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Les a Vant -Gardes Litteraires LI TTÉRA TUR E LES A VANT, -GARDES LITTERAIRES -' ESTELA U N AMI C Jardi a la rrenceso alexendr-f n l c:¡uelet rT'Iodulxee 01"'1 crerT'la d' lelgny maillot de clrc del d lr.tant Jap6 herberl IIneel esp esas 81 ras de le torro Usurado J.M. JUNOY. POEMES & CNlIGRAMES. 1920 LES MOUVEMENTS D'AVANT-GARDE ONT CONSTITUÉ L'AVENTURE ESTHÉTIQUE LA PLUS VIBRANTE, RICHE ET PASSIONNÉE DE CE SIECLE. LE BESOIN DE ROMPRE AVEC LES ESTHÉTIQUES TRADITIONNELLES AINSI QUE L'ESPRIT DE RECHERCHE AVANT-GARDISTE SE MANIFESTERENT TRES TOT EN CAT ALOGNE. ISIDOR CÓNSUL C RITI QUE L1T TÉR A I R E urant les trente premieres an- constitué I'aventure esthétique la plus lui que nous devons I'invention d'un ter­ • nées du xxe sieele, la Catalogne vibrante, riche et passionnée de ce sie­ me qui allait marquer les premieres I!l joua un role de premier ordre ele. L' esprit de recherche avant-gardis­ avant-gardes, meme si son futurisme dans le développement et la diffusion te ainsi que la fievre de révolte intérieu­ n'avait pos le meme sens que celui que des avant-gardes. T outefois, bien que re et le besoin de rompre avec les devait théoriser, ó partir de 1909, Filip­ certains chefs de file de I'avant-garde esthétiques traditionnelles se manifes­ po Marinetti. On peut tout de meme tels que Salvador Dolí ou Joan Miró terent tres tot dans les terres catalanes. affirmer que Marinetti reprit, sans le ci­ soient catalans, ou que la formation et Le 18 avril 1904, lors d'une conférence ter, un terme inventé par Alomar. L'écri­ l' oouvre de Picasso soient marquées par ó l'Ateneu Barcelones, qui fut publiée vain italien avait entendu parler d 'Alo­ la Catalogne, ce protagonisme est peu en 1905, I'écrivain majorquin Gabriel mar et de son essai dans un artiele paru connu au- deló de nos frontieres. Alomar utilise et définit pour la premiere dans "Mercure de France" , dont il avait Les mouvements d'avant-garde ont fois le terme "Futurisme". C'est donc ó tres certainement dO lire la traduction C ATAL ON I A LITTÉRATURE JOAN MIRÓ. TETE DE PAYSAN CATALAN, 1925 castillane publiée dans la revue " Rena­ "Trossos", dirigée d 'abord par J.M. Ju­ des textes de Marie Laurencin, Max Ja­ cimiento" . Rubén Darío, dans un com­ noy puis par J. V. Foix, parut entre 1917 cob, Max Goth et de Picabia lui-meme, mentaire a propos du Manifeste futuris­ et 1918. Y furent publiés des poemes auquel on doit également un certain te de Marinetti, précisa, dans le journal de Philippe Soupault, Pierre Reverdy et nombre de dessins et d'illustrations. "La Nación", de Buenos Aires, que le Tristan Tzara traduits par J.V. Foix et Le panorama des publications catala­ futurisme avait dé¡a été créé par l'iIIus­ Joaquim Folguera. Pour ce qui est des nes d 'avant-garde est toutefois beau­ tre Ma¡orquin Gabriel Alomar. Nonobs­ illustrations, il convient de signaler des coup plus complexe. Nous ne pouvons tant, il signa la les différences existant dessins de Franck Burty et Albert Glei­ passer sous silence les trois revues ani­ entre les deux programmes et souligna zes, ainsi que des collaborations de mées par Joan Salvat-Papasseit: "Un qu'il y avait une co'incidence dans le Pere Ynglada, Joan Miró et Joaquim enemic del poble" (1917-1919), "Art terme mais non pas dans I'esprit du Torres-Garda. Volta'ic" (1918) et "Proa" (1921), les mouvement. Quoi qu'il en soit, en Cata­ L' autre revue, "391 ", représenta la con­ deux dernieres de tendance futuriste, logne, entre 1907 i 1910, il existait trois tribution catalane a I'avant-garde inter­ comme le fut également " Columna de revues dont le nom contenait le terme nationale. Au moment de la Premiere Foc " (1918), publiée a Reus . "Terramar" "Futurisme". Guerre mondiale, bon nombre d 'artis­ (1919-1920), "Monitor" (1921-1922) et A Barcelone, le marchand de tableaux tes contraints d'abandonner leur pays "L'Amic de les Arts" (1926-1928), trois Josep Dalmau i Rafel (1867- 1937) de­ se réfugierent a Barcelone. Ce fut le · publications sorties a Sitges et dont la vint le principal promoteur des nou­ cas, entre autres, d'Arthur Cravan, Ro­ derniere allait devenir la plus importan­ velles esthétiques d 'avant-garde. 11 or­ bert Delaunay, Albert Gleizes, Jean te revue de I'avant-gardisme catalan, ganisa en effet des expositions de pein­ Metzinger et Francis Picabia. Ce dernier présentent également un grand intéret. ture avant-gardiste et encouragea, collaborait a I' époque a la revue " 291 ", De meme "Helix" (1929-1930), publiée dans le domaine de I'édition, des expé­ qui avait été lancée a New York par a Vilafranca del Penedes, de tendance riences en rapport avec la nouvelle sen ­ Alfred Stieglitz et dont "391 " devint une surréaliste et dirigée par Joan Ramon sibilité. Parmi ces expositions, les plus sorte de continuation. Fondée sur I'ini­ Masoliver ; ou " La Nova Revista" remarquables furent celles intitulées tiative de Francis Picabia et parrainée (1927-1929), dirigée par J.M. Junoy; "Art Cubista" (1912), "Art Frances d 'A­ par Josep Dalmau, "391" sortit, en ou encore " La Revista ", une publication vantguarda" (1920) et "Art Modern i 1917, a New York, Zurich et Paris. Les plus conventionnelle, publiée entre Estranger" (1929). Dans le domaine de numéros imprimés a Barcelone contien­ 1915 et 1936, mais tres au courant des I'édition, on retiendra les revues "Tros­ nent un calligramme de Guillaume Apol­ mouvements de la nouvelle esthétique. sos" et " 391 ". linaire, L' horloge de demain, ainsi que A tout ceci, viennent s'ajouter les pro- 8 CATALONIA LITTÉRATURE JOAN MIRÓ. AVIAT ¡'INSTANT, 1919 clamations et manifestes publiés au I'impact, I'énergie et I' hétérodoxie des principal représentant de I'avant-gar­ cours de ces années. Parmi les plus con­ nouvelles esthétiques. Parmi les écri­ disme catalan, tant pour la valeur et la nus, iI convient de signaler Contra els vains et les groupes les plus remarqua­ lucidité de son reuvre que pour la tache poetes amb minúscula, Primer manifest bies, citons J.M. Junoy (1887-1955), qui qu' iI réalisa dans le domaine de I'étude catala futurista (1919, signé par Joan introduisit le cubisme littéraire en Cata­ et de la diffusion de la culture euro­ Salvat-Papasseit, et le Manifest Groc logne, ou le dénommé Grup de Saba­ péenne dans son pays. 11 fut I'un des (1928) rédigés par Salvador Dalí, Se ­ dell (Joan Oliver, Armand Obiols, Fran­ responsables de " L'Amic de les Arts" et bastia Gasch et Lluís Montanya. Ce ma­ cesc Trabal, Joaquim Folguers et Caries s' interéssa a différentes esthétiques nifeste, auquel avaient également parti­ Sindreu), qui pratiqua le jeu de la paro­ d'avant-garde, attiré tour a tour par le cipé Joan Miró, Joan Prats et Federico die et de la satire mordante envers la dada'lsme et les calligrammes futuristes. Gorcía Lorca, eut un grnd retentisse­ bourgeoisie de I'époque. Eurent égale­ Cependant, ce furent le reve et I'étude ment et provoqua une breve mais inten­ ment leur importance I'reuvre littéraire de I' inconscient qui I'amenerent au sur­ se polémique au sein de la culture cata­ de Salvador Dalí et, surtout, celles de réalisme et lui dicterent ses pl~s belles lane. 1I suscita I'attention des historiens Joan Salvat-Papasseit (1894- 1924) et pages. De son reuvre, d 'un grande ori­ de I'art avant-gardiste qui I'étudierent de J. V. Foix (1893- 1987), figurant par­ ginalité et rigueur, on retiendra surtout de preso mi les chefs de file de I'avant-gardisme les volumes Gertrudis (1927), KRTU 11 convient de signaler que certains des littéraire catalan. (1932), Sol i dol (1936) et Les Irreals personnages clés des mouvements d'a­ Outre I'intéret qu' il manifestait pour les Omegues (1948). vant-garde, concernés par l' activisme programmes et qui I' amena a diriger Fidele a I' esprit de I' avant- garde, qu'avait provoqué la multiplication d 'ex­ des revues, Joan Salvat-Papasseit est J.V. Foix rejoignit, apres la guerre civil e positions, de manifestes et de revues, I'auteur d 'une poétique novatrice et espagnole, le groupe " Dau al Set", étaient présents a Barcelane. Outre ceux pleine de dynamisme. On retiendra no­ d'inspiration surréaliste, auquel appar­ déja cités, y séjournerent, entre autres, tamment Poemes en andes hertzianes tenaient des peintres tels que Tharrats, André Breton, Filippo T. Marinetti et Le ( 191 9), L'irradiador del port i les gavi­ Tapies ou Joan Pone;:, ainsi que le poete Corbusier. Ceci sans compter les amis nes (1921) et El poema de la rosa als Joan Brossa. 11 devint ce faisant le lien que Salvador Dalí fit venir a Cadaqués l/avis (1923), trois recueils contenant entre deux avant-gardes catalanes, durant la seconde moitié des années des notions de modernité, machinisme celle qui existait avant la guerre civil e et vingt, tels que René Magritte, Paul Éluard, et mouvement tres pro ches du program­ celle qui devait se constiuer apres; pour Luis Buñuel ou Federico García Lorca. me futuriste et des mots en liberté. I'une comme I'autre, il était un point de La littérature catalane assuma aussit6t Le poete J.V. Foix devint, quant a lui, le référence. • CA T A l ON I A .
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