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Keragaman Dan Potensi Ardisia Koleksi Kebun Raya Cibodas

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Keragaman Dan Potensi Ardisia Koleksi Kebun Raya Cibodas Prosiding Symbion (Symposium on Biology Education), p-ISSN: 2540-752x Prodi Pendidikan Biologi, FKIP, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, e-ISSN: 2528-5726 27 Agustus 2016 KERAGAMAN DAN POTENSI ARDISIA KOLEKSI KEBUN RAYA CIBODAS Suluh Normasiwi Balai Konservasi Tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas – LIPI Jl.Kebun Raya Cibodas, Sindanglaya PO. Box 19 Cipanas – Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43253, Indonesia. Telp/fax: 0263-512233 Email: [email protected] Abstract Ardisia a genus of flowering plants belongs to family Primulaceae is one of Cibodas Botanic Garden living collections. The knowledge and utilization of Ardisia were very limited due to the lack of information about these plants, especially in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to inform the Ardisia species collection of CBG and their potential utilization, in order to documenting the potencies of CBG plant collections and futher can be used as a source in environment education activities. The results showed that there were 11 species of Ardisia that had some potency to be a medicinal plant, ornamental, or fruit crops. Some of those species of Ardisia were already known and use in some region. Keyword: Potency, Ardisia, Collection, Cibodas Botanic Garden. Pendahuluan Primulaceae merupakan jenis tumbuhan yang di dominasi oleh semak penyusun vegetasi dasar hutan, pohon kecil, herba, semak memanjat dan beberapa jenis liana. Diperkirakan terdapat 32 genus dan 1000 spesies Primulaceae tersebar di seluruh dunia (Pascarella, 1997), 12 genus diantaranya berada di wilayah Malesia terutama Kalimantan yang mempunyai kekayaan Primulaceae tertinggi (7 genus) (Stone, 1989). Kebun Raya Cibodas (KRC) sebagai lembaga konservasi eks-situ tumbuhan dataran tinggi basah, berada di kaki Gunung Gede Pangrango pada ketinggian 1300- 1450 mdpl dengan topografi berbukit-bukit, memiliki tugas dan fungsi antara lain konservasi, penelitian, pendidikan lingkungan, pariwisata, dan jasa lingkungan. KRC telah mengkoleksi sebanyak 188 suku dan 1707 jenis dengan total 10280 spesimen tumbuhan (SiRegist KRC Februari 2016). Salah satu suku yang menjadi koleksi KRC adalah Primulaceae dan Ardisia merupakan marga dengan jumlah terbanyak dari suku Primulaceae yang dikoleksikan di KRC. Ardisia adalah salah satu marga terbesar pada suku Primulaceae, diperkirakan memiliki sekitar 400 - 500 spesies yang tersebar di seluruh wilayah tropis dan subtropis 11 Suluh Normasiwi – Keragaman Dan Potensi Ardisia.... dengan jumlah sebaran tinggi di Panama, Colombia dan wilayah Malesia (Pipoly, 1996). Ardisia sering dikenal dengan sebutan coralberry, marlberry atau spiceberry ini ditemukan tumbuh di hutan dataran rendah hingga ketinggian 2500 m dpl. Identifikasi jenis-jenis Ardisia hingga ke tingkat spesies sulit dilakukan karena minimnya kunci identifikasi, sementara belum terdapat informasi terbaru dan akurat sehingga membingungkan peneliti untuk mengkaji tumbuhan dari jenis ini (Kobayashi & Mejia, 2005). Ardisia berpotensi sebagai tanaman obat dengan adanya kandungan derivat benzoquinone dan triterpenoid saponin (Lemmens dan Bunyapraphatsara, 2003). Studi fitokimia juga menunjukkan sifat obat dari genus ini, termasuk antioksidan, anti-HIV, dan anti-tumor, serta Banyak diantara spesiesnya yang umum digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional Cina untuk mengobati gejala batuk dan diare (Chen,1979). Buah maupun bagian tanaman Ardisia dikonsumsi oleh sebagian masyarakat Asia (Sundriyal dan Sundriyal, 2001). Selain kandungan nutrisi dan obat-obatannya, Ardisia juga dikenal sebagai tanaman hias dengan bentuk buah berry yang menarik. Namun demikian, di Indonesia pemahaman dan pemanfaatan jenis Ardisia masih sangat terbatas dikarenakan minimnya informasi tentang tumbuhan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginformasikan jenis-jenis Ardisia yang dikoleksi KRC serta potensi pemanfaatannya, guna menambah data dokumentasi KRC mengenai potensi tumbuhan koleksi dan pengenalan pendidikan lingkungan. Metode Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Oktober – Desember 2015 dengan penelusuran data di unit registrasi dan katalog KRC serta pengecekan tumbuhan koleksi Ardisia yang tersebar di beberapa lokasi kebun Kebun Raya Cibodas, Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Informasi terkait potensi masing-masing Ardisia koleksi dilakukan dengan telusur pustaka. Selanjutnya data dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitiatif. Hasil dan Pembahasan Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dan inventarisasi data koleksi KRC tercatat terdapat 11 jenis koleksi Ardisia yang diketahui memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai tanaman obat, hias, bahkan tanaman pangan. Beberapa jenis Ardisia telah dikenal di berbagai wilayah dan telah dimanfaatkan. 12 Prosiding Symbion (Symposium on Biology Education), p-ISSN: 2540-752x Prodi Pendidikan Biologi, FKIP, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, e-ISSN: 2528-5726 27 Agustus 2016 Tabel 1. Potensi dan Pemanfaatan spesies Ardisia BagianTanaman Species Pemanfaatan Bermanfaat Ardisia crenata Tanaman hias Seluruh tanaman Obat: Kontraksi perut Rhizome Tekanan darah rendah Seluruh tanaman Penghambatan cAMP Akar Gangguan menstruasi Akar Sayuran Buah dan daun Ardisia crispa Obat: Anti-inflamasi dan anti-hyperalgesic Daun dan akar Antimetastatic dan atitumor Tidak diketahui Ardisia elliptica Tanaman hias Seluruh tanaman Obat: Antibiotik Buah kering Antivirus Batang dan daun Sayuran : Lalapan dan masak Tunas daun muda Ardisia fuliginosa Obat: Kudis Getah Batang Ardisia javanica Obat : Cacar Kulit batang Ardisia pendula Sumber pangan fungsional : Antioksidan Tidak diketahui Ardisia polycephala Obat: Anti racun Tidak diketahui Ardisia polysticta Tanaman hias Seluruh tanaman Ardisia sanguinolenta Obat : Obat batuk dan diare Akar Liver Akar Demam Buah Ardisia solanaceae Tanaman hias Seluruh tanaman Obat : Demam, diare, rematik Akar Gegar otak dan memar Kulit batang Penghasil warna kuning Buah Ardisia villosa Tanaman hias Seluruh tanaman Obat : demam dan batuk Tidak diketahui Berikut adalah penjelasan pada setiap jenis yang dikoleksikan di KRC: Ardisia crenata Sims. (coralberry, mata ayam, mata pelanduk) Ardisia crenata merupakan tumbuhan semak dengan tinggi 2 – 3 m, daun panjang meruncing, dan buah berbiji yang berwarna merah. Tumbuhan ini biasanya tumbuh pada hutan dataran rendah hingga ketinggian 1200 mdpl (Lemmens dan Bunyapraphatsara, 2003). A. crenata memiliki sejarah panjang sebagai tanaman hias, hampir 200 tahun sejak pertama kalinya dikenalkan sebagai tanaman hias (Ku C, 2013). Tersebar melalui perdagangan internasional dari China, Jepang, Korea, bagian dari India dan Asia Tenggara, sebagai spesies hias ke Australia dan Amerika Serikat (Niu, et al., 2012). Tanaman ini dibudidayakan sebagai tanaman hias karena buah berrynya yang cantik berwarna merah cerah (Anonymous, 2011). Penelitian Sandoval-Mojica and Capinera (2011) menyatakan ekstrak A. crenata berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai herbisida. 13 Suluh Normasiwi – Keragaman Dan Potensi Ardisia.... Di sisi lain, A. crenata di Tiongkok telah lama dikenal sebagai tanaman obat dengan berbagai kegunaan. Akar A. crenata mengandung triterpenoid saponin yang tinggi (Kitajima et al., 2006). A. crenata memiliki beberapa sifat obat termasuk utero- kontraksi, menurunkan tekanan darah, penghambat cAMP, dan antitrombin (Kobayashi dan de Mejia, 2005). Secara tradisional di Tiongkok, sebagai obat luar A.crenata digunakan untuk mengobati sakit kulit dan sakit telinga, sementara penggunaan internal sebagai obat demam, batuk dan diare, serta mengobati infeksi saluran napas dan gangguan menstruasi (Zaima et al., 2013). Buah dan daun A. crenata dinyatakan dapat dimakan, daunnya digunakan sebagai sayuran pada salad (Lemmens dan Bunyapraphatsara, 2003). Ardisia crispa (Thunb.)A.DC A.crispa adalah salah satu jenis Ardisia asli Indonesia, tersebar di Asia sepanjang Jepang dan Himalaya hingga Jawa dan Filipina. Tanaman ini sering keliru identifikasi dengan A.crenata karena kemiripan morfologisnya. A.crispa telah dikenal sejak lama sebagai obat tradisional, sebagai anti-inflamasi dan anti-hyperalgesic. Di wilayah Asia Tenggara dan Tiongkok, daun dan akar A.crispa dikonsumsi sebagai pereda nyeri dan bengkak. Jus akar juga diketahui dapat mengobati sakit telinga, batuk, demam, dan diare. Campuran daun dan akar digunakan sebagai obat gosok kulit (Roslida & Kim, 2008). Kang (2001) menyatakan bahwa A.crispa juga mengandung antimetastatic dan antitumor. Ardisia elliptica Thunb. Tanaman ini dikenal dengan nama Inkberry atau Buni keraton (Ind.) berasal dari wilayah Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia, dan India. Pada awalnya A.elliptica dikenalkan sebagai tanaman hias, kemudian menjadi invasif di beberapa negara seperti Puerto Rico, Australia dan Amerika Serikat. Tercatat dalam PROSEA A.elliptica dimanfaatkan sebagai sayuran. Tunas daun muda dapat dijadikan sebagai lalapan maupun dimasak. Buahnya dapat dimakan, dengan rasa sedikit asam dan hambar (Lim, 2012). Seperti jenis Ardisia lainnya, A.elliptica memiliki kandungan obat antibakteri yang diperoleh dari ekstrak buah keringnya (Phadungkit & Luanratana, 2006), serta antivirus dari bagian batang dan daunnya (Chiang, 2003). 14 Prosiding Symbion (Symposium on Biology Education), p-ISSN: 2540-752x Prodi Pendidikan Biologi, FKIP, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, e-ISSN: 2528-5726 27 Agustus 2016 Ardisia fuliginosa Blume Tanaman asli Indonesia A. fuliginosa tersebar di wilayah Sumatera, Jawa, dan Kalimanan. Tidak banyak publikasi yang menyatakan manfaat dari tanaman ini. Di Jawa Barat A. fuliginosa digunakan untuk mengobati kudis, dengan cara memanaskan getah kering dari batang yang dicampur santan dan rimpang temulawak
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