DOCSLIB.ORG

Wǝ́xa Sxwuqwálustn

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wǝ́xa Sxwuqwálustn 1 Wǝ́xa Sxwuqwálustn Pulling Together Identity, Community, and Cohesion in the Cowlitz Indian Tribe Leah Wheeler A thesis submitted for the degree of PhD Department of Sociology University of Essex 2016 Abstract In the last 30 years many changes have taken place within the Cowlitz Indian Tribe. These changes involve the tribe’s sovereignty and have greatly impacted the emic identity of the tribe. Previous identity research with the Cowlitz predates these changes and no longer accurately describe the Cowlitz. The question for this research was how have these changes affected the emic identity of the Cowlitz today as seen in their community and interactions? And how does their identity now compare with their identity in the times of pre-contact and initial contact with whites? This research uses Manuel DeLanda’s assemblage theory to assess and compare the emic identity of the contemporary and historical tribe in terms of sovereignty, identity, and cultural rejuvenation. When the structure, relationships, activities, and purposes of the tribe and groups within the contemporary tribe were analyzed, there was a striking resemblance to the community system described in early settler journals and histories of the Cowlitz. The research was cross-sectional, including ethnographic study, interviews of tribal members, document analysis, and historical analysis. In an attempt to allow the Cowlitz people to speak for themselves rather than project ideas onto the tribe, each section of the research first allows tribal members to voice their opinions and then relies on Cowlitz voices to confirm the analysis. The final dissertation was then submitted to the tribe for comment. 2 Thanks and acknowledgements When this research first came into the works during a casual conversation with tribal leaders at the Cowlitz Tribal Office in Longview, WA, the tribal leaders were open to the idea but skeptical of the motives behind the research and the ethics of academic researchers, especially one from outside the tribe. I would like to thank the tribe for their willingness to take a risk, and I hope that this research was performed in accordance with tribal expectations regarding ethics and tribal regulations, and with the utmost respect for the Cowlitz people. It is also my sincere hope that the research will be of benefit to the tribe in some measure, rather than a reinforcement of hegemonic and academic views which have plagued research in Native American circles for centuries, or simply an exercise allowing the researcher to obtain more letters behind her name. Thank you to every person who was willing to participate in this research. Without your cooperation and interest, this could not have been accomplished. Thank you for putting yourselves in a vulnerable position and doing so with generous hearts. Your time and help have been invaluable, and your love for the Cowlitz Tribe was obvious in every interaction. Náxwłqwul’as! Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1 - Identity in the Cowlitz Context Chapter 2 - Sovereignty and the Cowlitz Context Chapter 3 - Cultural Revitalization Chapter 4 - Assemblage Theory Chapter 5 - The Historical Cowlitz Tribe Chapter 6 - The Contemporary Cowlitz Tribe Conclusions - Reason and Motive in Contemporary Cowlitz Community Structure 3 Introduction “Grandma taught me things I realize now were Indian. But she wouldn’t teach me ‘Indian’. You wouldn’t do that. You just teach your child what you know. You don’t point out the source of it… Lot of plants, licorice root, peel it off a tree and chew it, things like that. Berries that you can eat. I’d go out in the woods and didn’t have a bucket to put them in. She’d pull off a big leaf and make a temporary holder, like a basket basically, and we put the berries in that. Put skunk cabbage leaves into a cup and drink out of a stream… I’m going to tell you something that I didn’t tell anybody until this summer. Now I guess a lot of people know about it…I would go down in the field near where we lived to pick flowers…and as a child I would kneel to the four directions and not know why I was doing it… I would hope nobody sees me because they would ask why I’m doing this and I don’t know why I’m doing it” Juanita Clark Cowlitz Tribal Elder and Ka`ya For years the Cowlitz Indian Tribe existed in the hearts and minds of its people and as a semi-annual meeting. Outside the tribe, they existed in history books and a few scattered place names like Cowlitz County in Washington State. While one history book notes the disappearance or complete assimilation of the tribe by the 1893 (Ruby, Brown and Collins 2010:111), US Federal Court Opinions verify that the Cowlitz remained intact as a tribe throughout the late 1800’s up to today (Grand Ronde v Jewell case 1:13-cv-00849-BJR, §3c ¶3). The court also upheld the Secretary of the Department 4 of Interior’s finding that the tribe not only existed as an entity but had interaction with the US government on a regular basis from the 1850’s on. Juanita Clark is 81 years old and remembers back to her childhood, recalling that she learned Indian traditions from her grandmother and mother but was never told “this is an Indian tradition”. These traditions were simply things they did to survive like picking berries and learning how to make baskets and cups from plants. These traditions activities were engaged in on a small, private, family scale. The only tribal activities Juanita remembers were the semi-annual gatherings of the Cowlitz, which met at the Grange Hall in Toledo, Washington in an area known to the Cowlitz as Cowlitz Prairie. People came from all over the Pacific Northwest, where they had located for jobs, allotments1 with other tribes, or in order to stay near family. According to tribal histories and individual memories, the gatherings of the tribe in Juanita’s youth were focused around land claims against the US government in an attempt to receive 1 “In 1887, Congress passed the General Allotment Act, which authorized the president (at the time Grover Cleveland) to survey Indian tribal land and divide the area into allotments for individual Indians and families. The Allotment Act (also known as the Dawes Act, named for Senator Henry Dawes of Massachusetts, the Act’s lead proponent) was applied to reservations whenever, in the president’s opinion, it was advantageous for particular Indian nations. Members of the selected tribe or reservation were either given permission to select pieces of land—usually around 40 to 160 acres in size – for themselves and their children, or the tracts were assigned by the agency superintendent. If the amount of reservation land exceeded the amount needed for allotment, the federal government could negotiate to purchase the land from the tribes and sell it to non-Indian settlers. As a result, 60 million acres were either ceded outright or sold to the government for non-Indian homesteaders and corporations as “surplus lands.” (Indian Land Tenure Foundation 2016) 5 compensation for lands that were appropriated without compensation by President Lincoln in an 1863 presidential proclamation2. In contrast to Juanita’s experience as a youth and similar experiences of others her age, Cowlitz tribal activities today are vibrant expressions of a group of 4,000+ members who engage in them not for family survival, but purposefully for tribal cohesion and development. In the words of Juanita herself, “It’s a lot more fun. We’re together as a group now”. In the last 30 years, the tribe has begun to have a wider scope of operation than the former family lines, including a health care system, youth activities, an ecology department, and tribal programs like Canoe Family. These are made possible in part by these other changes: the tribe has partially distributed funds from Docket 2183, been federally acknowledged, won a legal battle granting a land trust (commonly known as a reservation), and signed a gaming compact with the State of Washington. Perhaps the most interesting change, and the focus of this dissertation is the unpremeditated revitalization of historical Cowlitz community systems. A community system, for this research, refers to a combination of structure, relationship, activity, and 2 Docket 218 of the Indian Claims Court determined that official extinguishment of land for the Cowlitz took place on March 20, 1963. 3 In 1973, the Cowlitz Indian Tribe won a suite against the US government in the Indian Claims Commission for land appropriated by the government without consent of the tribe on March 20, 1863. The settlement was for $1,550,000 which was considered fair market value for a portion of the territory claimed by the tribe. This decision and the money awarded are referred to by the tribe as ‘Docket 218’. 6 purpose. Community structure is the grouping together within a society at different levels, such as individual, immediate family, extended family, hobby groups, work groups, tribe, nation, etc. When the structure, relationships, activities, and purposes of the tribe and groups within the tribe are analyzed, there is a striking resemblance to the community system described in early settler journals and histories of the Cowlitz. The initial research question for this dissertation was ‘what impacts are these legal and sovereignty changes having on the tribe, particularly its internal identity?’ As the research progressed, the questions narrowed to ‘what is the emic identity of the Cowlitz today as seen in their community and interactions4?’ ‘How do their dealings with other tribes, the state, and the US government reveal their emic identity?’ and ‘How does their identity now compare with their identity in the times of pre-contact and initial contact with Euro-Americans?’ This research, therefore, is not a comparative research with other tribes or first nations, but an informative research where interaction with other groups is noted only for the sake of reflexive examination of emic identity.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cowlitz Indian Tribe YOOYOOLAH!
    Cowlitz Indian Tribe Cowlitz Indian Tribe S p r I n g 2 0 1 2 N e w s l e t t e r S p r I n g 2 0 1 2 N e w s l e t t e r YOOYOOLAH!YOOYOOLAH! YOOYOOLAH!YOOYOOLAH! THE CHAIRMAN’S CORNER THE CHAIRMAN’S CORNER It took the U.S. government decades to acknowledge the Cowlitz people It took the U.S. government decades to acknowledge the Cowlitz people as an Indian Tribe. Recognition brought the Cowlitz Tribe minimal fed- as an Indian Tribe. Recognition brought the Cowlitz Tribe minimal fed- eral dollars to operate a sovereign tribal government and offer a range of eral dollars to operate a sovereign tribal government and offer a range of social, housing, and cultural services and to receive health care from the social, housing, and cultural services and to receive health care from the Indian Health Services. Our leaders have accomplished a lot with those Indian Health Services. Our leaders have accomplished a lot with those funds already. funds already. With the announcement in 2002 of our recognition, Chairman John Barnett said, "After all these With the announcement in 2002 of our recognition, Chairman John Barnett said, "After all these years, justice has finally been done. We're not extinct. They are finally recognizing that we've al- years, justice has finally been done. We're not extinct. They are finally recognizing that we've al- ways been here and have always been a historic tribe." After the unsuccessful appeal by the ways been here and have always been a historic tribe." After the unsuccessful appeal by the Quinault Indian Nation, the Interior Department affirmed the earlier decision that acknowl- Quinault Indian Nation, the Interior Department affirmed the earlier decision that acknowl- edged the Cowlitz as a tribe.
    [Show full text]
  • Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe
    1 Anthropological Study of Yakama Tribe: Traditional Resource Harvest Sites West of the Crest of the Cascades Mountains in Washington State and below the Cascades of the Columbia River Eugene Hunn Department of Anthropology Box 353100 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-3100 [email protected] for State of Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife WDFW contract # 38030449 preliminary draft October 11, 2003 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements 4 Executive Summary 5 Map 1 5f 1. Goals and scope of this report 6 2. Defining the relevant Indian groups 7 2.1. How Sahaptin names for Indian groups are formed 7 2.2. The Yakama Nation 8 Table 1: Yakama signatory tribes and bands 8 Table 2: Yakama headmen and chiefs 8-9 2.3. Who are the ―Klickitat‖? 10 2.4. Who are the ―Cascade Indians‖? 11 2.5. Who are the ―Cowlitz‖/Taitnapam? 11 2.6. The Plateau/Northwest Coast cultural divide: Treaty lines versus cultural 12 divides 2.6.1. The Handbook of North American Indians: Northwest Coast versus 13 Plateau 2.7. Conclusions 14 3. Historical questions 15 3.1. A brief summary of early Euroamerican influences in the region 15 3.2. How did Sahaptin-speakers end up west of the Cascade crest? 17 Map 2 18f 3.3. James Teit‘s hypothesis 18 3.4. Melville Jacobs‘s counter argument 19 4. The Taitnapam 21 4.1. Taitnapam sources 21 4.2. Taitnapam affiliations 22 4.3. Taitnapam territory 23 4.3.1. Jim Yoke and Lewy Costima on Taitnapam territory 24 4.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Cowlitz Carcieri Submission
    ______________________________________________________________________________ FEE-TO-TRUST APPLICATION AND RESERVATION PROCLAMATION REQUEST SUPPLEMENTAL SUBMISSION on CARCIERI’S “UNDER FEDERAL JURISDICTION” REQUIREMENT JUNE 18, 2009 ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR THE HON. LARRY ECHO HAWK THE HON. HILARY TOMPKINS ASSISTANT SECRETARY – INDIAN AFFAIRS SOLICITOR 1849 C STREET NW, MS 4141-MIB 1849 C STREET NW, MS 6412-MIB WASHINGTON, DC 20240 WASHINGTON, DC 20240 ______________________________________________________________________________ The Hon. William B. Iyall, Chairman (360) 577-8140 V. Heather Sibbison, Patton Boggs LLP (202) 457-6148 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................1 PART I: FEDERAL JURISDICTION OVER INDIANS AND INDIAN TRIBES IS PLENARY AND CONTINUOUS AS A MATTER OF LAW ..........................................................................................2 A. THE CARCIERI DECISION .......................................................................................................2 1. Brief Summary of the Court’s Holding in Carcieri v. Salazar...............................2 2. The “Facts” Before the Carcieri Court Were Unique to the Narragansett Tribe....................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • White Salmon Planning Commission Meeting AGENDA February 24, 2021
    White Salmon Planning Commission Meeting AGENDA February 24, 2021 – 5:30 PM Via Zoom Teleconference Meeting ID: 840 1289 8223 Passcode: 623377 Call in Numbers: 669-900-6833 929-205-6099 301-715-8592 346-248-7799 253-215-8782 312-626-6799 We ask that the audience call in instead of videoing in or turn off your camera, so video does not show during the meeting to prevent disruption. Thank you. Call to Order/Roll Call Public Comment – Draft Elements 1. Public comment will not be taken during the teleconference. Public comment submitted by email to Jan Brending at [email protected] by 5:00 p.m. on Wednesday, February 24, 2021 will be read during the planning commission meeting and forwarded to all planning commissioners. Please include in the subject line "Public Comment - February 24, 2021 - Planning Commission Meeting." Please indicate whether you live in or outside of the city limits of White Salmon. Discussion Items 2. Presentation and Discussion of Draft Elements a. History and Historic Places b. Transportation c. Public Facilities and Services d. Capital Improvement Program 3. Comprehensive Plan Update Workshop a. Environmental Quality and Critical Areas Element b. Economics Element c. Parks and Recreation Element d. HIstory and Historic Places Element (if time allows) Adjournment 1 File Attachments for Item: 2. Presentation and Discussion of Draft Elements a. HIstory and HIstoric Places b. Transportation c. Public Facilities and Services d. Capital Improvement Program 2 II. HISTORY AND HISTORIC PLACES Background Context and History Environmental context The City of White Salmon lies in a transition zone between the maritime climate west of the Cascade Mountain Range and the dry continental climate of the inter-mountain region to the east.
    [Show full text]
  • Hood River – White Salmon Interstate Bridge Replacement Project SDEIS
    (OR SHPO Case No. 19-0587; WA DAHP Project Tracking Code: 2019-05-03456) Draft Historic Resources Technical Report October 1, 2020 Prepared for: Prepared by: In coordination with: 111 SW Columbia 851 SW Sixth Avenue Suite 1500 Suite 1600 Portland, Oregon 97201 Portland, Oregon 97204 This page intentionally left blank. TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 2. Project Alternatives ....................................................................................................................... 3 2.1. No Action Alternative .......................................................................................................... 7 2.2. Preferred Alternative EC-2 ................................................................................................... 8 2.3. Alternative EC-1 ................................................................................................................ 14 2.4. Alternative EC-3 ................................................................................................................ 19 2.5. Construction of the Build Alternatives ............................................................................... 23 3. Methodology ..............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual, 2008
    U.S. Government Printing Offi ce Style Manual An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government printing 2008 PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd i 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:040:18:04 AAMM Production and Distribution Notes Th is publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces. It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post consumer waste. Th e GPO Style Manual will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository Library Program. To fi nd a depository library near you, please go to the Federal depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp. Th e electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at http://www.gpoaccess.gov/stylemanual/index.html. Use of ISBN Prefi x Th is is the offi cial U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein identifi ed to certify its authenticity. ISBN 978–0–16–081813–4 is for U.S. Government Printing Offi ce offi cial editions only. Th e Superintendent of Documents of the U.S. Government Printing Offi ce requests that any re- printed edition be labeled clearly as a copy of the authentic work, and that a new ISBN be assigned. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512-1800; DC area (202) 512-1800 Fax: (202) 512-2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402-0001 ISBN 978-0-16-081813-4 (CD) II PPreliminary-CD.inddreliminary-CD.indd iiii 33/4/09/4/09 110:18:050:18:05 AAMM THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE STYLE MANUAL IS PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND AUTHORITY OF THE PUBLIC PRINTER OF THE UNITED STATES Robert C.
    [Show full text]
  • Soc 1-1 10.1 Socioeconomics Resource Study (Soc 1)
    PacifiCorp/Cowlitz PUD Lewis River Hydroelectric Projects FERC Project Nos. 935, 2071, 2111, 2213 TABLE OF CONTENTS 10.0 SOCIOECONOMICS.................................................................................... SOC 1-1 10.1 SOCIOECONOMICS RESOURCE STUDY (SOC 1).......................... SOC 1-1 10.1.1 Study Objectives......................................................................... SOC 1-1 10.1.2 Study Area .................................................................................. SOC 1-2 10.1.3 Methods ...................................................................................... SOC 1-5 10.1.4 Key Questions............................................................................. SOC 1-7 10.1.5 Results......................................................................................... SOC 1-8 10.1.6 Discussion................................................................................. SOC 1-49 10.1.7 Schedule.................................................................................... SOC 1-51 10.1.8 References................................................................................. SOC 1-52 10.1.9 Comments and Responses on Draft Report .............................. SOC 1-57 SOC 1 Appendix 1 Text of RCW 54.28.050 SOC 1 Appendix 2 Descriptive Text of Money Generation Model LIST OF TABLES Table 10.1-1. Local sources of socioeconomic information...................................SOC 1-5 Table 10.1-2. 1990 population distribution by age in the secondary study area. ................................................................................................SOC
    [Show full text]
  • Cowlitz Tribe Education and Arts Funds
    1 • Cowlitz Tribal News • Fall 2019 Yooyoolah COWLITZ “One who calls” Fall 2019 Tribal News EIGHTH EDITION Cowlitz Tribe Education and Arts Funds Before more than a decade Clark County Council ordinance in 2007 Grant recipients of litigation and acrimony, Chairwoman Eileen Quiring intended to ease A variety of organizations were awarded grants in the first round of awards from the Cowlitz Tribe made a and Councilor Temple Lentz, the anticipated the Cowlitz Tribe Education and Arts Fund. promise to Clark County. the county’s representatives effects of the Late last month, it kept an on the board, said the grant casino. Under the • $5,000 for a one-year grant to the Northwest Film Forum for the development element of that promise. process strengthened the ordinance, the tribe of the film “Buffalo Soldiers of the Pacific Northwest.” The tribe’s Educationrelationship between the agreed to reimburse • $10,000 for a three-year grant to the Ridgefield Lions Club for students and Arts Fund awarded county and tribe. Karissa the county for law in grades 5-8 to manage a 2-acre wetland as part of a collaborative project in $409,000 to seven nonprofit Lowe, chairwoman of enforcement on partnership with the Ridgefield School District and Watershed Alliance of the fund’s board, said it tribal lands and Southwest Washington. organizations in Clark was a chance to build on lost property tax County. The awards are existing community ties. revenue, while also • $25,000 for a one-year grant to Columbia Springs for its on-site education the first made under a program in 2019-20.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Consultation with Tribes Regarding
    IN THE MATTER OF: FEDERAL CONSULTATION WITH TRIBES REGARDING INFRASTRUCTURE DECISION-MAKING HELD TUESDAY, OCTOBER 25, 2016 8:40 A.M. DAYBREAK STAR INDIAN CULTURAL CENTER 5001 BERNIE WHITEBEAR WAY SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98199 Meeting Consult With Tribes October 25, 2016 NDT Assgn # 22463-1 Page 2 1 PANEL MEMBERS PRESENT: 2 3 LAWRENCE ROBERTS 4 Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary 5 Department of the Interior 6 7 MICHAEL L. CONNOR 8 Deputy Secretary 9 Department of the Interior 10 11 DAVID F. CONRAD 12 Deputy Director 13 U.S. Department of Energy 14 Office of Indian Energy Policy and Programs 15 16 DAWN STURDEVANT BAUM 17 Attorney Advisor 18 Department of Justice 19 Office of Tribal Justice 20 21 JODY A. CUMMINGS 22 Deputy Solicitor for Indian Affairs 23 Office of the Solicitor 24 Department of the Interior 25 Meeting Consult With Tribes October 25, 2016 NDT Assgn # 22463-1 Page 3 1 PANEL MEMBERS PRESENT: (CONTINUED) 2 3 BRIGADIER GENERAL SCOTT SPELLMON 4 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 5 6 LEONARD FORSMAN 7 Chairman Suquamish Tribe 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Meeting Consult With Tribes October 25, 2016 NDT Assgn # 22463-1 Page 4 1 TRIBAL CONSULTATION 2 TUESDAY, OCTOBER 20, 2016 3 8:35 A.M. 4 5 MR. CONNOR: Good morning, everybody. I 6 think we are ready to begin. Thank you for your 7 patience. Let me start by introducing 8 Representative Roberts, here in the Pacific 9 Northwest, Chairman Leonard Forsman Suquamish Tribe.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Perspectives Teacher Guide
    Teacher Guide for 7th – 12th Grades for use with the educational DVD Tribal Perspectives on American History in the Northwest First Edition The Regional Learning Project collaborates with tribal educators to produce top quality, primary resource materials about Native Americans and regional history. Teacher Guide prepared by Bob Boyer, Shana Brown, Kim Lugthart, Elizabeth Sperry, and Sally Thompson © 2008 Regional Learning Project, The University of Montana, Center for Continuing Education Regional Learning Project at the University of Montana–Missoula grants teachers permission to photocopy the activity pages from this book for classroom use. No other part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. For more information regarding permission, write to Regional Learning Project, UM Continuing Education, Missoula, MT 59812. Acknowledgements Regional Learning Project extends grateful acknowledgement to the tribal representatives contributing to this project. The following is a list of those appearing in the DVD Tribal Perspectives on American History in the Northwest, from interviews conducted by Sally Thompson, Ph.D. Lewis Malatare (Yakama) Lee Bourgeau (Nez Perce) Allen Pinkham (Nez Perce) Julie Cajune (Salish) Pat Courtney Gold (Wasco) Maria Pascua (Makah) Armand Minthorn (Cayuse–Nez Perce) Cecelia Bearchum (Walla Walla–Yakama) Vernon Finley
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal News May 2018 FIFTH EDITION
    Yooyoolah COWLITZ “One who calls” Tribal News May 2018 FIFTH EDITION Chairman’s Corner Klahowya, it is time for our Cowlitz revenue for the Tribe and our members. family to come together for the June I will always work to ensure that ilani General Council meeting. Thank you is the premier gaming, dining, meeting for continuing to entrust me with the and entertainment destination in the Pa- wellbeing of the Tribe. It is an honor to cific Northwest. serve as the Chairman of the Cowlitz The ilani Casino doors have been Indian Tribe as we look to our bright open for over a year and we look for- future and open a new chapter in serv- ward to greater returns for the Tribe ing tribal members. We had many with the meeting and event center and challenges in the past that seemed in- the Cowlitz Ballroom now open. We surmountable, but we have prevailed. have also opened the Cowlitz Tobacco As we grow and prosper together, we Outlet and it has been very productive in should expect to face new challenges. yielding returns on our investment. We We must come together as a tribal fam- have improved access to the self-park lot ily, now more than ever, for the benefit by widening Cowlitz Way to three lanes of future generations. and have added a new overflow parking We must honor and pay tribute to lot to serve our customers during high those who have helped us reach this demand events. We are designing a gas point of growth. Words cannot explain station and convenience store which is the loss we feel as a Tribe from the un- scheduled to open next year.
    [Show full text]
  • The Connected Systems of the Columbia River on the Oregon
    The Connected Systems of the Columbia River on the Oregon-Washington Border WASHINGTON The Columbia River, in its 309-mile course along the Oregon-Washington border, provides a rich and varied environment OREGON for the people, wildlife, and plants living and interacting there. The area’s geology is the basis for the landscape and ecosystems we know today. By deepening our understanding of interactions of Earth systems — geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere — Earth science helps us manage our greatest challenges and make the most of vital opportunities. ⑮ ⑥ ④ ⑬ ⑧ ⑪ ① ⑦ ② ③ What is a ⑭ ⑫ ⑤ connected system? ⑩ A connected system is a set of interacting components that directly or indirectly influence one another. The Earth system has four major components. The geosphere includes the crust and the interior of the planet. It contains all of the rocky parts of the planet, the processes that cause them to form, and the processes that have caused ⑨ them to change during Earth’s history. The parts can be as small 0 10 20 40 Miles ∆ N as a mineral grain or as large as the ocean floor. Some processes act slowly, like the gradual wearing away of cliffs by a river. Geosphere Others are more dramatic, like the violent release of gases and magma during a volcanic eruption. ① What is a geologic map? The fluid spheres are the liquid and gas parts of the Earth system. The atmosphere includes the mixture of gases that Geologic maps show what kinds of rocks and structures make up a landscape. surrounds the Earth. The hydrosphere includes the planet’s The geologic makeup of an area can strongly influence the kinds of soils, water water system.
    [Show full text]