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P Frommberg.Pdf Universität Potsdam Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät Institut für Geographie Magisterarbeit zum Thema Minderheitenrechte und kulturelle Entwicklung Untersucht am Beispiel aktueller Diskurse über die Landrechte der Sami in Norwegen Zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Magister Artium im Magisterhauptfach Anthropogeographie Vorgelegt von Patrick Frommberg (721625) Geboren am 04. Juni 1982 in Potsdam Betreut durch Prof. Dr. Manfred Rolfes (Universität Potsdam) Dr. Reinhold Wulff (Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) Potsdam, den 27. November 2009 Cultural geography is a curious subdiscipline. It never knows enough, and how could it? Nor has it ever settled on a definition of just what it is, and why should it? (Laurier 2002, 264) ii Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ....................................................................................................... iv 1 EINFÜHRUNG ................................................................................................. 1 2 LANDESKUNDE – SAMI IN NORWEGEN ................................................ 4 2.1 Vorstellung des Untersuchungsgebietes ...................................................................... 4 2.2 Sami im Wandel der Zeit .............................................................................................. 7 2.3 Finnmarksloven ........................................................................................................... 10 3 MINDERHEITENRECHTE UND KULTURELLE ENTWICKLUNG .. 11 3.1 Minderheitenrechte ..................................................................................................... 12 3.1.1 Minderheit .............................................................................................................. 12 3.1.2 Indigene Völker ..................................................................................................... 14 3.1.3 Rechte indigener Völker ........................................................................................ 15 3.1.4 Paradoxon der Minderheitenrechte in Europa ....................................................... 17 3.2 Kultur ........................................................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Auswahl kultureller Betrachtungsweisen der Vergangenheit ................................ 19 3.2.2 Kulturverständnis dieser Studie ............................................................................. 20 3.2.3 Kultur und Macht ................................................................................................... 21 3.2.4 Diskurs um das Kulturverständnis von Samuel Phillips Huntington..................... 23 3.3 Identität ........................................................................................................................ 26 3.3.1 Identität und die Freiheit des Individuums ............................................................ 27 3.3.2 Identitätsbildung .................................................................................................... 28 3.3.3 Kollektive Identität ~ tertium non datur ................................................................ 30 3.3.4 Othering oder die Konstruktion des Anderen ........................................................ 32 3.3.5 Verortung kultureller Identität ............................................................................... 36 3.3.6 Nationale Identität / Multikulturelle Gesellschaft.................................................. 37 3.4 Forschungsleitende Fragestellung .............................................................................. 38 4 METHODISCHE VORGEHENSWEISE ................................................... 40 4.1 Notwendigkeit einer konkreten Vorgehensweise ...................................................... 40 4.2 Beschreibung des Ausgangsmaterials ........................................................................ 42 4.3 Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse .......................................................................................... 44 iii 5 FALLSTUDIE – SAMI IN NORWEGEN ................................................... 46 5.1 Individuelle samische Identität................................................................................... 46 5.1.1 Kulturelle Identitätssemantik / Sprache ................................................................. 47 5.1.2 Kulturelle Identitätssemantik / Blut ....................................................................... 52 5.1.3 Kulturelle Identitätssemantik / Ort ........................................................................ 57 5.1.4 Diskussion der Ergebnisse ..................................................................................... 59 5.2 Kollektive samische Identität ..................................................................................... 61 5.2.1 Die Sami – ein Volk konstruiert sich ..................................................................... 62 5.2.2 Ursachen und Notwendigkeiten für diese Konstruktion ........................................ 75 5.2.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse ..................................................................................... 78 5.3 Kulturelle Konflikte der samischen Gemeinschaft................................................... 82 5.3.1 Innere samische Vielfalt ........................................................................................ 83 5.3.2 Abgrenzung zum Anderen ..................................................................................... 89 5.3.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse ..................................................................................... 94 5.4 Diskussion und Reflexion der Forschungsfrage ....................................................... 95 6 FAZIT UND AUSBLICK ............................................................................ 105 7 LITERATUR ................................................................................................ 108 Graue Literatur / Internetverzeichnis / Zeitungsartikel .............................................. 113 Annex ................................................................................................................................ 118 Abbildungsverzeichnis Abb. 1: Sápmi ............................................................................................................................. 5 Abb. 2: Indigene Bevölkerung in Nord-Fennoskandien ............................................................ 6 Abb. 3: Vorgehensweise dieser Arbeit ..................................................................................... 42 Abb. 4: Kategorienbildung ....................................................................................................... 45 Abb. 5: Samische Selbstbestimmung ....................................................................................... 72 Abb. 6: Beschuss des samischen Namen im zweisprachigen Ortsschild ................................. 88 iv 1 Einführung Der erste gedankliche Anreiz zu dieser Arbeit kam in einem Seminar über die Sami von Mi- chael Rießler an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin im Wintersemester 2005/2006. Es wurde ein Konflikt in der nordnorwegischen Kommune Kåfjord angesprochen, bei dem die sami- schen Namen in den zweisprachigen Ortsschildern immer wieder zur Unkenntlichkeit beschä- digt werden. Mir wurde in diesem Seminar bewusst, dass ich diesen Konflikt bereits wenige Jahre zuvor zu Zeiten meines Zivildienstes in der nordnorwegischen Stadt Alta wahrgenom- men habe, ihn darauf aber nicht weiter intensiv verfolgte. Erst in dem Seminar wurde mir klar, dass in Kåfjord viele Sami leben und der Konflikt direkt mit Fragen der samischen Iden- tität verbunden werden muss. Welche Akteure der nordnorwegischen Gesellschaft greifen mit diesem Vandalismus bewusst die samische Identität an? Ein Jahr später war der norwegische Reisejournalist Morten Andreas Strøksnes zu Gast am Nordeuropa-Institut in Berlin, um sein neues Buch Hva skjer i Nord-Norge?1 (2006) vorzu- stellen. Er sprach einen Konflikt an, in dem viele Norweger stark unzufrieden sind mit der samischen Entwicklung in der nordnorwegischen Gesellschaft. Direkt an diesen Gedanken setzt die Hauptfrage dieser empirischen Studie an: Inwieweit fordern die Rechte indigener Gemeinschaften gegenwärtige Wahrnehmungsmuster von kultureller Homogenität heraus und sind damit bedeutsam in einem Diskurs über die kulturelle Entwicklung der Gesellschaft? Mit diesem Hintergrund und der allgemeinen Fragestellung wird bereits angedeutet, dass sich die folgenden Ausführungen im Rahmen einer Kultur- und Identitätsdebatte bewegen werden. Ein besonderer Fokus dieser Studie wurde zusätzlich auf Landrechte gelegt, womit ein Diskurs der nordnorwegischen Gesellschaft dargestellt wird, an dem beispielhaft gegen- wärtige Wahrnehmungsmuster der nordnorwegischen Gesellschaft im Kontext samischer Minderheitenrechte und kultureller Entwicklung untersucht werden. Ein besonders starkes Gewicht nehmen die theoretischen Gedanken von Amartya Sen (2007) und Samuel Huntington (1998) ein, womit das Ziel verfolgt wird, deren Konzepte von Kultur und Identität im Kontext der Neuen Kulturgeographie anzuwenden. In Bezug auf die Sami in Norwegen wird überprüft, inwieweit mit diesen Konzepten ein Beobachtungsschema aufgebaut werden kann, um aktuelle Diskurse um die kulturelle Entwicklung eines indigenen Volkes innerhalb eines Nationalstaats zu betrachten. An dieser Stelle sollte bereits deutlich hervorgehoben werden, dass einzelne
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