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The Pentecost Fire Is Burning: Models of Mission Activities in the Church of Pentecost

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The Pentecost Fire Is Burning: Models of Mission Activities in the Church of Pentecost THE PENTECOST FIRE IS BURNING: MODELS OF MISSION ACTIVITIES IN THE CHURCH OF PENTECOST by DANIEL OKYERE WALKER A thesis submitted to The University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Theology and Religion College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham March 2010 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The use of models to study mission activities enables not only vivid description and systematic analysis but also prescriptions for the future. This thesis examines the mission activities of the Church of Pentecost from 1917 to 2008 using five mission models: local, regional, migrational, reverse and reflex. Departing from the general pattern, where mission activity is normally shaped from above by a mission organization, members of the Church of Pentecost developed a ‘mission from below’ strategy that has become a feature of all aspects of mission work in the church. These models were formed and shaped by members at the grassroots. Reflecting on their strengths and weaknesses, the thesis proposes another mission model that can be used as an analytical tool to evaluate mission models generally. The ‘Economission’ model which draws on economic principles enables the mission practitioner to assess, evaluate, identify and apply the appropriate model to a particular mission context. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents, Rev. Frederick D. Walker and Mrs. Florence Walker, first Church of Pentecost missionaries to Liberia, and all missionaries who continue to advance the cause of Missio Dei. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to Professor Allan Anderson, my supervisor who guided me through this research work. Dr Mark Cartledge, Dr Andrew Davies and fellow students at the Centre for Pentecostal and Charismatic Studies offered thought provoking comments and critiques during seminar presentations for which I am grateful. My thanks also go to Elder Lord Elorm-Donkor who read through the draft thesis and provided very useful comments. I am very grateful to Dr Richard Burgess (Research Fellow in the Centre for Pentecostal and Charismatic Studies) who checked the English composition of the thesis and also gave very useful suggestions. I thank Beverly Stubbs, postgraduate administrator, for her support in various ways. I am grateful to Dr. Jabal Buaben, also at the Department of Theology and Religion, for reading portions of the thesis and offering helpful suggestions. I also thank Dr Felix Hammond (University of Wolverhampton) who read a chapter of the draft thesis and offered important suggestions. During my field work Pastor Emmanuel Osei Ofosu, manager of the Statistics and Records Department and his staff at the Church of Pentecost Headquarters in Accra, gave me immense assistance. I also thank staff at the International Missions Department for assisting me to get the needed information. I am grateful to all who responded to various questionnaires and granted me interviews. I should also mention Revd James Raj (CoP, India), Rev Stephen Omane-Yeboah (missionary attaché to CoP, Latin America and the Caribbean), Rev Lord Agyin (CoP, Holland), Rev Dr Daniel Wiafe (CoP, Italy), Rev Dr Bonsu (CoP, Germany), Rev K. E. Agbavitoh (CoP, Togo) and Rev Gabriel Kpokame (CoP, Côte d’Ivoire). I thank Mr Joshua Yirenkyi-Smart Jr., my research assistant, who continued to collect vital information from Ghana. The completion of this work has been possible by the support and funding that I received from the Church of Pentecost. Both the International Office and the UK national office provided for my tuition and living expenses. I very much thank Apostle Dr Opoku Onyinah, the chairman of the Church of Pentecost and former Rector of the Pentecost University College, who encouraged me to do postgraduate studies and also recommended me at the time we both worked together at the College. I am grateful to the Rector of Pentecost University College, Pastor Dr Peter Kyei, and the faculty and staff of the College for holding the fort during my study leave. I thank the General Secretary, Apostle Alfred Koduah, and the International Missions Director, Apostle Dr Stephen Baidoo, who were very supportive during the research period and also spent much time with me during interviews with them. I thank the following persons who have also been very helpful: Apostle Dr Michael Ntumy (I started this work during his term of chairmanship of the Church of Pentecost), Apostle Nene and Dorothy Amegatcher, Apostle Martin and Dora Appiah, Pastor Kwesi and Rosina Otoo, Pastor Osei and Elizabeth Owusu-Afriyie and the entire pastorate of the Church of Pentecost, UK, with whom I have enjoyed working together as a colleague. The staff at the Church of Pentecost, UK national office, need to be mentioned. Elder K. Arko Amoatin, Mrs Janet Dwumah, Deacon Eric Amoah and Deacon Emmanuel Appawu Kwarteng have all been very helpful. The presbytery and members of the Church of Pentecost, Telford District, supported me throughout my stay in the UK. I have been blessed and have learnt much as I pastored the church in Telford for more than four years. I am indeed grateful to all of you. I would not have been able to complete this work without the prayers and general support of my family. My deepest appreciation goes to my wife, Irene and the children, Frederick, Eunice, Sandra and Michaelina; my mother and mother-in-law, Priscilla and Kofi Aboagye who took care at home whilst I was away, and all my extended family members. I have reserved my final thanks for my senior brother and friend, Prophet James Osei Amaniampong and wife, Georgina who have been a source of great encouragement to me. I thank you so much for all your help. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations List of Tables List of Abbreviations CHAPTER ONE THE PENTECOST FIRE IS BURNING: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction to the Study 1 1.2 Towards a Hypothesis 7 1.3 Methodology and Limitations 10 1.4 Theoretical Framework 14 1.5 Definitions 19 1.5.1 Pentecostal Mission 22 1.5.2 The CoP Mission Concept 24 1.6 Some Biblical Perspectives on the Practice of Mission 26 1.6.1 Mission as Missio Dei 26 1.6.2 The Mission of Jesus and Missio Dei 28 1.6.3 The Mission of the Holy Spirit and Missio Dei 30 1.6.4 Mission as Missiones Ecclesiae 32 1.7 A Review of Some Mission Models 35 1.8 Modelling CoP Mission Activities 37 1.9 Structure of Thesis 38 CHAPTER TWO THE PREPARATION OF THE PENTECOST FIRE: THE PRECURSORS AND THE HISTORY OF THE COP MISSION ACTIVITIES 40 2.1 Mission Activities in Ghana before the CoP 40 2.1.1 Catholicism in Ghana 43 2.1.2 Protestantism in Ghana 44 2.2 African-Style Revivalists 53 2.2.1 William Wade Harris 53 2.2.2 John Swatson 56 2.2.3 Sampson Oppong 56 2.3 Mission in Some Major Pentecostal and Charismatic Churches 58 2.4 The CoP: Historical Overview 62 2.4.1 Peter Anim and Pentecostalism in Ghana 62 2.4.2 The Apostolic Church, UK in West Africa 64 2.4.3 James McKeown, Pentecostal Missionary to the Gold Coast 65 2.4.4 The Creation of the Church of Pentecost 68 CHAPTER THREE THE FOUNDATION OF THE PENTECOST FIRE: THE COP MISSION ACTIVITIES I 79 3.1 The Local Mission Model 79 3.2 The LMM and the Miraculous: The Anim Era (1917 – 1939) 80 3.2.1 The Role of Signs and Wonders 80 3.2.2 Glossolalia – Power for Missions 87 3.3 The LMM and Eschatology: the McKeown Era (1939 – 1982) 91 3.3.1 Eschatology and Worship in Mission 94 3.3.2 Eschatology, Evangelism and Mission 98 3.3.3 Eschatology and Sacrificial Giving for Mission 102 3.3.4 Eschatology and Prophecy as a Mission Strategy 105 3.3.5 Eschatology and Holiness 111 3.4 The LMM and Social Ministry: the Safo/Yeboah Era (1982 – 1998) 115 3.4.1 Building Structures: Pentecost Social Services (PENTSOS) 116 3.4.2 Building Structures: Church Government and Administration 122 3.4.3 Building Structures: Other CoP Ministries 135 3.5 The LMM and Politics: the Ntumy Era (1998 – 2008) 139 3.5.1 Building a Political Identity 143 3.6 Summary of the LMM 147 CHAPTER FOUR THE SPREAD OF THE PENTECOST FIRE: THE COP MISSION ACTIVITIES II 152 4.1 African Pentecostalism: The Contribution of the CoP Regional Mission 153 4.1.1 The CoP Mission to West Africa 153 4.1.2 Characteristics of the CoP West African Mission 155 4.1.2.1 Formation 155 4.1.2.2 Growth, Schisms and Nationalization 158 4.1.2.3 Growth Factors and Mission Strategies 163 4.1.2.4 West African Mission and Civil Wars 165 4.1.2.5 The CoP West African Mission: Evaluation 167 4.1.3 The CoP Mission to Other African Nations 169 4.2 Summary of the RMM 172 CHAPTER FIVE TRAVELLING WITH THE PENTECOST FIRE: THE COP MISSION ACTIVITIES III 177 5.1 The Migrational Mission Model (MMM) 177 5.1.1 Migration into Europe: The Push and Pull Factors 180 5.1.2 Building Communities: Naturalization and Transnationalism 183 5.1.3 Building Religio-Cultural Identity 186 5.2 CoP-UK: A Migrational Mission Case Study 188 5.2.1 Factors that Led to the Creation of CoP-UK 188 5.2.2 Settling Into British Communities 191 5.2.3 Building Christian Communities: Fellowship with
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