Email: [email protected] Tel.: +33(0)467593703;Fax: 67593796 * Correspondingauthor 2. Director,NationalResearchCentreon Camel,,Rajasthan334001, Cedex 1,France 1. Cirad-emvt,Campusinternationalde Baillarguet,BP5035,34032Montpellier cost effectivebutalsoprofitable. than apairofbullocks,andtheburdencamelenergyisnotonly arid regions(6).Camelpowerforfarminguseismoreeconomical Rai suggestedthatcamelsusedasdraftanimalsbeencouraged in where itisalsousedasadraftanimal.Consequently,Khannaand the drylands.MarketingofcamelsisanimportanttradeinIndia importance inthelocal,socialcultureofsocietiesinhabiting constant resourceforsustenance.Thecamelhasagreat In thedrylandecosystemcamelrearingisregardedasafairly The camelusesvariousadaptivemechanismsforlifeinthedesert. INTRODUCTION -India. bandry method-Classification Camel -DromedaryAnimalhus- Key words six wererelatedtospecificdistrictsand/orareas. classes weredepicted,fourofwhichrepresented75%camelownersand overall typologywasthendefinedfromthepreviousfourtypologies.Nine migration (15%);4)goodhealthstatusassociatedto(8%).An 2) stallfeedingonly(38%);3)pooranimalhealthstatusassociatedto were identified:1)grazingaroundavillageassociatedtostallfeeding(39%); second (6%).Fourclassesrelatedtonutritionalmanagementandhealthstatus (13%); 5)multipurposecamels(11%);6)incomefromtradefirstandcart only (19%);3)cameltrade4)ploughingand/orunder-usedcamels revealed: 1)cartusedforbothbusinessandfarm(32%);2) she-camel herds(5%).Sixclassesrelatedtocamelrearingobjectiveswere large herdsofvariousspecies(28%);3)singlemalecamel(27%);4) related toherdstructureweredefined:1)medium-sizecamelherds(40%);2) (19%); 4)verylargefamilies(6%);5)poorlandlessbreeders(3%).Fourclasses farmers (47%);2)modest(25%);3)rearingactivitiespredominating related tocamelowners’activitiesandrevenueswereidentified:1)wealthy defined classestocarryoutatypologyofcamelfarmingsystems.Five running multivariateanalysiswithSPAD3®software.Theywereassignedto were asked.Discriminatoryparametersandmethodsidentifiedwhile July toSeptember1997.Questionsaboutcamelmanagementandutilization Rajasthan wereinvestigatedin23villagesconnectedbymetalledroadsfrom One hundredninety-sixcamelownersofBikanerandJaisalmerdistrictsin Summary of Rajasthan,India in BikanerandJaisalmerdistricts A typologyofcamelfarmingsystems G. Laval Retour aumenu 1

N.D. Khanna analysis undertakenwiththesame data(9). Michel conducted oncamelbreedersof LaayounedistrictinMoroccoby systems inRajasthan.Similar methodologyandsurveywere Rajasthan (8).Thisarticlepresents atypologyofcamelfarming knowledge (5).Köhler-RollefsonfocusedonRaikasbreeders of organization ofpastoralsocietiesandindigenouscamelhealth years regardingutilizationpatterns,traditionalmanagement, (National ResearchCentreonCamel,Bikaner,India)formany Aspects ofcamelpastoralsystemshavebeenstudiedbyNRCC districts ofRajasthan,respectively(7). 59,000 and52,000camelswererecordedinBikanerJaisalmer followed byHaryana,GujaratandPunjab.In1982atotal of camel population(70.13%oftheIndianin1982) northwestern partsofthecountry.RajasthanStatehashighest 1.078 millionin1982(7)andismostlyconfinedtothe after SomaliaandSudan(2).TheIndiancamelpopulationwas With about6.8%oftheworldcamelpopulation,Indiaranksthird et al. 2 B. Faye (11). Thistypologyanalysiscompletes afirstbasic 1*

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RESSOURCES ANIMALES Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1998, 51 (2) : 147-154

148 Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1998, 51 (2) : 147-154 RESSOURCES ANIMALES Camel farmingsystemsofRajasthan facilities. with camelhealthstatus.NRCCprovidedtechnicalandvehicle concerned withnutritionandgrazingmanagement,thelastpart questions ontrade,cartinganddraftuse.Thefourthpartwas investigated intocamelproduction,takingconsideration composition andalsootherdomesticherbivores.Thethirdpart also questioned.Thesecondpartwasconcernedwithcamelherd agricultural activitiesandrevenues.Theshepherd’spatternwas The firstpartinquiredintothecamelowner:hissocialstatus, from 15to90min.Eachformwasdividedintofivemainparts. interview lengthwasapproximately20minperfarmer,ranging An eight-pagedataformwasfilledoutforeachcamelowner.The districts, respectively. collected from1427and1021camelsinBikanerJaisalmer connected bymetalledroad.Dataaboutcamelmanagementwere investigated villagesisshowninfigure1.Thewere and 12villagesinanon-irrigatedarea.Thelocationofthe district. Elevenvillagesofbothdistrictswereinanirrigatedarea were investigatedinBikanerdistrict,anadditionalsixJaisalmer Bikaner andJaisalmerdistricts,respectively.Seventeenvillages A totalof196camelownerswasinterviewed,132and54from and JaisalmerdistrictsofRajasthanfromJulytoSeptember1997. A benchmarksurveyofcamelkeepingwasconductedinBikaner Data collection districts ofRajasthan. Figure 1 MATERIALS ANDMETHODS 25. Khuri 24. Myajlar 23. Satiaya 22. Nachna 21. Mohangarh 20. Ramgarh 17. Nada 16. Rasisar 15. Modayat 14. Tejpura 13. Kanasar 12. Khara 11. Geersar 10. Husansar Underlined: irrigatedzone 9. Pemasar 8. Surdhana 7. Geegasar 6. 5. Lalasar 4. Kilchu 3. Ramsar 2. Kesardesar 1. Gadwala VILLAGE LIST Investigated village District chieftown Scale 1:1,600,000 N Oman Sea Rajasthan : Locationofinvestigatedvillages inBikanerand

INDIA

Nepal China 20 Bengale Gulf Bangladesh 17 12, 13 9, 10,11, 15

Bikaner Canal branch Canal 14 22 23 21 Jaisalmer 6, 7,8,16 1, 2,3,4,5, DISTRICT CHURU 25

DISTRICT 24 DISTRICT Retour aumenu

significance. Other parameters(=variables)wereanalyzedbutoflesser modalities andthenumberoffarmersconcernedforeachthem. typologies. Theparametersarepresentedwiththeirvariousrelated variables) inorderofsignificanceafteranalysiseachthefour type. IntableIarepresentedthediscriminatoryparameters(= of thediscriminatoryparameterswerethenusedtocharacterizeeach parameters andtoassigncamelownersspecifictypes.Modalities couldidentifythemostdiscriminatoryamong SPAD 3¨ Several parameterswereselectedtoruntheanalysisforeachtopic. analyses werecombinedtoidentifythetypesoffarmingsystems. and thelastwithcamelnutritionhealth.Eventuallyfour animals herdcomposition,thethirdwithcamelrearingobjectives farmers’ activitiesandrevenues,thesecondwithcamelother topics wereconductedseparately.Thefirstonewasconcernedwith evaluation easierfouranalysescorrespondingtospecified systems couldbeassembledinthesamegroup.Tomakeoverall could berun,followedbyaclusteranalysis,whensimilarfarming called modality),sothatMCA(multiplecorrespondenceanalysis) was identified.Mostofthemwereconvertedintomanydata(also (1).Atotalof85 parameters analysis softwarepackageSPAD3¨ conditions (3,10).Theanalysiswasrunwiththemultivariate (composition, performance)andtheresources/environmental i.e., thefarmer(socialstatus,activities,income),herd data. Ittookintoaccountthethreeelementsofafarmingsystem, A typologyofcamelfarmingsystemswassetupfromthecollected Data analysis of similarfarmingsystemswere drawn fromtheanalysis(tableII). and finally“nutritionalmanagement andhealthstatus.”Ninetypes followed by“owners’activities andrevenues,”“herdstructure” objectives” wasfoundtobethe mostdiscriminatoryparameter several modalitiescorresponding tothetypes.“Camelrearing combined. Eachofthemwasconsidered asoneparameterwith To carryoutanoverallanalysisthefourprevioustypologieswere Overall typology in figure2. typology ofnutritionalmanagementandhealthstatusasdescribed typology ofcamelrearingobjectivesandfourgroupsforthe four groupsforthetypologyofherdstructure,six types) forthetypologyofcamelowners’activitiesandrevenues, The clusteranalysisallowstoidentifyfivegroupsoffarmers(or within eachtype. modalities thatwereclassifiedinorderofrelativecontribution Their characteristicsweredescribedusingthemostdiscriminant distribution amongthefarmersisrepresentedwithpercentages. typology severaltypeswereidentifiedandnamed.Their homogeneous groupsofdatatakenseparately.Withineach Figure 2showstheresultsofclusteranalysisforfour Four typologiescorrespondingtofour specifiedtopics RESULTS Retour au menu

Systèmes d’élevage camelin au Rajasthan

Table I Discriminatory parameters and their modalities

Typology Parameters Modalities with number of farmers concerned (out of 196 farmers interviewed)

Activities and revenues 1. Irrigation of the land No land: 6; irrigated: 32; non-irrigated: 124; mixed land: 34 2. Tool used for ploughing No ploughing: 5; camel only: 34; camel first and tractor second: 25; tractor first and camel second: 122; tractor only: 10 3. Land area No land: 6; small: 84; medium-size: 82; large: 24 4. Family size Small family: 44; medium-size: 106; large: 34; very large: 12 5. Second revenue Agriculture: 29; camels: 59; other animals: 97; none or not known: 11

Herd structure 1. Sex of camels Only male(s): 52; only female(s): 16; more (or equal number of) males: 42; more females: 86 2. Proportion of mature females Less than 30%: 83; 30 to 39%: 24; 40 to 49%: 18; 50 to 59%: 42; 60 to 69%: 14; more than 70%: 15 3. Number of camels Single camel: 53; 2 to 4 camels: 49; 5 to 9 camels: 37; 10 to 30 camels: 31; more than 31 camels: 26 4. Number of small ruminants None: 34; 1 to 10: 31; 11 to 50: 59; 51 to 200: 46; more than 201: 26 5. Number of cattle Less than 2 cattle: 53; 3 to 9: 82; 10 to 20: 40; more than 21: 21

Rearing objectives 1. First benefit from camels Trade: 59; cart: 86; ploughing service: 16; other: 0; safari: 0; none: 35 2. Second benefit from camels Trade: 20; cart: 16; ploughing service: 65; other: 3; safari: 2; none: 90 3. First objective of camel rearing Trade: 50; cart: 110; ploughing: 24; pack loading: 5; ride: 2; none: 3; not known: 2 4. Cart utilization No cart: 57; cart for business only: 3; business first and farm work second: 38; farm work first and business second: 50; farm only: 37; not known: 11 5. Second objective of camel rearing Trade: 17; cart: 21; ploughing: 111; pack loading: 16; ride: 2; none: 23; not known: 6

Nutrition and health 1. Grazing distance from village Stay at farm: 69; < 20 km: 94; seasonal migration (< 100 km): 7; seas. migr. (> 100 km): 5; prolonged migr. (< 100 km): 16; prol. migr. (> 100 km): 5 2. Feeding Pasturelands only: 13; crop byproducts only: 69; additional crop byproducts to working camels: 61; add. crop by-prod. to all camels: 22; to working and weak camels: 9; other than to working camels: 10 3. Water frequency Daily: 164; irregularly: 32 4. Annual mortality None: 137; low (< 10%): 15; average (% in a herd over the last year) (10-19%): 17; high (20-50%): 8; not known: 9 5. Mange occurrence None: 107; high (< 50%): 24; very high (< 50-100%): 50; not known: 15 Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1998, 51 (2) : 147-154 149

150 Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1998, 51 (2) : 147-154 RESSOURCES ANIMALES Camel farmingsystemsofRajasthan

TYPOLOGY 1: Camel owners' activities and revenues

Wealthy farmers Modest farmers Rearing activities Very large families Poor landless breeders (owners 1) (owners 2) predominating (owners 3) (owners 4) (owners 5) 47% 25% 19% 6% 3%

- Agriculture is first - Only camels used for - Agriculture is second revenue ploughing revenue - 16 to 30 family members - No land - Tractors are firstly - Non-irrigated land - Camels are firstly used for ploughing used for ploughing - Combination of irrigated - Camels are second and camels secondly - Small land and tractors secondly and non-irrigated land revenue

- Second revenue is - Camels are second - Other species of domestic - Medium-size land - Other domestic animals other domestic revenue animals are first revenue are first revenue

animals Retour aumenu - Non-irrigated land

TYPOLOGY 2 : Herd structure

Medium-size camel herd Large herd for all species Single male camel Female camel herds (composition 1) (composition 2) (composition 3) (composition 4) 40% 28% 27% 5%

- More than 70% of mature - Largest (or equal) number females of male camels - Largest number of females - Only male camel(s) - Only female camel(s) - 2 to 9 camels

- More than 31 camels - Single camel - No small ruminant

- 11 to 50 small ruminants - Sometimes single camel

Figure 2: Description of four specified typologies concerning camel farming systems (part I). Retour au menu

Systèmes d’élevage camelin au Rajasthan (objective 6) 6% and cart secondly Income from trade first - First objective and benefit are trade - Second objective and benefit are carting - Cart utilization is farm 1 and business 2 Good health status (management 4) 8% associated to migration - Irregular water supply - Seasonal or prolonged migration - Additional crop by-products to working and weak (lactating females, diseased) animals (objective 5) 11% Multipurpose camels - Second benefit is trade - First benefit is carting - Milk is consumed Poor health status (management 3) 15% - 50 to 100% mange - Irregular water supply - Prolonged migration (< 100 km) associated to migration Ploughing and/or (objective 4) 13% under-used camels under-used - No second benefit - No cart utilization - No second objective - First objective and benefit of camels are ploughing Camel trade (objective 3) 19% TYPOLOGY 3: Camel rearing objectives TYPOLOGY - Hair collected - First objective and benefit of camels are trade - Milk is consumed - No cart utilization Camel(s) never purchased Only stall feeding (management 2) 38% - No mortality - Daily water supply - Concentrates to working camels - Camels only kept at farm - Only crop by-products TYPOLOGY 4: Nutritional management and health status TYPOLOGY (objective 2) 19% Cart used for farm only - Utilization of cart is for farm only - No benefit from camels - First objective of camels is carting (management 1) 39% Grazing around village - Daily water supply - Grazing around the village (< 20 km) combined with stall feeding - Additional crop by-products - for working camels : Description of four specified typologies concerning camel farming systems (part II). (objective 1) 32% - First objective and benefit of camels are cart - Second benefit comes from ploughing (rent) - Second objective of camels is ploughing - Utilization of cart is for farm and business Figure 2 Cart used for business and farm Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1998, 51 (2) : 147-154 151

152 Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1998, 51 (2) : 147-154 RESSOURCES ANIMALES Camel farmingsystemsofRajasthan analysis tobalancetheroleofeach group(11). separately thehomogeneousgroups ofvariablesbeforeoverall analysis. Soitisbettertoproceed withtwostepsandanalyze MCA themoststructuraldata are predominantinthetypology conditions (10),itappearsthat in themultivariateanalysisusing between afarmer,herdand its resourcesandenvironmental If afarmingsystemisusuallydescribedastheinteractions 1. Objective;2.Management;3.Owner;4.Composition * Themostdiscriminantcharacteristicsarewritteninboldcharacters ye itiuinCaatrsis*Proportionofthemodality Characteristics* Distribution Types ye93.1 4.1 Type 9 Type 8 4.6 Type 7 6.1 Type 6 6.6 Type 5 11.2 Type 4 13.3 Type 3 21.9 Type 2 29.1 Type 1 DISCUSSION (%) idesz ae ed cm)50 Middle-size camelherds(com1) Single malecamel(com3) Wealthy farmers(own1) Only stallfeeding(mgt2) ae rd oj)67 50 78 50 44 33 30 40 30 80 Poor healthstatusassociatedtomigration(mgt3) Camel trade(obj3) Poor landlessbreeders(own5) 70 Single malecamel(com3) Very largefamilies(own4) 55 70 90 Ploughing and/orunder-utilizedcamels 55 Cart usedforfarmonly(obj2) Wealthy farmers(own1) 50 73 Female camelherds(com4) 69 Very largefamilies(own4) Poor healthstatusassociatedtomigration(mgt3) Large herdsofvariousspecies(com2) Income fromtradefirstandcartsecond(obj6) Multipurpose camels(obj5) 65 Camel trade(obj3) Rearing activitiespredominating(own3) Large herdsofvariousspecies(com2) 42 Good healthstatusassociatedtomigration(mgt4) 58 Medium-size camelherds(com1) Grazing aroundvillagecombinedwithstallfeeding(own1) Modest farmers(own2) 36 Camel usedforploughingorunder-utilized(obj4) 64 Single malecamel(com3) Wealthy farmers(own1) Only stallfeeding(mgt2) Cart usedforfarmonly(obj2) Grazing aroundvillagecombinedwithstallfeeding(mgt1) Rearing activitypredominating(own3) Poor healthstatusassociatedtomigration(mgt3) Large herdsofvariousspecies(com2) Multipurpose camels(obj5) Camel trade(obj3) Cart usedforbusinessandfarm(obj1) Overall typology Retour aumenu 3 2 Table II 4

1 are decliningduetotheuseofgrazing landsforcultivation(8). farm worksuchasploughingand cartpulling,whereaslargeherds systems (9).Thus,manyfarmers keepsingleorfewcamelsfor subsistence pastoralismshiftstoward sedentarymarketoriented camel asadomesticanimalisundergoing fundamentalchangesas development plansoftheGovernment ofIndia.Therolethe weather roads,andenjoytheeffectsofsocioeconomic keeping whenalmostallareasofthedrylandareservedwithall- .Thisstudywillreflectthefuturefateofcamel connected bymetalledroadsnearthecanalandbiggercitiesof The presentinvestigationwasundertakenintheruralvillages

in eachcluster,i.e.,type(%)

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 50 72 65 98 33 61 Retour au menu

Systèmes d’élevage camelin au Rajasthan

One must be aware of the unfair sampling strategy of the survey. are more concerned about camel issues through trade and should Type proportions within the various typologies do not reflect the be more motivated. Then they could show the way to others. reality. Indeed, a great number of large herd breeders were Camel breeding is still the only means to use the driest and non- deliberately interviewed to involve a large sample of each type in irrigated zones of Rajasthan. It should be properly considered by the survey. It became apparent in the field that large herd owners development decision-makers. were not as many as described in this paper. Accordingly, the results of the present study do not respect the actual distribution of the various types especially concerning herd composition CONCLUSION typology. The focus should be on the typology of camel rearing objectives The main objective of camel rearing in Rajasthan is obviously which is relevant to the situation of camel husbandry in that animal power for pulling a cart or ploughing (12). Various types Rajasthan area. However, the type distribution should not be of draft objectives appeared in the survey. The area where farmers considered because of the sampling issue. The three other dwell needs to be recognized. In non-irrigated zones camels were typologies can bring further information, whereas the overall widely used for ploughing, but were frequently under-used. In typology can identify clearly four types (1-4), including 75% of irrigated zones camels were used for carting and for ploughing but the farmers and five secondary types, under-represented and as a second choice after tractors. Many farmers used camels for difficult to analyze. Further investigation will be necessary to business and earned revenues from cart services. For development better identify and characterize these subtypes in order for instance perspectives various aspects can be drawn from the survey results: to propose target-oriented development strategies. - In the poor and non-irrigated areas camel owning equals Types 1, 3 and 7 were more common in Bikaner than in Jaisalmer subsistence rearing. Development strategies should focus on district. Types 2 and 9 were more common in Jaisalmer district, bringing the optimal output from the animals; whereas type 5 was highly related to Jaisalmer district. Types 1 - In irrigated zones the future of the camel is uncertain. Some and 3 were also mostly found in irrigated areas, whereas type 2 farmers fully use their animals for farm work and for business, was highly related to non-irrigated areas. Type 4 was more whereas others use them for farm work only. Most of them prefer common in Bikaner district and in non-irrigated areas. All these tractors for ploughing. The use of animal power may decrease and results agreed with the preliminary analysis (9), which favors a mechanization may become preponderant like in more developed pertinent typology analysis. states in India such as Punjab, where development has already deeply taken place. If animal power is to be preserved draft The typology of nutritional management and health status can performance and nutrition management should be improved since bring information of interest. Breeders conducting migrations stall-feeding is the usual practice for working animals. were divided into two distinct types (types 3 and 4): One type showed a poor health status and the other a better one. Different The camel market should be organized keeping in mind that some nutrition management could be the reason. Indeed, it appears that breeders will supply the farmers’ demand for draft animals. a large proportion of type 4 breeders (good health status associated Compared to camel farming systems in other geographical zones to migration) gave crop byproducts to working and also to weak such as Morocco (11), Indian camel husbandry is deeply animals (i.e., lactating females, young and diseased animals). characterized by the use of animal power and small-size herds. Moreover, several herds collectively supervised by the same Agricultural activities are very relevant in Rajasthan, especially in shepherd, possibly because of time and budget constraints, could the newly irrigated zones. Nobody can forecast the future of camel be related to animal care deficiency and poor health status husbandry in a socio-economically developing State such as (type 3). Rajasthan. Higher mange morbidity was found in migrating herds, which were also the larger ones. This could be explained by poor Acknowledgments nutrition and weakness associated with a multitude of contacts This study was supported financially by Cirad-ucec (unité de between animals. If migration patterns are kept, the mange issue coordination de l’élevage camelin) and by AFP (Association becomes essential: improvement and spread of treatment become française de pastoralisme). The authors are thankful to Dr. S.N. necessary. Better calf care associated with better nutritional Tandon, Senior Scientist, for his large contribution to the field management could help as well. For development perspectives the work. The technical assistance provided by Shri Sahi Ram Chahar, elimination of migration and extensive rearing could improve Research Associate, and by Shri Rameshwal Lal Vyas, Laboratory many issues directly related to them. The encroachment of Assistant, NRCC, Bikaner, is duly acknowledged. The authors irrigated and cultivated zones on pastureland zones is a good also thank Drs. M.S. Sahani, Principal Scientist, S. Vyas, UK reason to investigate into alternate methods of large scale rearing Bissa and N. Sharma for their contribution to this investigation, for trade. Therefore, research into improvement of reproductive and the camel owners for providing information on camel parameters as conducted at the National Research Centre on management systems. Finally, the autors are deeply grateful to Camel of Bikaner (Rajasthan) is necessary. Modern facilities like NRCC and to ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) for artificial insemination and embryotransfer technology must be their contribution. considered seriously, as well as selection of breeds with good reproductive performances. Prophylactic methods must be set up REFERENCES for parasitic diseases. Intensive nutrition management with an optimal use of crop byproducts and concentrates should also take 1. 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154 Revue Élev. Méd. vét. Pays trop., 1998, 51 (2) : 147-154 RESSOURCES ANIMALES Camel farmingsystemsofRajasthan of camelkeepinginBikanerandJaisalmerdistrictsRajasthan. 9. LAVALG.,TANDONS.N.,KHANNAN.D.,1998.Benchmarksurvey Rajasthan: apastoralsystemincrisis. 8. KÖHLER-ROLLEFSON,1992.TheRaikadromedarybreedersof 331-337. and distributionofcamelpopulationIndia. 7. KHANNAN.D.,RAIA.K.,TANDONS.N.,1990.Populationtrends Classification -RajasthanInde. Mots-clés ou decertaineszones. des chameliersetsixétaientspécifiquesdecertainsdistricts classes ontétédécritesdontquatrereprésentaient75p.100 été définieàpartirdecesquatretypologiesbase.Neuf associé àunemigration(8p.100).Unetypologieglobale a taire associéàunemigration(15p.100)etbonstatutsanitaire en stabulationuniquement(38p.100),mauvaisstatutsani- cié àl’alimentationenstabulation(39p.100),alimentation sanitaire ontétéidentifiées:pâturageautourduvillageasso- (6 p.100).Quatreclassesdeniveaunutritionneletstatut commerce deschameauxetsecondairementdelacharrette pour multi-usage(11p.100),revenusprovenantd’aborddu travaux delabouret/ousous-utilisés(13p.100),chameaux commerce deschameaux(19p.100),destinésaux (32 p.100),charretteàusagefermieruniquement(19 jectifs ontétéobservées:charrettepourlafermeetlocation et troupeauxfemellesuniquement(5p.100).Sixclassesd’ob- espèces (28p.100),troupeauxmâlesuniquement(27100) peaux detaillemoyenne(40p.100),grandstroupeauxpluri- classes destructuredestroupeauxonétédéterminées:trou- (6 p.100)etéleveurspauvressansterre(3100).Quatre d’élevage prépondérante(19p.100),grandesfamilles riches (47p.100),fermiersmodestes(25activités propriétaires dedromadaireontétéidentifiées:fermiers tèmes d’élevage.Cinqclassesd’activitésetderevenusdes classes déterminéesenvuederéaliserunetypologiedessys- classiques utilisantlelogicielSPAD3®etassignésàdes criminants ontétéidentifiéspardesanalysesmultivariées l’utilisation desanimaux.Lesméthodesetlesparamètresdis- questions ontconcernélagestiondel’élevagecamelinet de JaisalmerauRajasthanjuilletàseptembre1997.Les villages accessiblesparroutedanslesdistrictsdeBikaneret Cent quatre-vingt-seizechameliersontétéinterrogésdans23 au Rajasthan,Inde d’élevage camelindanslesdistrictsdeBikaneretJaisalmer Laval G.,KhannaN.D.,FayeB. Résumé system anditsindigenousknowledge. 5. KHANNAN.D.,BISSAU.K.,1997.Indiancamelpastoralproduction (ICAR), p.1-80.(No.1995/96) 4. KHANNAN.D.,1996.Annualreport1995-96.Bikaner,India,NRCC animal shouldbeencouraged. 6. KHANNAN.D.,RAIA.K.,1994.Inaridregionsuseofcamelasdraft : Chameau-DromadaireMéthoded’élevage Indian Farming Nomadic People Une typologiedessystèmes Indian Farming , 44 Indian J.Anim.Sci. : 23-27. , , 47 30 : 28-31. : 74-83. Retour aumenu Indian J. , 60

: Clasificación -RajastánIndia. Palabras clave específicos. de camellosyseisfueronrelacionadasadistritosy/oáreas clases, cuatrodelascualesrepresentaron75%losdueños partir delascuatrotipologíasprevias.Sedesglosaronnueve migración (8%).Seguidamentesedefinióunatipología a con migración(15%);4)buenestadodesaludasociado únicamente (38%);3)pobreestadodesaludanimalasociado alimentación enestablo(39%);2) 1) pastoreoalrededordeunpuebloenasociacióncon clases deacuerdoalmanejonutricionalyestadosalud: partir delaventayluegotiro(6%).Seidentificaroncuatro camellos deusomúltiple(11%);6)ingresosprincipalesa 4) camellossub-utilizadosy/outilizadosparaarado(13%);5) únicamente paralafinca(19%);3)ventadecamellos negocio comoparalafinca(32%);2)tiroutilizado objetivos decrianzadelcamello:1)tiroutilizadotantopara hembras (5%).Sedesignaronseisclasesrelacionadasconlos de camellosmachos(27%);4)hatosúnicamente hatos grandesdevariasespecies(28%);3)únicamente estructura delhato:1)hatosmedianosdecamellos(40%);2) tierra (3%).Sedefinieroncuatroclasesenrelaciónconla (19%); 4)familiasnumerosas(6%);5)criadorespobressin modestos (25%);3)predominiodeactividadescrianza los dueñosdecamellos:1)finquerosricos(47%);2) cinco clasesrelacionadasconlasactividadesylosingresosde de lossistemascrianzacamellos.Seidentificaron SPAD 3®.Sedefinieronclasesparallevaracabolatipología tiempo quesecorrióunanálisismultivariadoconelprograma Se identificaronmétodosyparámetrosdiscriminatorios,al preguntas sobreelmanejoylautilizacióndeloscamélidos. ferrocarriles, entrejulioysetiembre1997.Sehicieron Bikaner yJaisalmer,en23puebloscomunicadospor Se investigaron196dueñosdecamellosenlosdistritos Rajastán, India crianza decamélidosenlosdistritosBikaneryJaisalmer Laval G.,KhannaN.D.,FayeB. Resumen Reçu le20.1.98,accepté11.6.98 Bikaneri camel.Bikaner,India,NRCC,66p. desert townBikanerandinvestigationsondraughtperformanceof 12. SALEYM.,1993.SurveyofdraughtcamelforcartinginanIndian 313-323. province deLaâyouneauMaroc. FAYE B.,1997.Typologiedessystèmesdeproductioncamelinsdansla 11. MICHELJ.F.,BENGOUMIM.,BONNETP.,HIDANEK.,ZRO Ministère delacoopération,288p.(Coll.Manuelsetprécisd’élevage) Zootechnie desrégionschaudes:lessystèmesd’élevage.Paris,France, 10. LHOSTEPH.,DOLLEV.,ROUSSEAUJ.,SOLTNERD.,1993. Anim. Sci. (in press) : Camello-DromedarioMétododecrianza Tipología delossistemas Revue Elev.Méd.vét.Paystrop.

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