'renewed' ; niwe, 251, 506. ' new.'] endestaef, m., end: ns. edwit, n., reproach, dis 610. grace : as. 542. [Cf. enge, adj., narrow : dsm. ^;o«i^A.->wite.] wk. engan, 323. [Cf. eft, adv. , back ; again : 2 3 1 , Ger. eng.] 633. engel, m., angel: ns. 261, egesful, adj., terrible: nsm. 563 ; gs. engles, 244 ; / 329. [Cf. egsa.] gp. engla, 274, 644, / Egias.m., Aegeas: as. 307. 666. [ - — — faru, earg-,[y8jfaru. feorh, m., life, age : ns. fta, pl. adj., few. ip. feam, 119; gs. feores, 191, 354. 679 ; as. 477 ; is. feore, feax, n., M« Aa«>: ns. 591; 508. See wideferh. ©*vtf6^u^-_^ ds. feaxe, 227. [Cf. feorhcwalu, £, death: as. w MnE. \ Fairfax^ Hali- feorhcwale, 573. fSowere, num., four: 679. 1et, nT, skin: ns. 591. feran, w1. intr., journey : fela, indecl. n. w. part. inf. 523. [Cf. faran.~\ gen., many : ace 177, See geferan. 192, j 1 1 . [Cf. Ger. ferblSd, see faecblS^. V vielT] fSrend, m., messenger: ap. ffL-~jL*J! fSogan, w3. w. acc, hate: ferend, 60. pret. 3 pl. feodon, 14. ferS, m. n., mind, soul: ns. /feoh, hae^enfeoh.-i'sk' 287, 400; ds. fefSte, \feohgesteafd, n., treasure: 328 ; ferl,e, 553 ; as. Y*" J gp- feohstealda, [685]. 270, 364. [Also ferhS ; I feohgestrSon, n., treasure: cf. feorh.] See stearc- as. 42 ; gp. feohgestreona, ferSsCvv^-C 102. ferSgrim, adj., savage in feohfcend, see wiSerlfeoh- mind: nsm. 141. ferSloca, wm., mind: ds. -fSolan, see bifeolan. hi^Ce. fefSlocan, 234; as. feriS- feond, m., enemy, demon: locan, 79. ns. 350, 523, 573, 630; fetor, i., fetter: ip. fetrum, vs. 317, 348; gp. feonda, 433. [Cf. at.] '59. 545- [Cf. feogan.] fSSa, m., troop: ds. fe«an,^!, feondlice, adv., hatefully: 3»9- ^. 118. fiellan, w1. w. ace ,fell, dc- CaM^^t. feondscipe, m. , hatred, stroy : pret. 3Sg. fylde, enmity: as. feondscype, 5. [Cf. feallan, 'fall.'] 14. fif, num. , five : 588. feor, adv., far: 335, 384, findan, 1n. w. ace, find: 389. 1sg. finde, 364; 3sg.

82 findeiS, no; opt. 1sg. folde, wf., earth: ns. 499; finde, 81; pret. opt. 1sg. ds. foldan, 417. yf funde, 490; pte npm. f6n, /« 5-, bi-, for-, gefSn.J,*^ fundne, 535; inf. 573. for, f., journey: as. fore, »» finta, m, tail; sequel: as. 321. [Cf. faran.] fin tan, 606. for, prep., before, in the firas, mpl., men: gp. fira, presence of: w. dat. 95, 218, 240, 509. 101, 184, 267, 331, -firen, f., sin: dp. firenum, 542,570, 618; w. instr. 639. 587. firencraeft, m., sinful forbeornan, 1n. intr. , be power: as. 14. burned up: pret. 3sg. for- firendsed, f., sinful deed : bom, 587. ip. firendaedum, 59. forbrecan, 1v. w. ace, flSschoma, vim., body: ds. break to pieces: pret. 1sg. flSschoman, 489. [flSsc, forbraec, 473. ' flesh ' ; ^homa, ' coat, forbregdan, 111. w. ace, covermg.'] Gdt&^b cover: pret. 1sg. for- ^JflanSracu, {., attack of ar- br:egd, 470. [bregdan, j&irs- y ro^ rify, persecute: pret. 3pl. gealgmod. adj., cruel, gaeston, 17. [Cf. Goth. furious: nsm. 531, 598. u sg a isj an , ' terrify ' ; [gealg, 'sad.']^_ £~ MnE agnasl^ gear, n., year: gp. geara, , gSstgehygc-, n., mind, 693- , _ y thought : as. 148. geard, see middangeard. Qy .gSstgenlSla, wm., enemy gearo, adj., ready, ready of the soul : ns. 245. for: nsm. 365, 398; w. gSstlic, adj., spiritual : gen., nsf. 49. [MnE. asn. 387. \\~yare7\_ See ungearu^wox; 86 gearo, adv., readily, soon : gebugan, n. intr., bow, comp. gearwor, 556. incline : pret. opt. 2sg. geasne, adj., deprived of: gebuge, 361. nsm. 381 ; npm. 216. geceosan, 11. trans., choose, [S. 76, n. 1.] elect : pte asf. gecorene, geat, n., gate: as. 401. 605, 613; apm. geco — geaS, m. or n., folly : ds. rene, 16; apm. wk. ge- geal,e, 96. corenan, 299. gebSdan, w1 . trans., com gecnawan, rd. w. ace, pel: pte gebaeded, 203, tnow : opt. 2sg. gecnawe, 343, 462. 356; pret. 1sg. gecneow, gebed, n., prayer: ds. 443i inf- 34*- gebede, 373, 388. [bid- gecraeftan, w1. trans., con dan.] trive: pret. 1sg. gecrarfte, gebedstow, f., place of 290. prayer : ds. gebedstowe, gecweman, w1. w. dat., 376. propitiate: pres. 2sg. gebelgan, 1n. intr., become gecwemest, 169. angry : pte (w. act. mean gecwSme, adj., w. dat., ing) gebolgen, 58, 90, agreeable, acceptable: 582. nsf. 235. [cuman; cf. geberan, 1v. w. ace, bring Gei.\Feguem^y forth, originate : pret. gecySan, w1. w. ace, re- j- 1sg. gebaer, 506. veal : inf. g e c y > a n , £ gebindan, 1n. w. ace, [353]; opt. 2sg. gecy'Se, bind : pret. 2sg. gebunde, 279. 43 3 , 3sg- gebond, 616. gedaelan, w1. w. 3.Cc, part ^ geblissian, w2. trans., fwn: 3pl. geda-la'S, 697 cheer : pte geblissad, gedafen, adj., fitting, 287, 608. [bliss, 'joy,' proper: nsn. 87. from bliSe.] gedeolfan, 1n. trans., dig: gebringan, w1. w. ace, pte gedolfen, 423. bring: pret. 3 pl. gebroh- gedon , anv. w. ace , accom ton, 691. plish, cause: 2sg. gedest, tiloeemv 87 138; pret. 1sg. gedyde, dertake : pte gefongen, 475. Ptc- gedon, 330. 9», 19"- t. . , gedwild, n., delusion: gp. gefremman, wi. w. ace, ('e(&3*\ gedwilda, 368 ; ip. ge- perform, do, bring about: dwildum, 460. [Cf. ge- 1 sg. gefremme, 119; dwolen.] See misge- opt. 3Sg. gefremme, 696, d wield. 722 ; pret. 1sg. gefre- gedwola, wm., delusion : mede, 312, 354, 497. ds. gedwolan, 202 ; as. gefrSogan, w3. w. ace, gedwolan, 138, 301 ; gp. free : pret. 3Sg. gefreode, gedwolena, 368. 565- [frSo, 'free.'] gedwolen, adj. (pte of lost gefreoo'ian, w2. w. ace, vb.), misled, perverse : protect : pret. 3sg. ge- jgedygan npm. gedwolene, t w1. w. ace, 1 3. en freo'Sade, 565. [friS.] gefyllan, w1. w ace and dure, survive: inf. 257. gen., /// with : pret. gedyrstig, adj., daring: opt- 3Sg. gefylde, 578. mm. 451 ; nsf. 431. [fill.] [durran.] gegearwian, w2. w. ace, QfMAACu^ gefaestnian, w2. w. ace, 1 prepare : pres. 2sg. ge- J make firm: opt. 2pt. ge- ) gearwast, 55, 177 ; pte faestnige, 649 ; pte ge- / gegearwad, 173, 250. faestnad, 400, 499. (gegierwan, w1. w. ace, gefea, wm., joy. ds. gefean, prepare: pret. opt. 3sg. 670. [gefSon, ' re gegyrede, 40. joice.'] gehatan, rd. w. ace, pro- ^ - geferan, w1. intr., go: inf. mise : pret. 3sg. gehet, J~ 331. 639. gefetigan, w2. w. ace, gehealdan, rd. w. ace, fitch: inf. 60. hold, preserve: imp. 2sg. geflit, n., strife, bravjl : geheald, 284 ; pret. opt. ds. geflite, 484. [flitan, 3Sg. geheolde, 31. ' contend. ' ] gehSu, f., sorrow: as. 391. gefon, rd. trans., win; un gehw^, pron. w. part. gen., 88 aioesm each, every : gsm. ge- clined to, given over to : h waes, 561; gsn. gehwaes, nsm. 371. 313; dsm. gehwam, 729; gelic, adj., like : dsf. wk. asm. gehwone, 718. gellcan, 128; [w. dat.], gehwylc, pron. w. part. asn. 549. See ungelice. gen., each, every, any : gelimpan, m., happen, be gsm. gehwylces, 224 ; fall : intr., pret. 3sg. ge- gsn. gehwylces, 30, 216, lamp, 2; impers. w. dat., 352; asn. 222, 465. pret. 3sg. gelamp, 442 ; gehygd, n., thought, pur gelomp, 558. pose: as. 431; dp. gehyg- geliSan, 1. intr., arrive : dum, 652. [hycgan.] pte geliden, 677. See gaest-, ingehygd. gelong, adj., to be had, ob _gehynan, w1. w. ace, tainable: nsf. 645. [Cf. humiliate : inf. 633. Ger. IgelingenT] [hean.] gelyfan,"w17 "WT ace, be gehyran, w1. w. ace, lieve: pres. 2sg. gelyfest, ^ hear : 1sg. gehyre, 461 ; 48. vs.~y*Ji~~ pret. 3Sg. gehyrde, 59, gemSlan, w1. trans., spot, 609, 629. mark : pte gemiled, gelaSdan, w1.w. ace, lead: 591. [mSl, ' blemish.'] 1sg^ gelaede, 377 ; pte gemana, wm., union : as. — gelxded, 635 ; inf. 161, gemanan, 127. 232, 532. gemStan, w1. w. ace, gelsEran, w1. w. ace, meet, find : 1 sg. gemete, teach : 2sg. gelaerest, 383 ; opt. 1 pl. gemeten, 149; pret. 1sg. gelierde, 731- 297. 3°7, So1; 3Sg- ge- gemete, adj., to be found : laerde, 574. npm. 334. gelSafa, wm., belief : gs. geminsian, w2. w. ace, geleafan, 378; is. gelea- diminish, reduce : pret. fan, 653. [Cf. Ger. 3Sg- geminsade, 621. [min, ' smaller ' ; MnE. gelenge, adj. w. dat., in [mince. ~\ 89 gemong, n., company: ds. geniSla, wm., enemy. dp. gemonge, 528 ; as. 420. genlHum, 151. [ni5.] [MnE.j a-mong~7] See gaest-, laSgeniSla. gemSt, xs^Jfteet1ng, encoun gen1wian, w2. trans., re ter : gs. gemotes, 426. new. pte genlwad, 607. gemunan, prp. w. ace, re [niwe, 'new.'] member : 1sg. gemon, geo, adv., of old : 420. 6*4 ; 3Sg- gemon, 709 ; [Cf. MnE.(yor£j Akr.t« .y' opt- 3Sg- gemyne, 721 ; gSodSd, f., former deed: * imp. 2pl. gemuna'S, 641. ip. iudiedum, 703. gemynd, f. , memo ry, geoguShad, m., youth: gs. thought : dpl. gemyn- geogirShades, 168. [had, - ksnt ,-kcod. dum, 36. [munan.] ' condition. ' ] gemyndig, adj. w. gen., geomor, adj., wretched: mindful: nsf. 601. nsm. 393 ; nsn. 703. See gemyrran, w1 . trans., hy gegeomor. cKefc" ^ K*ajcJj^' ruin, corrupt : pte ge- geond, prep., throughout : myrred, 412. w. ace 3, 332, 507. gen, adv., yet, still, more- geondwl1tan, 1. w. ace, /Z over : 110, 169, 191, look through, examine: s*#*"V 29°, 293, 317, 34S, 1sg. geondwl1te, 399. - 589 ; gTen, 417. [Vari geong, adj., young: nsf. 35, ant of gegn.] 271 : asf. geonge, 91. geneahhe, adv. , abundant- geopenian, w2. trans., b>, often: ^. [genugan, open: pte geopenad, 403. * prp. 'suffice.'] [open, ' open.'] genSatscolu, f., throng of georn, adj. w. gen., ea companions : ns. 684. ger, zealous : nsm. 39, yva*Av [K5neat, ' companion,' 409. -H"3T<~from ne5tan ; scolu, georne, adv., gladly, ea * school, company ' ^eSungerj/ session : d s. gewealde, geSingian, w2. intr., come [86], 412; as. 159. to an agreement, become gewemman, see unge- CuJt\*attreconciled : opt. 2sg. ge- wemed.^u^--sf. oTc^j Q >ingige, 198 ; w. dat., gewSnan, w1. w. gen. and plead for : 3sg. geWnge, refl. dat., expect : pret. ^>^-e>i_ 1sg. gewende, 453. geSoht, m., purpose : gs. geweorc, n., work : ns. gebohtes, 550. 237. geSolian, m. w. ace, suf geweorSan, I11. intr., be- 92 come, be; w. dat., befall: giefu, f., gift, grace: as. intr., opt. jsg. geweorl,e, giefe, 168, 316, 447, 156, 667; w. dat., pret. 517. See eadgifu. 3sg. geweartf, 503; 3pl. gield.n., worship: as. 146; gewurdun, [508]. divinity : dp. gieldum, gewin, n., strife : gs. ge- 174. See dSofol-, ha8- wynnes, 190; as. 421. engield. See hond-, lSodgewin. gien, see gtn.^ 1 gewindaeg, m., day of g1etan, tee ong1etan. \j^taP*y- v struggle dp. gewinda- gif.conj.,//: 47, 51,83,87, gum, 611. 119, 120, 126, 169, 174, Vgewinna, wm., enemy. ns. 201, 251, 329, 334, 337, *43i as- gewinnan, 345, 382; substitutes : inver [555]. sion, 402; ond, 378; pSSr, gewit, n., mind: ds. ge- 57°- 5W0td- WfMtft-J . y£' witte, 144, 597. .giftg. see heorogifre. ^A. «yjA> U)okn«>^ gewunian, wz. intr., re gift, see wifgiftu . J«\t^5T>N<0 main : inf. 375. ginfaest, adj. , generous : asf. ^ gewyrcan, w1. w. ace, ginfa;ste, 168. contrive : pret. 1sg. ge- glaedmod. adj., illustrious: worhte, 711; pte ge- n s 111. 91. [g 1 ae d, worht, 40 1 ; gp. geworh- 'bright.'] tra, 172. glaem, m., radiance : as~ gewyrht, n., action, deed: 167. ^«***M^ \ dp. gewyrhtum, 728. gleaw, adj., wise, skilled \ [weorc.] See Srge- in : nsf. 131; w. gen. wyrht. nsm. 245. gey wan, w1. trans., show. gleawhyegende, adj., pru pte gey wed, 69. dent: ^nsfT 252. \ gied, n., song, lay. as. 719. glSawlice, adv., wisely : giefan, v1. w. ace, give: 181. 1sg. giefe, 85; 3Sg. glSd, f., burning coals : gp. gife*, 388; giefe*, 657. gleda, 391. [glowan, See agiefan. 'glow.'] U>fi#ari? 93 gnorr^cearig, adj., miser gongan, rd. intr., go : inf. able: nsm. 529. [gnorn, 703. See bl-, wiSgon- ' grief.'] . g5d, adj., good, holy: nsm. graeswong, m., grassy 5" 102 ; gp. godra, 381 ; plain: as. 6 comp. nsm. betra, 100 ;lgram, see grom. (jt»*AP^ nsn. selle, 407; sup. grennian, w2. inti./sMiw^1^^ apm. wk. selestan, 206. one' s teeth : pret. 3sg. §>\fLTV C^oiA^i-God, m., God : ns. 265, grennade, 596. [MnE. 515; gs. godes, 17, 23, 35. 261, 365, 408, 491. gretan7 w1. w. ace greet: 54°, 5^3. 666, 693; ds. pret. 3sg. grette, 164. gode, 51, 106, 131, [Cf. Gei.JgTussehT] [271], 387, 659; as. 47, grim, adj., fierce, Tfuel: gp. 74, 109, 180, 239, 434, grimra, 173, 367; sup. 642; vs. 729 ; gp. goda, dsf. wk. , grimmestan, 146, 619; dp. godum, 204. See fer? 169, 215,252; ap. godu, waelgr 80, 121, 194, 598. gringfwracu.f., deadly pun / god, n., benefit, good: gs. ishment: ds. gringwraece, I godes, 397; gp. goda, 265. [Cf. gringan^ El. \ 216. 126, variant of" cringan, ^ — v ^ Godhergend, n., wor 'fall.'] <-4s\v^\o$$we. 95 hSstlice, adv., fiercely -. treat \ 1sg. halsige, 446, r>?ec^ 136. 539- haeSen, adj., heathen: nsm. ham, m. , home : ds. ham, h£ben, 7; gsm. hae'Snes, 3»3, 53°. 683. 589; dsm. hae)mum, 533; hat, adj., hot: nsn. 586. asm. hSbenne, 536 ; hatan, rd. w. ace, promise, npm. hae'Sne, 64. [haSS, vow ; w. inf., command: 'heath.'] w. ace, 2sg. haetst, haeSenieoh, n., heathenish [53] ; w. inf., 3Sg. tribute : as. hiebenfeoh, hate*, 333 ; opt. 3»g. [S3]- hate, 254; pret. 3Sg. het, hSSengield, SSe n. , idol: ap. 60, 74, 142, 161, 186, haebengield, 15, 22. 227,231, 265,303, 308, (rO><>^tN0haga, see cumbothaga. 5*3,53°. 575. 579. 582. balig, adj. , holy ; as noun, 602, 612. [Cf. MnE. saint : nsm. 241, 263, hight.~\ See ge-, onha- 512 ; nsm. wk. halga, tan. 295; nsf. 237, 536; nsf. hate, adv., hotly: 581. wk. halge, 315, 345, hS, pron., he: nsm. 11, [567]. 589, 696. 716; [219], etc. (45 times); gsf. haligre, 61, 689 ; nsf. heo, 34, etc. (16 gsf. wk. halgan, 607 ; times) ; hlo, 28, 106 ; dsm. halgum, 422, 442 ; gsm. his, 8, etc. (14 dsf. wk. halgan, 246 ; times) ; gsf. hire, 30, asm. haligne, 309, 386; 165 ; hyre, 32, 669 ; asf. halge, 29, 514, 533, dsm. him, 24, etc. (15 604, 656; asn. 560; gp. times) ; dsf. hire, 35 ; haligra, 7, 339, 642 ; hyre, 117, 610, etc. dp. halgum, 171; apm. (12 times) ; asm. hine, halge, 15; ap. wk. hal 27, etc. (9 times) ; asf. gan, 300. h>. 77. 87, 142; hy, 85, haior, n., salvation : ds. 158, 164, 622; asn. hit, halor, 327, 360, 440. 57°. 649. 69 1 ; nP- hi. hSlsian, w2. w. ace, en- 336, 477, 482, 487, 96 tfloBtfatE 501, 636; hy, 63, 301, gp. heardra, 56, 315; 484, 599, 677,686, 691; sup. apn. wk. heardestan, gp. hyra, 482, 504; dp. 339- him, 198, 208, 474, heardlic, adj., hard, cruel: 476, 486, 503, 515, 639; npn. heardl1cu, 263. ap. hi, 197 ; hy, 501. hearm, m., affliction, mis hSafod,n., head: is. heafde, ery: as. 629. 295, 604. hearmlSoS, n. , song of mis hSah, adj., high: dsm. wk. ery: as. 615. [Cf. Ger. hean, 482; asm. heanne, OS •£0 228, 309; sup. gsm. wk. hgawan, see bihSawan. hyhstan, 446 ; asm. wk. hebban, vi. w. ace, lift up, hyhstan, 716. [Cf. Ger. raise, erect: 3sg. hefcS, hoch.] 386; pret. 3 pl. hofon, hSahfaeder, m., patriarch : 15 ; pte hafen, 693. gp. heahfaedra, 514. [MnE. heave.~] ^.(nW*1 hBahmaegen, n., supreme hefig.adj., heavy: nsn. 526. .) poiuer: "as. 645. hel, f., hell: gs. helle, 246, hSahSu, wf., height, on 422, 629; as. helle, 682. high : ds. heahl,u, 263, Heliseus, m., Eleusius, the 560. prefect of Nicomedia: ns. healdan, rd. w. ace, hold, *S, 673 ; ds. Heliseo, possess: opt. 2pl. healden, 160. 664 ; pret. 3sg. heold, hellegSst, m., spirit of 22 ; imp. 2pl. healda'S, hell: ns. 615; vs. 457. 656. See gehealdan. hellsceaSa, wm., hellish hSan, adj., base, vile, mis foe: dp. hellscea)mm, 157. erable: nsm. 615; vsm. hellwaran, wm. pl., deni 457; npm. heane, 681. zens of hell : gp. hell- [Cf. Ger. jHoTnTj warena, 322, 437; hel- I hSanmSd, adj., humiliated, warena, [544] . [-waran • abashed: nsm. 390. from wesan ; cf. MnE. 1/ heard, adj., hard, cruel: -er in Londoner, ete] * nsm. wk. hearda, [577] ; helm, m., covering, fro- 97 lection ; protector: ns. 722. herian, wi. w. ace, praise, See misthelm. voorship : opt. 3pl. her, helmian, see bihelmian£»vY> gen, 645; pret. 3Sg. her- help, f., help: ns. 645; as. ede, 239; 3 pl. heredon, helpe, 696, 722. 560; inf. hergan, 77. See helpend, m., helper: ns. Godhergend. 157- Herodes, m., Herod : ds. heofon, m., heaven : as. Herode, 293. 112; gp. heofona, 722. hete, see cumbolhete. Vvul?. heofoncyning, m., king of heteSonc, m. , malicious heaven : ds. heofoncy- thought : gp. hetebonca, ninge, 360. 315. [hete, 'hate.'] heofonengel, m., angel of hettend, m., enemy : gp. heaven:^. heofonengla, hettendra, 663. 642. hider, adv., hither: 322. heofonrice, n., kingdom of hildeSremma, wm., war heaven: gs. heofonrices, rior: np. hildebremman, 212, 239. 64. [-8 remma for heolstor, m., darkness: is. *-5rymma ; see 8rymr heolstre, 241. hildewoma, wm., terror of heonan, adv., hence: 253, bloodshed : ds. hildewo- 457, 661. man, 663; np. hildewo- heorogifre, adj., keen, de man, 136. vouring: nsn. 586; asm. hildfruma, wm., war- heorogiferne, 567. [heo- chief. ns. 7. jin, f sword ' ; gifre, htw, w., form: as. 244. ' greedy. ' ] [MnE.ftaiTj heorte, wn., heart : ds. hlSfdige, 1'., lady: vs. 539. heortan, 239, 656. [hlaf, 'loaf'; *dlgan, fe- 1 hgr, adv., here: 116, 442. ' knead.'] here, m., army: gs. herges, hlaenan, w1. w. ace, lean, 589. incline: pret. 3pl. hls1v- hererinc, m., warrior: ns. don, 63. [MnE. lean.~] . 189. [rinc, 'warrior.'] See bihjjfgan. ^a^' 98 hlaford, m., lord: as. 129, -homa, see fiSsc-, llchoma. 681. [*hlaf-weard.] homor, m., hammer: gp. hlSo, m., shelter, protection: homra, 237. as. hleo, 49 ; vs. 272. hond, f, hand: dp. hon- [MnE(7?7] dum, 512; ip. hondum, hlSotan, 11. w. gen., obtain: 493- inf. 622. [Cf. MnE. hondgewin, n., combat: ns. lot.-] hondgewinn, 526. \ hleoSoFCwide, m., utter hordgestreon, n., trea ance: as. hleoborcwide, sure: as. 22. 461. [h 1 e o 6 o r, hordloca, wm., treasure- ' sound.'] chest: ds. hordlocan, 43. hlgoSrian, w2. w. ace, [loca, in sense 'coffer.'] «/ter:pret. 3sg. hleol,rade, Ihosjjym. or n., ignominy: 283. is. hospe, 300. hlidan, see behl1dan CtfreUfhospword, n., insult : ip. hlinreced, n., prison : as. hospwordum, 189. hlinraeced, 243. [hlin- hrtegl, n., robe : ns. 590; as. . only in compounds, 595. [Obs. MnE. rail.] ft>A . — 'grating,' so named from hraSe, adv., quickly: hrabe, u the slanting bars; cf. hli- 254, 370. [Cf. MnE. nian, ' lean,' and hlS- rather.] nan ; reged, 'house.'] hreoh, adj., rough, fierce: hlinscua, wm., prison nsm. 61, 595: asm. shade: ds. hlinscuan, 544. reone, 481. hloS, f., troop: as. hlobe, hrSowcearig, adj., de jected: nsm;__536. [hreo- >y\ t hlyhhan,/wa-, 676. bihlyhhan. wan.f'TuT^ hof, n., abode : ds. hofe, hrgijig, see £adhreSig. \yed532- ^groTDhof. hrinan, 1. w. dat., touch: holm, m., sea: gp. holma, inf. 512. hroSor, n., joy: ds. hrol,or, holt, n., wood: is. holte, 416; gp. hrolra, 390, 577- 681. 99 ml, adv., how : 34, 348, hyegan, w3. trans. and 400, 419,431, 558, 571, intr., think; resolve; plot: 615. [Cf. hwa, and Lat. intr., pret. 2sg. hogdes, qua, ' how. ' ] 422; trans., pret. 3Sg. hundseofontig, num., hogde, 29 ; w. ace, pret. seventy: 588. 3Sg. from hogde, 34, de hus, n., house: as. 648. spised. See for-, wiS-, hwa, indef. pron., some one, wiSerhycgan. . x^r^ something : asn. hwaet, -hydig, see stiShydig. sto . 397- hygd, *** ge-, oferhygd. |p-vo w. dat., obey: w. dat. 3Sg., 487, 528, 530, 545, 549, hyre'S, 371; inf. 379; w. 592, 683, 684, 686, 691, ace, pret. 1pl. hyrdon, 1. 711, 727; w.jac3, 243, See gehyran. *94, 3". 4°SrTi3, 434. hyrde, m., shepherd, 43«, 473.474.5S5. 5*3. guardian : ns. 66; vs. 724. £^Cou-W* 28°- [Cf- Ger- Hirte-1 inbryrdan, w1. trans., in J " hyrst,f., ornament, decora spire : pte inbryrded, tion : gp. hyrsta, 43 535. [brord, 'point.'] [Cf. Ger. \rusten.) J-ingehyjgj^ n., inward thought: as. 399. ingong, m., entrance: ns. 403. ic, pron., /: ns. 46, etc. (99 innan, adv., within: 691. times); gs. mm, 521; ds. innanweard, adv., within: me, 68, etc. (33 times); 400. as. mec, 53, etc. (18 inne, adv., within: 237. times); me, 74, 275, 697; inwitrfin, f., hateful coun np. we, 1, 75, [325]; sel: as. inwitrune, 610. 327, 3*9. 33°. 334. 339; [inwit, 'malice.'] 730; dp. us, 122, 328, Iohannes, m., John : as. 729; ap. usic, 325, 336. 294. See min, uncer, ure, user. iudsd, see gSodSd. idel, adj., idle, vain: np. Iuliana, wf., Juliana: ns. idle, 217. 106, 131, 148, 316, ides, f. , maiden, woman: [628]; as. Iulianan, 28, ds. idese, 116. 531; vs. 96, 167, 540. in, adv., inward, against: 404. in, prep., in, into, against: w. dat., 2, 21, 28, 36, lac, n., gift, sacrifice: as. 37. 83. 94. 144. lac, 199, 254 ; dp. 182, 234, 240, 324, 336, lacum, 111. [Cf. MnE. ■e scinlSc. 376, 388, 391,417, 439, wedlock.'] \\\\J See r scinlac. tfrtostfatT? 1o1 — lScan,rd. intr., leap, dance: ISreow, m., teacher : ns. pret. 3Sg. leolc, 674. 409. [lar ; SSow, ' ser Isd, see unlied. vant.'] laedan, w1. w. ace, lead, I5st, m.,_/ooW<^jep. lasta, conduct: pte laeded, 689; 474. [MnE.l inf. 254, 613. [HSan.] late, adv., lalf: 444. See 5-, gelSdan. [tat] Iaemen, adj., earthen: asn. 155, adj., hateful: asm. la'S- 574. Hi!?, 'clay* ; ne, 377; asn. 201; gp. MnE.tT^wT) lal,ra, 622. ISSran, wl. w. ace, teach, lSSgeniSla, wm. , hateful urge: 3sg. liere'S, 281; persecutor: ns. 232. inf. 638, 647. [Cf. lar.] ISad, n., liad: ns. 585; gs. See gelSran^Xjt»ck leades, 578, 583. [Cf. IBs, see GerftoT] laet, adj., slow, remiss : leahtor, m., •u/ff, crime: Nvvnsm. 573, 712. [ISStan.] gp. leahtra, 375, 566, IStan, rd. w. ace, leave; 583, 612, 652; dp. leah- " w. inf., let: w. ace, imp. trum, 371; ap. leahtras, 2sg. laet, 88; w. inf. opt. 408. 2sg. laete, 275; imp. 2sg. leahtor^cwide, m., wicked ljet, 200; pl. laeta'S, 622. speech : dp. leahtorcwi- [Cf. Ger. lassen.~\ See dum, 199. 5-, Snfor-, forlstan. ISan, n., reward: ds. leane, laguflSd, m., ocean : as. 708; np. lean, 195; gp. 674. [lagu, 'sea'; flod, leana, 622. [Cf. Ger. ff. ,flood-'] JtoJnT} " lamfaet, n., earthen jar: as. lSas, adj., false: nsn. 356. S7». [Cf. leogan, 'lie.'] land, see lond. .^nwlo ISas, adj. w. gen., free -l(?5 lang, see long. Vi.*^. from, deprived of: asf. -V-CSS J5r, f. , teaching, doctrine: lease, 188, 566, 583, "dp. larum, 371, 378; ip. 614; npm. lease, 682. larum, 306, 483. [Cf. lSosan, 'lose.'] io2 tilonsaxv ISasing, f., lie, deception : lichoma, wm., body: gs. dp. leasingum, 149 ; ap. lichoman, 41 5. [Cf. leasinga, 179. Ger.\Leichn-am. \ leger, n., bier: ds. legre, lif, n., life: ns. 612; gs. 415. [licgan, 'lie.'] llfes, 377, 661, 708; ds. leng, see longe. txJu. life, 88; as. 483. L^e^-e- Jeodgewin, n., combat: as. lig, m., fire: ns. 585; gs. so1. [l5od, 'people.'] llges, 474; ds. lige, 592; lSodscipe, m., people: ns. as. 566; is. lige, 17. leodscype, 208. [For lieg, S. 31, n.; cf. lSof, adj., dear: nsf. 131; Ger. [Lohe ~\ vsn. 647; comp. nsn. US, n., limb : np. leopu, leofre, 88; npn. leofran, 592. [liSan, 'move.'] 122; sup. vsm. leofast, HSan, see geliSan. 84. [Cf. Ger. lieb.-\ loca, vim., enclosure, bar I lSoht, adj., bright, clear: rier : as. locan, 474. I gsm. leohtes, 378; ism. [lucan, ' fasten.'] See I leohte, 653. bar^-, ferS-, hordloca. *. lSoht, n., light: gs. leohtes, lof, n., praise, "worship : ns. 161; as. 111; vs. 95. *33, 693i ds. lofe, 139, ^lBoma, wm., light: as. leo- 275, 638; as. 48, 408. man, 471. [Cf. Ger.fTegT] Sov^oy ~l8oS, see hearmlSoS. lofian, w2. w. ace, praise: " libban, w3. intr., live: 3Sg. inf. 76. leofa'S, 119; opt. 3sg. lofsong, m. n., song of lifge, 410; pte dsm. wk. praise : ip. lofsongum, lifgendan, 653; dsf. lif- 689. gendre, 133. lond, n., land: ds. lande, lie, n., body. ns. 592, 689, 677. 714; gs. lices, 409 ; ds. londmearc, f., border of the l1ce, 670, 699. [Cf. Ger. land : ds. londmearce, Uiche-1 635. [mearc, 'border' ; l1cfaet, body. ns. indicated cf. MnE. marches, mar- by runes LF, 708. tfHofleratT? 103 long, adj., long: dsm. wk. mSg, f., maiden: ns. 175, langan, 670 ; asf. longe, 600 ; vs. 257. [Obs. 674. Eng. I»iay.] longe, adv., long : 208; mSg, m., "kinsman, fel. lange, 444; comp. leng, low : dp. magum, 528, [375]- 557- lufian, w2. w. ace, love: maegden, n., maiden : gs. 2sg. lufast, 48; opt. 1sg. maegdnes, 608. lufie, 178 ; 3sg. lufige, maegen, n., strength, 1 1 1 ; inf. 27, 195. power; throng: ns. 235; lufu, wf. (S. 278, n. 1), gs. maegnes, 392 ; is. love: ns. 669; ds. lufan, maegne, 599, 690; gp. J1, 375. 652, as- l"fan, maegna, 109, 213, 222, 41, 501. See bryd-, 6^9, 7*9- [MnE. Sad-, mod-, wiSufu. Cmaitu] See hSahmae- lust, m., pleasure : ap. lustas, 369, 409. maegenSrym, m., mighty lyftlacende, adj., playing power, glory : gs. mz- in the air: ns. 281. genl,rymmes, 154. [lyft, 'air.'] mgglufu, wf., love : gs. 'yge, m., lie, untruth : as. maeglufan, 70. [mIEg, 133. [lSogan, 'lie.'] 'kinsman.'] lysan, see a-, tSl^san. \f *tj mSgraSden, f., alliance : lytesnS, adv., almost: 10. as. maegraedenne, 109. [gs. of lyt, ' little ' ; maegS, f. , maiden, woman: na.] gp. maegba, 551, 568. ^ maegShad, m., virginity : W00A. M as. 30. mSl, see SragmSlum. vaaAa/s*s ma, adv., more: 413, 505. maelan, see gemSjan. y 5j»ot" [Obs. EngJmoe.'^ mSlan, wi. intr., speak % ma, indecl. n. w. part. pret. 3Sg. mSlde, 351, gen., more: ace 456. 455, 538. [nrtBl, 'utter- ^ te^c maecga, see wraeomaecga. ance,' variant of maeSl.l J} f 1o4 nftoetmi mSnan, w1. w. ace, la nanSeaw, m., rvil habit : ment : inf. .tg1. 712 ip. man>eawum, [410]. [Cf. MaE.[moanr\ [Seaw, 'habit' ; MnE. maene, adj., wtcked : apf.' thews.] mine, 370. [mSn.] anweorc, n., wicked ma?re, adj., great, illus deed : gp. manweorca, trious : asm. maerne, 4S9, S°5; dp. manweor- 26 ; asf. wk. maeran, cum, 439. 731 ; vsm. wk. maera, mSra, /« micel. 86. maSumgesteald, n., /r*«- mSst, see micel. sure: ns. maSumge maeste, adv., most : 72. steald, 36. Uv-6 Psn- suP-^>f micel.] Maximian, pr. n., Maxi- - ^mSete, see or-, unmSte^, mian : gs. Maximianes, 3. Y^^j^^Anmagan, prp. w. inf., can : meaht, f., power: as. w^o^- 1sg. maeg, 46, 313, 352, meaht, 446, 514, 521, 0 494 ; 2sg. meaht, 53, 620 ; gp. meahta, 723 ; 341 ; 3sg. maeg, 113, dp. meaht um, 182. 374 , opt- "g. maege, [magan.] 396 ; pret. opt. 1sg. meahtig, adj., mighty : meahte, 358 ; pret. 1sg. asm. meahtigne, 306. 392; 3sg. meahte, 226 ; &* aelmihtig. 3pl. meahtun, [599] i mearc, londmearc. opt. 3sg. meahte, 570, melda, wm., informer, an 572. nouncer : ns. 557 ; ds. man, see mon. meldan, 621. n^Jw-JtU /man, n., evil, sin: gs. meldian, w2. w. ace, re v~ - I manes, 557; gp. mana, veal: inf. 463. ) 30. [Cf. Ger. Mein- mengu, wf., multitude: ds. 1 eid.-\ mengu, 45. [monig ; ( manfrSa, wm., wicked cf. Ger. Menge. J v*iovia Y lord: ns. 546. meord, £7 reward : as. ° Iminfremmende,adj., evil- meorde, 729. [Variant doing : nsm. 137. of mSd : MnE. meed. 1 meotud, m., God, Lord : middangeard, m., earth, ns. 667 ; gs. metodes, world : gs. m i d d a n 383; as. 182, 306, 436, geardes, 154; as. 3. 721. middel, n., middle : ds. mereflod, m. f. n., sea- midle, 568. [mid, adj., ftood : ds. mereflode, 'middle.'] 480. I* ^lo A. mihtig, see aelmihtig. mStan, w1. w. ace, meet, milde, adj., mild, merciful, find: 3Sg. metcS, [218]; benign: nsm. 328, 667; pret. 1sg. mette, 548. nsn. 235; asm. mildne, [mot, ' meeting.'] See 213; asf. 731; dp. mil- gemStan. dum, 170$ apm. wk. tnicel, adj., great : nsf. mildestan, 207. V*J*-«W«. 632, 695, 718 ; nsn. milts, f., pity, grace: as. 127, 692 ; dsm. wk. miltse, 657. [milde.] miclan, 723 ; asm. mi- miltsian, w2. w. dat., celne, 26 ; asf. micle, pity : opt. 2sg. miltsige, 699 ; asf. wk. miclan, 449. [521J; ism. micle, 694; min, pron., my, mine: nsm. isn. micle, 69 o; gp. mi 119, 156, 321; nsf. 93, celia, 459 ; comp. nsm. 699;gsm. mines, 441 ;gsf. maia, 36 ; sup. asf. mlnre, 70; dsm. minum, mxste, 659 ; asn. miest, 94; dsn. minum, 720 ; 579. See maeste. asm. mmne, 436; asf. micles, adv., much: 444. mine, 528; asn. 221; ism. miclum, adv., much: 608. mme, 396; vsm. 166; mid, adv., with the rest : vsf. 5 39i gP- minra, 95; 676. dp. minum, 312, 370, -y mid, prep., with, among : 379 ; ip. minum, 306, w. dat., 32, 1n, 188, 410, 480, 493. 208, 221, 236, 285, 312, minsian, see geminsian. v\M^te . 512, 581, 617, £19, mircast, see myrce. Aj^^ "~ 652, 655, 695; w.laccl, [misged wield, n., deceU^j^-^-^^. 668, 681. — 1 as. 3»6. C7"" 'o6 Gloggwcy mislic, adj., various: asn. monna, 84, 470, 718, 363, 493; apm. misllce, 729; manna, 459; ap. 406. men, 5. misthelm, m., veil of mst: moncyn, n., mankind: gs. is. misthelme, 470. moncynnes, 182, 317, m5d, 11., mind, soul: ns. 436, 523, 630, 667. 26, 209, 338, 412, 608; monian, w2. w. ace, ad gs. modes, 366, 379, monish: 3sg. monab, 717. 406, 657, 718;ds. mode, [munan.] 39; as. 222, 226, 326, monigfeald.adj., manifold: 363, 439, 463; is. mode, apm. monigfealde, 366. 67, 184. [MnE. mood.] morSor, n., murder: gs. See gealg-, glaed-, hean-, morfr-es, 546. scSohmSd. m5tan, prp., can, may: w. 1 m5dig, adj., courageous, inf., pret. 1sg. moste, brave ; fervent : nsm. 518; w. ellipsis, opt. 2sg. 5'3, 7*1 i gsm- modges, mote, 457. [Cf. MnE. 127; asm. modigne, 383. must.] mSdiufu, wf., •wilful de- munan, see gemunan.t"tWvevv,"v''t " lire; affection: as. mod- mundbora, wm. , guardian : lufan, 699; ap. modlufan, ns. 156; as. mundboran, 370. 213. [mund, 'protec- \ tnSdsefa, wm., mind: ds. tion '; beran.] Mtt-^-^^ modsefan, [72], 235. mundbyrd, f., protection: moldgraef, n., grave in as. mundbyrd, 170. earth : ds. moldgraefe, [beran.] 690. [molde, 'earth'; myne, m., love, desire: as. graef, 'grave,' from 379. 657- [munan.] grafan, 'dig.'] myrce, adj., dark: sup moldweg, m. , earthly path : nsn. mircast, 505. vvnoT'K.M ds. moldwege, 334. -myrran, see gemyrran.-rul-^ mon, m., man, me (indef.) : myrrelse, wf., injury, cor ns- 4°, 5 '3. S7« , np- ruption: as. (orap.)myr- men, 207, 499; gp. relsan, 338. GHoesaty 107 N I neotan, see bingotan. neowol, adj., low, Jeep : nabban, see habban dsn. wk. neolan, 684. nacod, adj., naked asf. nergend, m., saviour: as. nacode, 187. 240. [nerian, ' save,' nSefre, adv., never 55. cf. Ger. nahren.~\ 108, 134, 138, 149, 176. Neron, m., Nero: as. 302. nass, see wesan. neton, see witan. nales, adv., by no means: ne5an, w1. w. instr., ven nales, 118, 356; nil res, ture, risk : pret. 1sg. K\t^~~J 354. [ne ealles.] nebde, 302. [n55.] -Qr1^^ nan, pron. adj., none: nsm. n1edlic, see Srean1edlic. 4*°*.- 514. niht, f., night: ds. 626. ne, adv., not: 33, etc. (27 niman, 1v. w. ace, take: times, without 510). See opt. 3sg. nime, 255. [Cf. habban, wesan, witan. Ger. nehmen.~\ See for-, nS,conj.,»or: 54, 135,138, geniman. 177, 211, 314, 515, 548, ni5, m., hatred, enmity: as. 55°,59°7 59I(2)'592(2)- 56, 623; is. niba, 203, nSah, adv., near: 335. 462. [Cf. Ger. \NejdT\ ^neah, prep., near: w. dat., niSer, adv., below: ni>er, yyjflt8**A. 635. 423. [Cf. Ger. nieder.~\ — ^nearobregd, n. , sharp trick : niSwracu, f., hateful cru ip. nearobregdum, 302. elty: as. nrSwraece, 187. nele, etc., see willan. [wrecan, 'persecute.'] nemne, conj., unless: 109. -niwian, see ed-, geniwian. neod, f., desire, zeal: is. noht, n., nothing: as. 329. Cneode, 24. [For na wiht, from ne, >v-fl-«^Kt" nSodful, adj., zealous: nsm. a, and wiht, 'thing.'] n~oT 7*°- : ,Ja noma, wm., name: ns. 24; nSolan, see neowol A" 0 ds. noman, 720. nSosan, w1. w. gen., visit, noS, f. , temerity: ds. nol,e, seek: inf. 554, 631. [Cf. 343. [Cf. Goth. ana- " — Goth. niuhsjan.~\ nanpjan. ] 1o8 tiloesam nfl, adv., now: [272], 341, oferswTSdest, 521; ofer- 444. 4^1. 5". 52°, 6'9. swIMest, 543. 63». [Cf. niwe, 'new.'] ofest, f., haste: ds. ofeste, >t nyd, f., necessity, compul 253. [Sst, from jut- i\ o**<1 sion: is. nyde, 343. [Cf. nan.] 0 Ger. Net."] See nyde, ofestlice, adv. , hastily 1582. SrSanyd. oft, adv., often: [12], 22, nydbysig, adj. , harassed by 427, [468] ; sup. oftast, misery : nsm. 423. 20. nydcleofa, wm. , prison : ds. ofteon, 11. w. gen. and dat., ^ A nydcleofan,[24o]. [cleo- deprive of: pret. 1sg. of- fccwftto^C )fa, 'den, chamber.'] teah, 468. nyde, adv., needs: 203,462. ofunnan, prp. w. gen. and [is. of nyd.] dat., begrudge: 1sg. of- onn, 377. Bh^wS;, see 85^1% "W*^-^ O on, prep., upon, in, to (85), of, prep. ,from : w. dat. ,215, into (159, 420), at (191, 263, 275, 283, 310, 323, 712, 731): w. dat., 35, 333. 487, 4^9. 524, 532. 39. 45. 7*. 77. 96, '63. 611, 639, 670, 699, 701. 191, 204, 253, 328, 334, ofer, prep., over, above, 342, 389, 415, 443, 447, upon; beyond (75, 201, 478,479. 480. 48*, 5'°. 432); contrary to (23, 98, 533. 551, 553. 558, 56°. 408); concerning, because 568, 587, 597, 604, 626, o/~(444) : w. dat. , 687;w. 644, 675, 715. 7*3 , w- ace, 9, 10, 23, 44, 75, Lll££i, 6, 69. 85,'59. "8. 98, 201, 222, 408, 432, 282, 305, 309, 321,420, 444. 5'3, 562, 674. 446, 556, 630, 700, 731; oferihygd, f. n., presump _an, 712. tion : dp. oferhygdum, onaelan, w1. w. ace, in 424. flame, kindle: 1sg. onaele, oferswiSan, w2. w. ace, 372; inf. 580. [51, Kl> overpower : pret. 2sg. ' fire ' ; MnE^anuTaTJ 109 on gn^j adv. phrase, out- ondettan, w1. w. ace, con- - ~rtghtt 69. fess : inf. idettan, 456. onbarnan, w1. w. ace, [ond-.] kindle : inf. 579. ondriedan, rd. refl. w. dat. 'onbryrdan, w1. w. ace, and ace, fear: 1sg. on- goad, excite: inf. 396. driede, 1 34, 210. [ond-.] -1- . oncweSan, v. w. dat., ad- ondswaru, f., answer: as. ev~ dress, answer: pret. 3sg. isware, 105, 117, 130, oncwae'S, 209, 282, 315, '47. 175. 3'9- [swe- 350, 460. [ond-.] rian.] ongyrran, w1. w. ace, ondwis, adj. w. gen., know change, pervert, mislead: ing : nsm. yms, 244. vtt-^£,\\ / ace, 0$, 353 ; ol,, 694. rsed, m., opinion : gs. S- See oSSaet. raedes, 99. [MnE. |^o4v>- oScyrran, w1. intr. , tum, # r*'/f . ] See unraed, ^ftA^*-^'' *" " j£t be perverted : 3sg. otS- -rSden, /// freond^T ga^^t"^*^ V cyrre*, [338]. ful-, mSg-,'"8ingraden\ tei^d.Uc 55er, pron. adj., other, an raeran, w17w>ace, raise, " other : dsf. 6berre, 115; incite, wage; 2sgT asm. oberne, 394, 702 48 ; pret. 3 pl. raerdon> ap. 6bre, 75. [Cf. Ger. 12, 14; inf. 333. [ri- ander.~\ san.] araeran. f-ioJ" \j^,oSSaet, conj. w. opt., until rSs, m., rush, outburst: is. o»art, 285. bv"1- raese, 587. ^ oSSe, conj., or: oVpt, ff, rasian, arasian.tr^v ^K«, 3J5 (»), 71o. reccan, w areccan. r^yj o55ringan, I11. w. dat. reced, see hlinrecee, 140, 704. Pilatus, m., Pontius Pi rice, adj., powerful, rich 1 late: ns. 304. nsm. 19. 112 rice, n., kingdom : ns. 8 ; ryne, m., course: ns. 498. gs. rices, 66. [MnE. [irnan, rinnan, 'run.'] bishop-ric.~] Seeheofon-, woruldrice. rim, n., number, multitude: ds. r1me, 587 ; as. 368. [MnE. rhyme. ] See ge-, sacan, v1. intr., strive, unrim. contend : inf. 206, 298. riman, w1. w. ace, re See on-, wiSsacan. count : inf. 505. sacu, f., strife^ torment : ^ . rSd, {., rood, cross: ds. rode, as. sace, 200, 230. 447, 48 1 ; as. rode, 305. sSlig, see unsSlig. rodor, m., sky, heaven : samra, comp. adj.. wonex ns. 498; gp. rodera, 305; dsm. szmr?Q, 51, 361 dp. roderum, 644. ssSne, adj., slsw, not alert: rodorcyning, m., king of comp. asm. sienran, 395. heaven : gs. rodorcyn- [Cf. Icel. seinn.~\ ..■b~,inges, 447 . sar, n., fain, torment : as. ,r5f, see ellenrof.lrwv^-^OvjS 55, 25I, 5J7) 7o9; ip. rondburg, f., shield-troop, sarum, 490. [MnE. band of warriors : dpl. sore.~\ rondburgum, 19. [rond, sarlice, adv., painfully : 'shield.'] sup. sarlicast, 571. rume, adv., fully : 314. savslege, m., painful [rum, 'spacious.'] blows: ap. sarslege, 341, rfln, f., counsel : ds. rune, 547- 62 ; as. _rune, 656. safwracu, f., painful pun \jAviE.^round, ) ' whis ishment: as. sarwraece, per.'] ffi? inwiirun. 527. ryht, n., r^jAr, /r«M : ds. sawol, f., soul: ns. [669]; ryhte, 285. See unryht. sawul, 700; gs. sawle, ryhtfremmend, adj., right- 413; as. sawle, 488; gp. doing, righteous : gp. sawla, 348, 555. ryhtfremmendra, 8. scadan, see toccadan. ^ *A scamig, see unscamig. scraef, n., cave, den: ds. scamu, f., shame, disgrace: scraefe, 684. as. scame, 445. scrifan, 1. w. ace, decree: — sceacan, v1. intr., hasten : 3sg. scrife'S, 728. inf. 630. [MnE.{s^a**.J scua, see hlinscua. sceaSa, wm., enemy. gp. scufan, 11. w. ace, push, sceabena, 672. [sceS- thrust : inf. 5 84. See San.] See hell-, syn-, toscufan. \ t*-K womsceaSa. SVw- sculan, prp. w. inf., owe, scSohmSd, adj., affrighted : must, should : w. inf., ns. 672. [scSoh, 'fright 1sg. sceal, 203, 389, ened'; cf. MnE. shy.~\ 393, 444. 462. 4*5. sceSSan, v1. w. dat., harm: 5°5. 5*8, 7°1, 7", «g. opt. 2sg. sceM,e, 349. scealt, 256, 317, 347, [Cf. Ger. schaden.~\ 456; 3Sg. sceal, 115, scieldan, see gescieldan. 380, 415, 646, 650; 3pl. sciene, see sunsciene, sceolan, 195; pret. 3sg. wlitescyne. sceolde, 611; opt. 1 sg. scieppan, see gescieppan. sceolde, 524; 2sg. scieppend, m., Creator: sceolde, 425; w. ellipsis, as. scyppend, 181. 3sg. sceal, 699. scild, m., shield: as. scyld, scfir, m., shower : dp. 386. scurum, 65 1 ; ip. scurum, scima, wm., shining: vs. 472. 166. [Cf. scinan, scyld, f., guilt, sin : dp. ' shine.'] scyldum, 5 84. [sculan.] sdnlBc, n., delusion: ds. See godscyld. sclnlace, 214. scyld, ' shield,' see scild. scip, n., ship : ds. scipe, scyldig, adj. w. inst., ow 672. ing (as penalty): nsf. 124. scir, adj., bright, radiant: scyldwyrcende, adj., do asf. wk. sclran, 728. ing evil: nsm. 445. scolu, see geneatscolu. scyndan, w1. intr., hasten 1 scomian, see gescomian. inf. 489. H4 0los»ar£ scyne, see sciene. [492], 572. See &T e, n6 tiloseaty 443; sr'Se, 558; is. site, song, see lofsong. 452; time (in counting): sorg, f., sorrow. ns. 443, ip. sHSum, [354]- 525, 718; as. sorge, 624. siSfxt, m. , errand : as. stt,- sorgcearig, adj., troubled, faet, 318; sfSfiset, 285, vexed, anxious : nsm. 5*7. 537. 7°o- 603, 709. siSian, m. intr., journey: sorgstaef, m., sorrow: dp. pret. 3pl. sibedan, 714; sorgstafum, 660. pte npm. sfrende, 261. soS, adj., true: nsm. 224; siSSan, adv., afterwards: nsf. s6t, 669; nsn. 356; siM,an, 330, 380, 692. asm. soiSne, 47; asf. solSe, [MnE. since, from si- 219, 655; npn. so>, 83; thence; cf. Ger. seitdem.~\ dp. sol,um, 174; apn. siSSan, conj., since; after; sotS, 80, 194. [From when: siM,an, 63, 497, root of is ; MnE. sooth. ] 606, 609. s55, n., truth: ds. so'Se, slSan, v1. w. ace, strike; 132; s6be, 547; as. 342. slay: pret. 1sg. slog, 494. soSfzst, adj., righteous; as slege, m., blow, stripe: subst., the righteous man: ap. slege, 229. See sar-, ds. so'Sfaestum, [348J, sweordslege. 362, 426, 438; gp. so«- slide, m., fall, falling into: faestra, 325, 337. [Cf. as. 349- [s 1 i d a n , MnE. steadfast, shame 'slide.'] faced. ] slitan, see tSslitan. soSlice, adv., truly, ■verily: snell, adj., quick : apm. 561. snelle, 60. [Cf. Ger. sparian, w2. w. ace , spare : schnell.] 1sg. sparige, 85. snotor, adj., wise : sup. spedig, see aeht-, gold- asm. wk. snotrestan, 543. spSdig. [ Cf. Goth. snutrs.] See spel, see fSrspel. h ygesnottor. spild, m., destruction: as. sSna, adv., at once : 49, spild, 85. [Cf. spillan, 365, 398. [MnE. soon.~\ w1., 'destroy.'"] spiowian, w1. w. instr., stearc, id}., strong, violent $ spurt : pret. 3pl. spiow- precipitous (?) : asm. dan, [476]. [MnE. stearcne, 282. [Cf. Ger. spe•w.~\ stark. ] r\ sponan, see bisponan. stearcferS, adj., harsh- ^-efAp^m'sn^ > sponnan, see onsponnan. minded, cruel : npm. spor, n., track, print: as. stearcferl,e, 636. 623. stefn, f., •voice : ns. 282. sprSc, f., speech, conver [Cf. Ger. Stimme-2 sation: ds. spraece, 89, steppan, v1. intr., step, 533. [sprecan.] march: 3sg. stepe'S, sprecan, v. intr., speak : 374. pret. 3sg. spraec, 185, stigan, see Sstigan. 189, 246, 417. [Cf. stihtend, m., inciter : ns. Ger. sprechen. ] See 419. [stihtan, 'in gesprecan. cite.'] springan, 1n. intr., spring, stiShydig, adj., stout- burst out : pret. 3sg. ~tiearted : npm. stidhydge, sprang, 585. 654. [stiS, 'stout.'] staef, see ende-, gyrn-, stondan, v1., intr., stand: sorgstaef. 3sg. stonde$, 277; jpl. stan, m., stone, rock : ds. stondat5, 123; pret. 3Sg. stanc, 654. stod, 567, 589, 592. staSelian, w2. w. ace, See wiSstondan. establish, stouten : 1sg. storm, m., storm : gp. staMige, 222; stabelie, storma, 651. 437; inf. staj.elian, 270, stow, {., place: ds. stowe, 364. See gestaSelian. 636. See gebedstow. staSol, m. , foundation : as. strSam, m., stream, flood : 654. as. 481. See ShstrSam. staSolfxst, adj., firm : -strSon, see feoh-, hordge- nsm. stabolfaest, 374. streon. steal, see bid-, wi5-, wiS- strong, adj., strong, hard-, ersteal. nsm. 651; nsf. 464. n8 tiloStoty strongl1ce, adv., strongly, sweltan, in. intr., die-. 2sg. boldly. 374. sweltest, 125. styran, wt. w. dat., dis swencan, w1. w. ace, turb, interfere with: pret. afflict : inf. 47. [swin- 3sg. styrde, 296. [Ci. can, '/o»7.'] Ger. steuern.] sweopu, wf., scourge: dp. turn, pron., one, some one, sweopum, 188. some : nsm. 18; npm. sweor, m., father-in-law. sume, 478; gp. sumra, ns. 65, [78]. [Cf. Ger. 472; apm. sume, 473, Schwiegefvater. J 475. 481j 483. 49°- sweorcan, see gesweor- sumerlong, adj., as long can. as a summer; livelong: sweordbite, m., stroke of asm. sumerlongne, 495. sword : as. 603 sunne, wf. sun : gs. sun- sweordgripe, m. , attack nan, 166. of the sword: as. 488. sunsclene, adj., sunbright: sweordslege, m., sword- nsf. wlc. sunsclene, 229. stroke: as. 671. sunu, m., son : ns. 725. sweotollice, adv., clearly: sflsl, n., torment: gs. susles, comp. sweotolicor, 355. 558; is. susle, 142; ip. sweotul, adj., clear: nsn. suslum, 337. 55l- swa, adv., so, likewise : swerian, see geswerian. 73, 88, 170, 278, 376, s we tan, wi. w. ace, make 504. sweet: inf. 525. Seege- swa, conj., as, like; in or swetan. der that (253): 11, 81, swete, adj., sweet: sup. nsf. 88, *53, 27«, 43«, 44*. wk. sweteste, 94; vsm. 4«3, S11, S97, 634. wk. s we testa, 166. sweart, adj., black : asm. swican, 1. intr., fail, cease: sweartne, 555; gp. w. dat. , desert : intr. , sweartra, 313, 468; ip. 3sg. swice'S, 373; w. dat., sweartum, 472. inf. 387. See bisw1can, swebban, see Bswebban. geswican. ^lossfttn? 119 swingan, 11I. w. ace, syllan, w1. w. ace, give, scourge: opt. jpl. swin- deliver: pret. 3sg. sealde, gen, 337, pret. 3Sg. 522; inf. 289. [MnE. swong, 617 ; inf. 142, sell.] 188. [MnE. swinge.] syllend,m.,^«wr:ns. 705; swiSan, see oferswiSan. sellend, 668. swiSe, adv., strongly, much, sytnle, adv. , ever, always : assuredly :swO,e, 99, 185, 20, 238, 669. '94. 37*. 45*, comp. syn, f., sight: as. syne, 468. swi)w, 47; sup. sw1tast, [seon.] 349, 620. [Cf. Ger. syn, f., sin, crime :as. synne, geschivind.~\ 380, 525; is. synne, 624; swiSferS, adj., •violent- gp. synna, 188,313,349, minded, fierce: nsm. 78. 355. 362. 369.413. 6'4, swiSUc, adj., •violent, ter 710; ip. synnum, 65, rible: asn. 55. 372. 571, 7°5- See ^>swonrad, f., ocean: ds. fyrnsyn. swonrade, 67?. fswon, synsceaSa, wm., iuicked ' swan ; rad, ' course, enemy: ns. synscaba, 671. from r1dan, 'ride.'] syrwan, see gesyrwan. swyle, pron. adj., such: gsn. swylces, 426. [*sw5-lic.] T swylce, adv., likewise, also: 51, 307, 596. tScen, n., token, sign: ds. swylt, m., death: ns. 255, tacne, 491. 675. [sweltan.] tSl, f., calumny, blasphemy: sylf, pron., self, thyself, is. tiele, 73. [*taeSl; cf. himself, etc.: nsm. 443; Ger. Tadel, borrowed nsm. wk. sylfa, 700; nsf. from Low Ger.] 356; nsf. wk. sylfa, 341; ttElan, w1. w. ace, abuse, gsf. sylfre, 99; dsm. syl- blaspheme : pret. 3Sg. fum, 407; asm. sylfne, tSlde, 598. 46, 676; npm. sylfe, 660. tSBlnis, f., calumny, bias 12o euasm phemy : ip. tielnissum, 41, S', S4, ^z, 86, 87, 205. etc., (59 times) ; w. inf. tear, m., tear: ip. tearum, 4°8, 557. [569]- 712. [Cf. Ger. Zahre.~\ toga, see folctoga. tellan, w1. w. ace, count, t ogae dr e , adv. , together 163. deem: pret. 1sg. tealde, t o ly san , w 1 . trans. , set free : 357. [talu, 'tale.'] pYc. tolysed, 585. teohhian, see geteohhian. [ISas.] teon, 11. w. ace, dravax torn, adj., angry, bitter : pret. 3sg. teah, 534; 2sg. apm. torne, 205. gewin tuge, contended, torne, adv. , angrily, griev 4»1. See ge-, of-, Surh- ously : 73. teon. torr, m., tovier: ns. 402. tSona, m, injury, insult: [earfe, 208, 249, 276 ; nsf. 659. [Surfan.] beos, 464; nsn. bis, 190, Searlic, adj., terrible: asn. 356 ; dsm. Hssum, 701; l,earllc, 678. [Searl, dsf. bisse, 343; dsn. Hs ' severe.'] sum, 74, 123; asm. bisne, SSaw, see manSSaw. 527, 694 ; asf. bas, 321; Segn, m., thane, follower, asn. bis, 201, 444, 719 ; servant : ns. begn, 262, np. bas, 83 ; gp. bissa, 280 ; np. >egnas, 12, 57. See Syslic. &loeg&tv 123 Sicgan, v. w. ace, receive: SoncwyrSe, adj., worthy pret. opt. 3pl. begon,687. of thanks, acceptable : Sin, pron., thy, thine: nsf. asn. boncwyrbe, 198. bin, 68; gsm. bines, 50, Sonne, adv., then: bonne, 428; dsm. blnum, 100, 203, 403, 657, 715. 34.2; dsf. >mre, 128, Sonne, conj., than: bonne, 276; dsn. binum, 214; 36, 100, 110, 324, 415, asm. blnne, 138, 178, 542. 435, 461, 466; asf. bme, Sonne, conj., when, as soon 82, 730; asn. bin, 202; as: bonne, 325, 332, gp. Hnra, 211; apm. 438, 528, 697, 705, 726. bine, 134, 210; apn. bm, Sracu, f., *violence, persecu 97; ip. binum, 176. tion: as. brace, 12, 333. Sing, n., thing: gp. Hnga, See flanSracu. 465. Sraecljwll, f. , time of punish — Singian, w2. intr., plead, ment :ds. braechwlle, 554. argue: pret. 3Sg. bingade, jjlrag, f., time, plight: ns. 260,429. [Sing, 'coun brag, 464; gs. brage,- — cil; agreement.'] See 453- geSingian. Sragmael, n., time of dis- SingrSden, {., suppliant tress, misery: ip. brag- message: as. bingraedenne, mielum, 344. [mSl. 1 26. 'time.'] Solian, w2. w. ace, suffer: SrSa, n., misery, distress, inf. bolian, 464, 466, calamity: as. brea, 678; [S69J. [Obs. Eng. ip. bream, 520. . thole. .] See geSolian. SrSagan, w3. w. ace, con- d^fok- Sonan, adv., thence: bonan, strain, afflict: pret. 2sg. 384, 389. breades, 546; inf. brea- Sonc, m., thought; thanks: gan, 142. [Cf. Ger. as. bone, 593. £to bealo-, drohen.~\ See geSreagan. fore-, ge-, hete-, searo- SrSaniedlic, adj. w. dat., Sonc. terrible: nsn. breaniedl1c, -Sonca, see aefSonca. [»*]. 124 €Ho*BiatT2 jLToV\-A^SrSanyd, f., painful com SrySful, adj., mighty, fserce: pulsion : as. breaned, npm. l,ry'Sfulle, 12. 464. Su, pron., thou: ns. 93; Hi, Sreat, m., trouble, calamtty: 46, etc. (67 times) ; ds. ns. )reat, 465; troop: is. 'Se, 249; l,e, 46, etc. (25 l,reate, 672. [Cf. aSrSo- times) ; as. t,e, 278, 344, tan, impers., 'vex,' and 358; >ec, 46, 144, 253, Ger. verdriessen.~\ *55, *72, 3'8, 4'9, Sringan, see oSSringan. 446, 451, 539 i vs. bu, Sr1ste, adj., bold : ism. 87; np. ge, 648, 652, l,riste, 358; comp. gsm. 658, 660, 662; dp. eow, )rfstran, 550. [Cf. Ger. «S5. 657, 664 ; ap. dreist.~\ See wigSrist. eowic, 668. See Sin, Sriste, adv., boldly. l,riste, Sower. 511. Surfan, prp. w. inf., need; Sritig, num., thirty: xxx, intr., be in distress: w. 678. inf., 1sg. l,earf, 526; Srdwian, w2. w. ace, 2sg. bearft, 46; pret. suffer: pret. 3sg. br6w- 3 pl. borftan, 683; intr., ade, 229; inf. l,r6wian, pte dsm. l,earfendum, 445. [Cf. MnE. throe.] 449. See biSurfan. See geSr5wian. Surh, prep., through, Sryccan, see forSryccan. throughout; by, by means 5rym, m., glory, splendor; of ; because of : w. ace, host: gs. l,rymmes, 280, hlrh, 14, 52, 56, 80, 448; as. l,rym, 641; is. 97, 117, 125, 138, 148, l,rymme, 694. See hilde- 158, 202, 273, 301, 316, Sremma, maegenbrym. 326, 338, 341, 349, 363, Srymsittend, adj., sitting 368, 379, 402, 404, 406, in glory : nsf. brymsit- 428, 431, 441, 446,461, tende, 726; asm. brym- 471, 478, 4»8, 493. sittendne, 435. 5l4, 547, 57*, 588, 603, Srynis, f., trinity: ns. l,ry- 623, 637, 657, 671, 678, nes, 726. [SrSo.] 680, 728. SurhtSon, 11. trans., ac U complish: pte burhtogen, 458. ufan, adv., from above: Sus, adv., thus: bus, 311, 261. [Cf. Ger. obert.] 362, 432, 433, 451, unbeald, ad)., timid: comp. y lies, 649, 664. unclSene, adj., unclean: Syncan, w1 . w. dat., seem: vsm. 418. 3sg. tynce'S, 407; binccS, uncySig, adj., w. gen., 662; opt. 3Sg. Hnce, 87; not knowing: nsf. pret. 3Sg. Fuhte, 225. uncy'Sgu, [701]. [Cf. [MnE. methinks ; cf. Ger. kundig.~\ Ger. dunken.~\ under, prep., under; in: Syrel, adj., pierced: nsm. w. dat., 43, 395, 544; byrel, 402. [5urh.] w. ace, 481. Syslic, adj., such as this: unforht, adj., unfearing: gsf. bysllcre, 453. nsf. 601; nsn. 209; nsf. oystre, adj., dark, evil: wk. unforhte, 147. •- dsm. wk. Systran, 683; ungearav adv.. soon: 124. gpm. l,ystra, 419. [Cf. ungebletsod, adj., un Ger. duster. ~\ blessed: apm. ungeblet- Systro, f. n., darkness: gp. sade, 492. [bletsian, l,ystra, 554; dp. l,ystrum, 'bless,' from bl5d.] 333. 5*4. ungelice, adv., differently. Sywan, see ge8ywan. 688. 126 ungewemmed, adj., not hesitation : 50. [wac, disfigured : ism. un- ' weak.'] gewemde, 590. [womm, unwaerlic, adj., unwary; 'stain, spot. 'J rash : gp. unwaerlicra, %x ( VAAS«f unlSd, adj., •wretched: 193. ' nsm. 616. [Cf. Goth. Bp, adv., above; upward: unleds, ' poor.'] 62, 644. unmxte, adj., boundless: fire, pron., our : dsm. a s f. 517 [metan, ussum, 249 ; asn. Grne, ' measure.'] 129; gp. Qssa, 146, 619; unnan, prp. w. gen., grant: dp. ussum, 169. inf. 192. [MnE. own, user, pron. adj., our: nsm. ' concede,' cf . Ger. 545- \_£omtetQ flt, adv., out: 253, 532. unraed, m., folly : gs. un- Qtgong, m., departure: as. rSdes, 120. 661. unrim, n., countless num ber : ns. 172; as. 43, w 469, 625. unryht, adj., unrighteous: wS, interj. w. dat., woe: dsf. unryhtre, 297. 632. [Cf. Ger. Wehr\ unsaelig, adj., unbless wacian, w2. intr., be ed, miserable : nsm. awaie, be vigilant: pte 450. fsSl, ' good for (as if w3.) npm. waec- tune.'] cende, 662. unscamig, adj., una wSg, m., wave : gs. shamed, unabashed: nsf. waeges, 680; ds. wege, wk. unscamge, 552. [4 7 9]- [wegan, unsnyttru, w£, folly: lp. ' move.'] (as adv. ) unsnyttrum, wSgan, w1. w. ace, af 145 ; unsnytrum, 308. flict: inf. 143. [snotor.] wSge, n., goblet: ds. wege, unwacl1ce, adv., un 487. waveringly, ■without WEelgrim, adj., murderous: ©lotftfMT? 127 npn. [264]. [wael, 'car pret. 3Sg. weold, 19; nage.'] w. gen., pret. opt. 3Sg. waepen, n., weapon : gs. weolde, [562]. [MnE. wSpnes, 623. [Cf. Ger. wield. ] Waffcn.] weallan, rd. intr., boil, w*£?-*~^> waer, adj., w. gen., cau surge : pret. 3Sg. weol, Hre£? .^JUn. tious, wary: comp. nsm. 581. waerra, 425. [MnE. weard, f., guard, watch: aware, beware. ~\ as. wearde, 664. wSrjfaest, adj., faithful : weard, m., guardian, nsf. 238. ^Sr^ keeper: as. 212. See hlaf- 'pledge.'] ' ord. waerlSas, adj., perfidious: weardian, w2. w. ace, nsm. 351, 42T. hold, maintain: pret. 3sg. waerlic, adj., prudent: nsn. weardade, 20; inf. 92. 662. See unwaerlic. wedan, wi, intr., go mad: waerloga, wm., traitor: ds. pret. 3sg., wedde, 597. wiierlogan, 455. [l£ogan, [wod, 'mad'; obs. Eng. 'lie' ; MnE. warlock.~\ wood. ] waeter, n., water : ns. weg, m., way, path: gs. 292 ; ip. waetrum, 479. weges, 665 ; as. 282, wafian, w2. intr., marvel: 640. [wegan, ' move.'] pret. 3sg. wafade, 162. See moldweg. waldend, m., Lord : ns. wSg, see waeg. 723; gs. waldendes, 266; wSge, see wSge. as. 213, 291, 305. we la, m., wealth, riches: wanian, w2. w. ace, be ip. welum, 76. See bold- wail: inf. 538. [Cf. wela. Ger. weinen.~\ welig, adj., prosperous, weal, m., wall: ns. 650; rich: nsm. wlc. weliga, gs. wealles, 401. 38; dsm. welegum, 33; wealdan, rd., wield, con dsm. wk. weligan, 569. trol, rule : intr., 3sg. wemman, see ungewem- walde'S, 223 ; w. instr., med. i28 tfttoflsariJ wSn, {., expectation: ns. ISan, 416 ; w. dat., inf. 632. weorban, 197, 611. See wSnan, w1. trans., expect ; for-, geweorSan. think ; hope: pret. 1sg. weorSian, w2. w. ace, wende, 425; w. ace, honour, worship : pres. 3S7i w- gen-, i^f- *,86. 1sg. weor'Sige, 153; inf. 5"« gewenan. weorHan, 76. wendan, w1. w. ace, weorSlic, adj., excellent : change: inf. 570. See nsn. 9. onwendan. weorud, n., throng, army, wSoh, n. Wo/: ap. 23. host : ns. 291 ; vs. 647; [Variant of win; cf. Ger. gp. weoruda, 515. weihen. ] [wer.] wSohweorSing, f., wor wer, m., man : ns. 295 ; shipping of idols : ap. gs. weres, 103; gp. wera, weohweor'Singa, 180. 45; ap. weras, 300. weorc, n., ivork: as. [560] ; [MnE. wer-wolf ; cf. task ; distress : ns. 569. Lat. i>ir.] See manweorc. werig, adj., accursed: nsm. weorce, indecl. adj., pain wk. werga, 429. ful, grievous: 72, 135. [wearg, 'outlaw.'] [is. of weorc.] werSSod, f., nation : np. weorpan, see toweorpan. werl,eode, 643 ; ap. wer- weorS, adj., precious: sup. beode, 9, 507. vsf. wk. weorbeste, 248. wesan, anv. intr., be : 1sg. weorSan, m. intr., become, eom, 261; beo, 49, 365, be; w. dat., befall: intr., 398, 409; beom, 438; opt. 3 pl. weorben, 335; 2sg. eart, 93; 3sg. is, pret. 1sg. wear'5, 621; 100, 102, 103, 127, 190, 3sg. wear«,58, 422, 474, «4, 323, 356, 464, 584, 594, 607, 669; 3pl. [54S], 551. 632, 643, wurdon, 479, 586; opt. 645. ^95) biK 3*8, 440, 2sg. wurde, 432, 552; 704; bK, 402; 1 pl. bitiS, inf. weorl,an, 425; weor- 327; 3pl. sind, 71, 83, III, 135, 173, 18l, 216, wig, m. n., •war, battle : 263; beCS, 171; opt. gs. wlges, 576. 3Sg. sy, 88, 400^ 668; wiga, wm., warrior : gp. sle, [280]; 1 pl. sii, 334; wigena, 641, 680. 3pl. syn, 286 ; htp. 2sg. wigSrist, adj., bold in com wes, 253; pret. 1sg. waes, bat : nsf. 432. 343. 712; 3Sg- wa5S, 8, wilde, adj., wild : nsn. 18, 24, 32, 35, 38, 140, 597- 233, 236,241, 258, 267, willa, wm., wish, consent, 287. 497. 569.580, 600, will, desire, resolution : 63j, 678,688, 692; 3P1. gs. willan, 50, 428, 441, waeron, 64, 301 ; opt. 3sg. 602; ds. willan, 32, 365, waere, 259. 600; ap. willan, 406. negative, pret. 3Sg. willan. anv. w. inf., will: naes, [510], 513, 518, 1sg. wille, 108, 1 32, 1 92, 573. 59°- 272, 278, 647; opt. 3Sg. wic, m. f. n., abode : as. wile, 378, wille, 633, 92. [MnE. -wick, -wich, 707 ; pret. 2sg. opt. in place-names.] wolde, 195; wid, adj., wide: nsn. 9; isn. negative, 1 sg. nelle, wk. w1dan, 508. 133; 2sg. nelt, 126, 174, wide, adv., ivide, far and 251; 3sg. nele, 384, 387. wide : 585. -willen, see dolwillen. -wideferh, adj., long-endur- winburg, see wynburg. ^ ing, eternal, in long time : wind, m., wind : np. nsm. 223; w1deferg, 467. windas, 650. Wif, n., woman: gs. wlfes, windan, see biwindan. 600; as. [549] ; gp. wifa, winnan, m. intr., strive, 432. contend : pret. 2sg. wifgiftu, npl., wedding, wunne, 421. nuptials : gp. wifgifta, winsele, m., wine-hall : 38. ds. 487, 686. wiflufu, wf., loue of one's wis, see ondwis. *wife : ds. wiflufan, 296. wisdom, m., wisdom gs. 130 &\0fSf(UVl> wisdomes, 516. [wis, (of speaking, meeting, 'wise' from witan.] ete): w. dat. 141, 157, wise, wf., course, under- 214, 260, 420, 422, 426, ryv~tl*U ixJl's-e talin8 -. ■s. wisan, 9»- 429, 438, 663; w. ace [Cf. Ger. Weise.~\ 67, 197, 206, 299, 384, wit, see edwit. T < Vr 0 «jeA 716. [Cf. Ger. wider.] wita, wm., wise man : gp. wiSer-breca, wm., enemy, witena, 98. assailant : ns. wil,er- witan, prp. trans., know. breca, 269. 1sg. wat, 547; opt. jpL wiSerfeohtend,m.,rd,Vvij<4t ^\yo^3V" wlite, tn., splendor, Seauty: "woruld, f., world : gs. rtds. 163; as. 311; 1s. 590. worulde, 509; ds. wor- wlitescyne, adj., fair of ulde, 416, 570, 711. countenance : nsf. wk. [wer, ' man ' ; yldu cxa*. 454. (X^-^.r^ 'generation, race' ; cf. « wlitig, adj., glorious : nsf. eald.] 283. woruldrice, n., kingdom of OTloh, f., hem of a garment: the world: ds. 549^,^-^^ ns. 590. wracu, see gringifnio^,^«H) wod, see ellenwod. ^u/s»*J sar-wracu. wolcen, n., cloud: dp. wraecca, wm., exile, out wolcnum, 283. [MnE. cast: ns. 351. [wraec •u>/r/£2».] 'exile,' from wrecan.] woma.wm., noise; incanta wraecmaecga, wm., outcast: *V* tion : dp. womum, 576 ns. 260. [mas eg a, See hildew5ma.blo°<-T«T'f1- ' youth, man'; cf. OE. woradaed, f., wicked deed ^magu.~) gp. womdaeda, 467. wraS, adj., angry, fierce, [womm, 'spot; sin.'] wicked: gp. writSra, 177; womsceaSa, wm., wicked wra)ra, 311; apm. wrabe, persecutor : vs. 211. \< 507. .wong, see graeswong.jY'* wraSe, adv. , cruelly : wrabe, wopig, adj., nZteping : 1 72. nsm. 711. [Cf. wepan, wrecan, v. w. ace, wreak, ' weep.'] punish; utter,recite (719): word, n., word, speech: ds. pres. opt. 3Sg. wraece, worde, 78; as. 23, 45, 719 ; imp. 2pl. wreca"S, 143, 283, 631, 640; is. 623 ; inf. 204. ["MnE. worde, 92; np. 83; gp. wreak-,ci. Ger. ( Rac heT] worda, 57, 193; ap. 59, wrSon, sttonwrion. 132 45\oeiS&vy wr8ht, m., enmity ; crime : wyn, f., Joyj_^1_6i'xJss. gs. wrohtes, 346; as. 487; Tjo^JCfTG'er. Wotmed ap. wrohtas, 507. [Cf. Goth. wrohjan, ' ac wynBurg, t'., joyous city : cuse.'] dp. wynburgum, 83. wudubSam, m., forest tree: wyrcan, w1. w. ace, do, ip. wudubeamum, 576. perform: opt. 2Sg. wyrce, wuldor, n. , glory, Heaven : 541. See bi-, for-, ge- gs. wuldres, 153, 180, wyrcan. 223, 269, 311,454, 516, wyrd, f., event, situation ; 600, 641, 665; ds. wul- destiny : as. 33, 538. dre, 640; vs. 279. [weorSan.] See for- wuldorcyning, m., king of wyrd. \»*e.««^"sv<.^. glory : ds. wuldorcyninge, wyrgan, see 5wyrgan.Cu.fSe 248; as. 238, 428. wyrhta, wm., doer, con wund, f., wound : ap. triver: as. wyrhtan, 346. wunde, 710; ip. wun- [wyrcan.] wV<*i-tdri'•jkf dum, 355. wyrm, m., worm : ds. wundian, w2. w. ace, wyrme, 416. wound : inf. 291. wyrnan, see forwyrnan.ft^-s*- - wundorcraeft, m., won wyrrest, see yfel. drous power: is. wundor- wyrSe, adj., w. gen., craefte, 575. worth, fitting; deserving: wundrum, adv., wonder nsm. 643 ; nsm. wyrbe, fully: 264. [ip. of wun- 103. See SoncwyrSe: dor, n., ' marvel.'] wunian, w2. intr., remain: pret. 3Sg. wunade, 37, 238. [Cf. Gti\wonnen. j yfel/ adj., evil, bad : ip. See gewunian. yflum, 634 ; sup. dp. wylra, m. f., boiling, tur wk. wyrrestum, 152; ap. bulence, outpouring: as. wk. wyrrestan, 250, 340, 478, 583, 680. [weal- 572. [Cf. Ger. ubel.~\ Ian.] Sei bZlwylm. yfel, n., evil : gs. yfeles, tflostfari? 133 244; yfles, 329; as. 506; of an adj. nsm., enraged gp. yfla, 323, 352; ap. (?): yrebweorg, 90. 627. yrmen, adj., •wide, spa- — yfeldSd, f., evil deed: gp. cious: asm. yrmenne, 10. yfeldieda, 456, 713. yrmSu, f., misery : ns. — ymb, prep., about, concern yrmh1, 504; ip. yrm^um, jj^- ing : w. ace 414. [Cf. 634. [earm.] Ger. imw.] yrre, adj., angry: nsm. 140. ymt^bejan, 1v. trans., sur yrre, n., anger: as. yrre, round : ptc. ymbboren, 117, 158, 257; is. yrre, 581. 58, 90, 582. . ymbj1wyrft, m., circuit -. ySfaru, f., sea : ds. yftfare, as. 113. [hweorfan.] '"'478. [yS, 'wave i ■ yreSweorg, corrupt word faru, ' course.'] \in MS., standing in place ywan, see geywan. <&>~ slvovJ

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