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Situs Benteng Fort Rotterdam Sebagai Sumber Belajar Dan Destinasi Pariwisata Kota Makasar : Tinjauan Fisik Arsitektur Dan Kesejarahan

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Situs Benteng Fort Rotterdam Sebagai Sumber Belajar Dan Destinasi Pariwisata Kota Makasar : Tinjauan Fisik Arsitektur Dan Kesejarahan ISSN: 2477-2771 Jurnal Candrasangkala E-ISSN: 2477-8214 Vol 4 No.2 Tahun 2018 SITUS BENTENG FORT ROTTERDAM SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR DAN DESTINASI PARIWISATA KOTA MAKASAR : TINJAUAN FISIK ARSITEKTUR DAN KESEJARAHAN Jumardi1, Suswandari 1Pendidikan Sejarah FKIP UHAMKA, [email protected] Abstract: Various relics of colonialism must be maintained as part of the nation's experience in its struggle for independence. The existence of buildings or historic objects in Indonesia is regulated in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 Year 2010 About Cultural Heritage. Article 1 of Law Number 11 Year 2010 which is meant cultural heritage is cultural heritage in the form of Object of Culture, Heritage Building, Cultural Structure, Cultural Heritage Site, and Heritage Area on land and / or in water that need to be preserved due to has an important value for history, science, education, religion, and / or culture through the process of determination. One of the most well preserved cultural heritages is Fort Rotterdam. Fort Rotterdam Fort is a small part of a country puzzle called Indonesia. Glory and greatness of the Kingdom of Gowa, able to be presented through Fort Rotterdam as a cultural heritage object that continues to be preserved by the local government. Although there are many objects of cultural heritage in Makassar, Fort Rotterdam deserves to be an icon of Makassar City, as well as will be able to attract the attention of local and international tourists. Fort Rotterdam can also be a source of learning for learners. Learners should be more familiar with the history of the nation so that the growing awareness of history and the stronger sense of nationalism of learners. Key Word : Fort Rotterdam , a learning resource and a Tourist Destination Abstrak: Berbagai peninggalan masa kolonialisme tersebut harus dipelihara sebagai bagian dari pengalaman bangsa dalam perjuangannya merebut kemerdekaan. Keberadaan bangunan atau benda bersejarah di Indonesia diatur dalam Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2010 Tentang Cagar Budaya. Pasal 1 Undang undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2010 yang dimaksud cagar budaya adalah warisan budaya bersifat kebendaan berupa Benda Cagar Budaya, Bangunan Cagar Budaya, Struktur agar Budaya, Situs Cagar Budaya, dan Kawasan Cagar Budaya di darat dan/atau di air yang perlu dilestarikan keberadaannya karena memiliki nilai penting bagi sejarah, ilmu pengetahuan, pendidikan, agama, dan/atau kebudayaan melalui proses penetapan. Salah satu cagar budaya yang masih terpelihara dengan baik adalah Benteng Ford Rotterdam. Benteng Fort Rotterdam merupakan bagian kecil dari sebuah puzzle negara yang bernama Indonesia. Kejayaan dan kebesaran Kerajaan Gowa, mampu dihadirkan melalui Benteng Fort Rotterdam sebagai benda cagar budaya yang terus dijaga kelestariannya oleh pemerintah daerah. Meskipun ada banyak benda cagar budaya di Kota Makassar, Benteng Fort Rotterdam layak dijadikan ikon Kota Makassar, sekaligus akan mampu menarik perhatian wisatawan lokal maupun internasional. Benteng Fort Rotterdam juga dapat dijadikan sumber belajar peserta didik. Peserta didik harus lebih mengenal dengan sejarah bangsanya supaya semakin tumbuh kesadaran sejarah dan semakin kuat rasa nasionalisme peserta didik. Kata kunci : Benteng Fort Rotterdam, sumber belajar dan Destinasi Wisata 134 ISSN: 2477-2771 Jurnal Candrasangkala E-ISSN: 2477-8214 Vol 4 No.2 Tahun 2018 PENDAHULUAN Salah satu cagar budaya yang masih terpelihara dengan baik adalah Benteng Perjalanan panjang Negara Ford Rotterdam. Benteng Rotterdam Indonesia masa kolonialisme hingga dikenal juga sebagai Benteng Fort kemerdekaan, meninggalkan berbagai Rotterdam atau Benteng Ujung Pandang. bukti yang masih dapat disaksikan sampai Benteng Ujung Pandang, dibangun saat ini, baik fisik maupun non fisik. pertama kali oleh Raja Gowa X bernama Peninggalan non fisik bisa diartikan Imanrigau Daeng Bonto Karaeng Lakiung peninggalan budaya, agama atau pun atau Karaeng Ulaweng pada tahun 1545. makanan, sementara peninggalan fisik Benteng ini digunakan oleh kerajaan dapat berupa bangunan atau benda Belanda sebagai markas pasukan katak. bersejarah yang tersebar di seluruh Benteng yang berlokasi dekat pantai wilayah Indonesia. Bangunan dan benda dengan bentuk seekor penyu, hal ini sesuai bersejarah memiliki nilai ekonomis jika dengan filosofi kerajaan Gowa pada saat pemerintah dan pihak terkait mampu itu karena penyu dapat hidup di laut mengelola sebagai destinasi wisata. Pasal maupun darat dengan arti kerajaan Gowa 88 ayat 1 UU Nomor 11 Tahun 2010 berjaya di darat maupun di laut oleh menjelaskan bahwa Pemerintah, karena itu masyarakat Makassar-Gowa Pemerintah Daerah, dan setiap orang mengenal benteng ini dengan sebutan dapat memanfaatkan cagar budaya untuk benteng panyyua (penyu)2. kepentingan agama, sosial, pendidikan, Istilah benteng, bila dikaitkan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi, kebudayaan, dengan fungsinya merupakan bangunan dan pariwisata. yang dibuat untuk bertahan atau Berkaitan dengan pemanfaatannya, melakukan penyerangan terhadap pihak cagar budaya dapat dikembangkan lawan terutama bila dihubungkan dengan menjadi daya tarik wisata yang masa penjajahan. Di era modern saat ini, mengangkat nilai kesejarahan, pemaknaan benteng bergeser serta fungsi arsitekturnya, bahkan sajian kuliner nya pun memiliki kelebihan. Sebagaimana sepertinya dinyatakan Mc.Donald dalam dijelaskan oleh Djoko Marihandono, Pitana “Bangunan bersejarah, monumen, “Istilah ‘benteng’ mengingatkan kita pada seni patung kontemporer, arsitektur, suatu konteks pertahanan dan peperangan, kerajinan tangan, pertujukan seni, khususnya yang terjadi pada masa lalu. peninggalan keagamaan, cara hidup dan Konotasi harfiah ini memiliki makna yang kegiatan masyarakat lokal, perjalanan ke ternyata lebih luas daripada arti tempat-tempat bersejarah menggunakan sebenarnya ketika mempelajari sejarah alat transportasi unik dan mencoba serta pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kota di membuat atau menyajikan kuliner Indonesia. Benteng dalam konteks tata masyarakat”1. Cagar budaya juga dapat ruang kota di Indonesia memegang digunakan sebagai sumber belajar sejarah peranan penting. yang banyak bermanfaat dalam Bahkan ada dugaan bahwa beberapa pembelajaran sekaligus memperkenalkan kota di Indonesia menjadi tumbuh dan kepada peserta didik mengenai perjalanan berkembang dengan bangunan benteng perjuangan bangsa. 2 . Risang. A dan Dhani Mutiari, 1 . Pitana, I Gede dan Ketut Surya Diarta, Karakteristik Benteng Vastenberg sebagai Pengantar Ilmu Pariwisata, 2009, h. 74 Bangunan Heritage di Surakarta, journal UMS, 2018, h. 26 135 ISSN: 2477-2771 Jurnal Candrasangkala E-ISSN: 2477-8214 Vol 4 No.2 Tahun 2018 sebagai sentralnya3. Benteng selain permasalahan dapat dirumuskan sebagai berfungsi seperti tersebut diatas juga dapat berikut ; a. Bagaimana deskripsi difungsikan sebagai sarana pembelajaran kewilayahan Benteng Fort Rotterdam bagi siswa. Keberagaman situs cagar pada masa lalu b. Bagaimana deskripsi budaya sebagai bentuk peninggalan perlu kekhususan benteng Fort Rotterdam diketahui siswa. Selain pergeseran makna melalui tinjauan fisik. c. Bagaimanakah benteng sebagai wisata, benteng juga cara menjadikan Fort Rotterdam sebagai memiliki budaya, terutama budaya di kota icon baru dan destinasi wisata di kota Makasar. Siswa dapat mengunjungi dan Makasar. d. Bagaimanakah siswa dapat melihat langsung bagaimana bentuk, menjadikan situs benteng Fort Rotterdam kondisi serta lokasi benteng dan arsitektur sebagai sumber belajar sejarah. benteng, yang pada masanya berfungsi sebagai pertahanan. Dengan mengunjungi METODE PENELITIAN benteng, diharapkan siswa dapat makin Penelitian ini menggunakan metode tumbuh kecintaan nya terhadap bangsa historis. Metode penelitian historis adalah dan negaranya. metode penelitian yang meliputi Benteng sebagai situs atau cagar pengumpulan data dan penafsiran gejala budaya selain memiliki nilai ekonomis peristiwa yang timbul dimasa lalu yang juga memiliki nilai pendidikan. Benteng menggambarkan secara kritis seluruh harus dijadikan sumber belajar khususnya kebenaran kejadian atau fakta untuk sejarah. Mendekatkan siswa kepada situs, membantu mengetahui apa yang harus cagar budaya atau bukti kesejarahan dikerjakan dimasa datang.5. Metode lainnya akan makin menguatkan rasa cinta historis dengan tujuan untuk mencari tanah air kepada siswa. Hal ini menjadi sebuah gambaran informasi data yang salah satu fungsi tambahan benteng atau menyeluruh didasarkan atas fakta dan cagar budaya saat ini. Beberapa manfaat peristiwa yang terjadi dimasa lampau. yang dapat diambil dari situs sejarah Penggunaan metode historis juga adalah untuk: (1) Sumber Belajar; (2) diperuntukan sebagai penggambaran Kepentingan Ilmiah; (3) Muatan Lokal; permasalahan dari sebuah pertanyaan- (4) Rekreatif; dan (5) Kewaspadaan.. pertanyaan yang perlu diselidiki mengenai Sumber belajar dapat dirumuskan sebagai kebenaranya, proses tersebut kemudian segala sesuatu yang dapat memberikan diringkas dan dievaluasi berdasarkan kemudahan belajar, sehingga diperoleh sumber-sumber sejarah yang kemudian sejumlah informasi, pengetahuan, disajikan berdasarkan fakta-fakta yang pengalaman, pemahaman, dan ketrampilan bersangkutan dalam suatu kerangka yang yang diperlukan4. Dari penjelasan diatas interpretative.6 Langkah metode historis 3 . Djoko Marihandono, Perubahan peran dan fungsi benteng dalam tata ruang kota, 5 . Winarno S. Pengantar Penelitian Ilmiah . seminar Kebudayaan Maritim yang Bandung : Tarsito, 2003, h. 131 diselenggarakan oleh Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar pada tanggal 26
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