PALAWAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY and ACTION PLAN (PSDSAP) and PALAWAN RESEARCH and SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA

PALAWAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN (PSDSAP)

And

PALAWAN RESEARCH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA

PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Our Palawan The Scientific Journal of the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Feature Article This article is also available on-line at www.pkp.pcsd.gov.ph

Palawan Sustainable Development Agenda 2016-2030: “Palawan and Puerto Princesa City’s Blueprint for Its Green Economy”

SUMMARY

To serve as “blueprint” to Palawan and Puerto Princesa City’s “green economy”, and consistent to the United Nation’s New Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda 2030), the Palawan Sustainable Development Agenda (Palawan Agenda 2016-2030) and its corresponding Palawan Keywords: Sustainable Development Strategy and Action Plan (PSDSAP 2015-2020) Palawan was formulated to envision “A Good and Dignified Life Enjoyed by Palawan, Sustainable through the Pursuit of an Ecologically-Balanced and Biodiversity-Centered Development Economic Development Supported by Green Jobs and Sustainable Energy”. Agenda It is made up of four components to attain its vision: i). Environmental/ ecological stability and continuous formation of natural capital; ii). Economic Palawan wealth created and equitably distributed; iii). Social and cultural capital Research protected, developed, and enhanced; and iv). Rights-based governance in Agenda place to facilitate sustainable development. In response to the call for action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and Palawan prosperity, and to support the attainment of sustainable development in Sustainable Palawan and Puerto Princesa City, the PCSD adopted the Palawan Sustaina- Development ble Development Agenda (PSDA 2016-2030) through Resolution No.16-566 Strategy and on 18 November 2016. It will serve as “blueprint” for Palawan Green Action Plan Economy, as well as basis for identifying research and sustainable development thrusts and priorities in Palawan and Puerto Princesa City. A longlist of priority researches identified by key academic institutions in collaboration with PCSDS is an integral part of the Palawan Sustainable Development Agenda.

Compiled by Jenevieve P. Hara and Keith Anthony S. Fabro Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff Puerto Princesa City, Philippines [email protected]

INTRODUCTION What were done?

Our world today is encountering Consultations on Palawan Sustainable immense challenges in terms of sustainable Development Strategy and Action Plan development. But looking at the positive light, The Palawan Council for Sustainable challenges pave the way to greater opportuni- Development Staff led a series of multi- ties. On 25 September 2015, the United stakeholders consultations in 2014 and 2015 to Nations adopted a set of goals replacing the determine and identify the applicable core Millenium Goals to end poverty, protect the themes for the formulation of the Palawan planet, and ensure prosperity for all under the Sustainable Development Strategy and Action New Sustainable Development Goals (Agenda Plan (PSDSAP). The dual strategies of the plan 2030). Each SDG has specific targets to be are: to maximize the benefits derived from the achieved over the next 15 years. In order for the environment and natural resources, and to goals to be reached, all sectors need to do their prevent or minimize the negative impacts from part: government, private sector, civil society introduced activities. and the community. The 3-step PSDSAP process is consul- In Palawan, the growing population and tative and participatory. It took into account the unprecedented development going on necessi- concerns of all relevant sectors of society, and tates more compelling efforts in charting the the environment. The ten (10) goals or out- course to sustainable development and which comes as shown below, were based on the core needs to be done as a matter of urgency themes which have corresponding sustainable (PCSDS, 2015). Being recognized as the outcomes and targets that satisfy the Palawan Philippines’ last ecological frontier and a Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): declared Biosphere Reserve under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Programme, Palawan needs 1. Forest and Watershed: Sustainable to pursue various efforts on conservation and Management of Forests Ensured and inclusive development. Degradation of Water Quality of Likewise, the Strategic Environmental Freshwater Ecosystems Prevented Plan (SEP) for Palawan stipulated that “[The 2. Coastal and Marine: Resilient and State] shall support and promote the Productive Coastal and Marine Ecosys- sustainable development goals for the province tems Achieved through proper conservation, utilization and 3. Biological Diversity: Loss of Palawan development of natural resources to provide Biological Diversity Prevented optimum yields on a continuing basis..”. The 4. Food Security: Optimum Fishery and law also stated that “It shall also promote and Agriculture Yields Ensured encourage the involvement of all sectors of 5. Tourism: Competitive and Sustainably society and maximize people participation Managed Tourism Products and (including tribal groups) in natural resource Destinations Achieved management, conservation and protection”. 6. Physical Infrastructure: Adequacy and Pursuant to the goals and objectives of Accessibility of Basic Infrastructure the SEP for Palawan (RA 7611) and in Services Enhanced, and Infrastructure consonance with the United Nations New Gaps Reduced Sustainable Development Goals (UN Agenda 7. Indigenous Peoples: Indigenous Peoples 2030), the Palawan Council for Sustainable Empowered and Poverty Among Them Development formulated the Palawan Sustaina- Reduced ble Development Agenda (PSDA), the corre- 8. Training, Education, Research, and sponding Strategy and Action Plan (PSDSAP), Monitoring: Sustainable Development and the Research Agenda (PRSDA). Its devel- Knowledge Produced and Internalized opment is consultative and participatory, 9. Social Services: Human Capabilities involving concerned national government Improved and Human Vulnerabilities agencies, private sector, non-government Reduced organizations, indigenous peoples, academe and 10. Sustainable Financing and Partnerships: people’s organization. Self-Reliant, Efficient, and Transparent Internal Fiscal System Instituted

Workshop on Palawan Research and The ten (10) PSDSAP Sectoral Goals Sustainable Development Agenda and seventeen (17) New UN Sustainable On 10 December 2015, during the 2nd Development Goals (SDG) were the references Palawan Research Symposium, partner- used in crafting the Palawan SDGs. The institutions of the Palawan Knowledge baseline, target, timeline, frequency of Platform for Biodiversity and Sustainable monitoring, responsible agencies, and means of Development (PKP), met in a workshop to verification identified in the PSDSAP will identify, craft, and enhance the Palawan contribute toward developing a monitoring and Research and Sustainable Development evaluation mechanism for the SDGs. Agenda to align with the New UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN Agenda 2030). The PCSD Adoption of the Palawan Sustainable participants formulated a long term research Development Agenda and sustainable development goals for Palawan In response to the call for action to end for the period 2016-2030. The representatives poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all from the following institutions actively people enjoy peace and prosperity, and to participated in the workshop: support the attainment of sustainable  Local government units, policy-makers, development in Palawan and Puerto Princesa and technical personnel from LGUs City, the Palawan Council for Sustainable  Researchers and representatives from the Development (PCSD) recently adopted the higher education / academic institutions Palawan Sustainable Development Agenda  Partners in the Palawan Knowledge Plat- (Palawan Agenda 2030) through Resolution form (PKP) No.16-566 during its 228th meeting on 18  Palawan Chamber of Commerce, Inc., PCC November 2016. This will serve as the -Puerto Princesa Chamber of Commerce, “blueprint” for Palawan Green Economy, as Inc., business and industry leaders, well as basis for identifying research and investors, and private sector sustainable development thrusts and priorities in Palawan and Puerto Princesa City.

Figure 1. Palawan Research and Sustainable Development Workshop at Citystate Asturias Hotel, 2015.

The Palawan Sustainable Development Agenda (13) goals (Figure 2) were drawn and The Palawan Sustainable Development established as components of the Palawan Sus- Agenda or Palawan Agenda 2016-2030 envisions tainable Development Agenda (Table 1). This “A Good and Dignified Life Enjoyed by will guide the national government agencies, Palawan, through the Pursuit of an Ecological- local government units, and civil society ly-Balanced and Biodiversity-Centered Eco- organizations to bolster their cooperation and nomic Development Supported by Green Jobs participation in reducing various forms of and Sustainable Energy”. Its implementation inequality, promoting equitable economic relies on the Palawan Sustainable Develop- growth, and protecting the natural resource ment Strategy and Action Plan (PSDSAP base of Palawan and Puerto Princesa, to 2015-2020) and the Palawan Research and ultimately achieve sustainable development. Sustainable Development Agenda. It has four The PSDSAP goals are: pro-poor, integrated, components to attain its vision: i). Environ- quantitative, comprehensive, resilience- mental/ecological stability and continuous planning, supports ‘co-benefits’, climate formation of natural capital; ii). Economic change-adaptive, gender and culture-sensitive wealth created and equitably distributed; iii). and involves ridge-to-reef/ecosystem Social and cultural capital protected, approach. These goals are the basis of the developed, and enhanced; and iv). Rights- Palawan Research and Sustainable Develop- based governance in place to facilitate ment Agenda (PRSDA 2016-2030). This sustainable development. includes a long list of priority research topics Incorporating the United Nations’ 17 for the province, as shown in the “Research New Sustainable Development Goals with the Bits” section of this journal. ten (10) core themes of PSDSAP, the thirteen

The 17 New United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals

The 10 Sectoral Goals of the Palawan Sustainable Development Strategy and Action Plan

The 13 Palawan Sustainable Development Goals (Palawan SD Agenda)

Figure 2. UN’s 17 SDGs and the PSDSAP’s 10 Core Themes, vis-à-vis the Palawan SD Agenda.

Table 1. Summary of the Palawan Sustainable Development Agenda (and Goals), 2016-2030. Key Words Statement

I. ECOLOGICAL STABILITY AND CONTINUOUS FORMATION OF NATURAL CAPITAL

1. Life on Land Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, watershed and freshwater ecosystems, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 1a. Ensure the sustainable management of forests. 1b. Prevent the degradation of water quality of freshwater ecosystems. 1c. Ensure availability and management of water and sanitation for all.

2. Life Below Water Conserve and sustainably manage the coastal and marine ecosystems for sustainable development

3. Combat Climate Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Change

II. ECONOMIC WEALTH CREATED AND EQUITABLY DISTRIBUTED

4. Sustainable Urban Make communities and human settlements inclusive, safe, and Rural Communi- resilient and sustainable ties

5. Innovation, Energy Ensure access to sustainable energy and resilient infrastruc- and Resource Efficien- tures, and ensure responsible consumption and production cy, Enterprise, and patterns Physical Infrastruc- ture

6. Economic Growth and Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic Sustainable Tourism growth, and sustainably manage the tourism industry

III. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CAPITAL PROTECTED, DEVELOPED, AND ENHANCED

7. Indigenous Peoples Empower indigenous peoples and reduce poverty among them

8. Zero Hunger Ensure optimum fishery and agricultural yields and ensure food security A.

9. Equality and Prosperi- Reduce all forms of poverty and inequality ty for All

10. Quality Education for Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and All promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

11. Good Health and Well Ensure a quality and healthy life for all ages, improve -being human capabilities and reduce human vulnerabilities IV. RIGHTS-BASED GOVERNANCE IN PLACE TO FACILITATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

12. Peace, Justice and Promote peace, inclusive development, environmental Good Governance justice and transparent and good governance B.

13. Sustainable Financing Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the and Partnerships partnership for sustainable development

What’s next? barangay) so that the plans are all  Development of monitoring and consistent in terms of goals, objectives, evaluation mechanism for the Palawan targets, and success indicators. The targets SDGs which contains clear indicators, at the provincial level should be measurable targets, timeline, frequency disaggregated at the municipal and of monitoring, responsible agencies, and barangay level. means of verification for each SDG.  An information system for all SDGs should  The identified SDGs should be vertically be established to measure the sustainable integrated or cascaded to all existing local development performance and success of plans (provincial, city, municipal, Palawan.

Small Island in Balabac, Palawan. ©PCSDS

Palawan Sustainable Development Agenda 2016-2030 Palawan Research and SD Agenda 2030 (List of priority researches)

Produced by: Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff

Palawan Sustainable Development Agenda 2016-2030

The Palawan Sustainable Development Agenda is the enhanced Palawan Sustainable Development Strategy and Action Plan Goals, incorporating the 17 Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations and which was adopted in September 2015. It envisions a GOOD AND DIGNIFIED LIFE enjoyed by the people of Palawan, through the pursuit of an ECOLOGICALLY-BALANCED and BIODIVERSITY-CENTERED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, supported by green jobs and sustainable energy.

Summary of Palawan Sustainable Development Goals

Key Words Statement

I. ECOLOGICAL STABILITY AND CONTINUOUS FORMATION OF NATURAL CAPITAL

2. Life Below Water Conserve and sustainably manage the coastal and marine ecosystems for sustainable development

3. Combat Climate Change Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

II. ECONOMIC WEALTH CREATED AND EQUITABLY DISTRIBUTED 4. Sustainable Urban and Make communities and human settlements inclusive, Rural Communities safe, resilient and sustainable 5. Innovation, Energy and Ensure access to sustainable energy and resilient Resource Efficiency, infrastructures, and ensure responsible consumption Enterprise, and Physical and production patterns Infrastructure

6. Economic Growth and Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable Sustainable Tourism economic growth, and sustainably manage the tourism industry

III. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CAPITAL PROTECTED, DEVELOPED, AND ENHANCED

7. Indigenous Peoples Empower indigenous peoples and reduce poverty among them

8. Zero Hunger Ensure optimum fishery and agricultural yields and ensure food security

9. Equality and Prosperity Reduce all forms of poverty and inequality for All

10. Quality Education for All Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all

11. Good Health and Well- Ensure a quality and healthy life for all ages, improve being human capabilities and reduce human vulnerabilities

RIGHTS-BASED GOVERNANCE IN PLACE TO FACILITATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

12. Peace, Justice and Good Promote peace, inclusive development, environmental Governance justice and transparent and good governance

13. Sustainable Financing and Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize Partnerships the partnership for sustainable development

Republic of the Philippines PALAWAN COUNCIL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Republic Act 7611

PALAWAN RESEARCH AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AGENDA 2030: List of Priority Researches

I. ECOLOGICAL STABILITY AND CONTINUOUS FORMATION OF NATURAL CAPITAL Remarks (in terms of No. Palawan Sustainable Development Goals Priority Research Topics priority)

1. Life on Land (Forest & Watersheds) High  Complete geological survey of Palawan Protect, restore and promote  Survey and classification of forest resources including non-timber forest High sustainable use of terrestrial products. ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, Timber inventory of poor, stunted, and sparse stands of forests which has very watershed and freshwater ecosystems, low regeneration capacity combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt  Timber inventory of residual forests. High biodiversity loss. High  Identification, delineation, map the geographical location under which ECAN zone and resource inventory of 12 types of forest

1a. Ensure the sustainable management  Phenological studies of various vegetation types Low of forests.  Pharmacological investigations of terrestrial flora High 1b. Prevent the degradation of water quality of freshwater ecosystems.  Inventory and mapping of ecologically important areas and their uses Medium

1c. Ensure availability and management  Survey of the critical habitats of rare, and threatened species High of water and sanitation for all.  Physico-chemical and biological analysis of water in relation to land-uses High

 Evaluation of current status of important watersheds and propose protection/ High conservation policies  Development of allometric equation of rare and threatened forest species Medium

 Forest carbon stock measurement in PAs and critical habitats Medium

 Evaluation of the current status of PTFPP established catchments/ watersheds Medium  Phenology of indigenous forest species Medium

 Revisit and review ECAN parameters Medium  Economic valuation of forest ecosystem services High

(Mining) High  Analysis of all existing mining policies in Palawan and its implementation;

 Research on effectiveness and appropriateness of mitigation measures to High address adverse impacts of mining;  Conduct of carrying capacity studies on rivers and non-metallic stocks; High

 Value chain analysis and product development on export of raw materials vs High local processing  Identification of potential quarry areas and the conduct of biodiversity Medium assessments  Study on monitoring of the implementation of mitigation measures of the High mining companies (third party)  Identification and propagation of indigenous species ideal for the rehabilitation High of degraded areas

 Development of technology for fast rehabilitation of degraded areas to become High productive (Agro-ecosystems) High

 Study on natural plant pesticides; Study on indigenous and local farming knowledge and practices  Crop suitability assessment; Market (supply and demand) analysis of crops as High vegetables, fruits, etc  Field testing of CC-adaptive crops/species High  Documentation and evaluation of indigenous and local agriculture practices High  Documentation and evaluation of climate resilient varieties High  Policy analysis of land use conversion High

 Assessment of green agriculture technologies High

 Feasibility study on post-harvest facilities to include demand and the impact of Medium facilities on sustainability  Development and field testing of technologies on farm diversification Medium

 Document local and agro-ecological knowledge and practices (in fisheries and Medium agriculture)  Biodiversity assessment prior to conversion to oil palm plantation High

(Clean Water and Sanitation) High

 Freshwater vulnerability assessment

 Perception of local communities for water quality and sanitation management Medium  Studies on ground water in terms of quality, level and extraction High

 Ground water vulnerability assessment and mapping High

 Water footprint analysis High

Studies on cultural adaptability of water filtering technology High

(Biological Diversity) Medium  Population estimates of threatened and endemic species

 Biology and ecology of threatened and endemic species Medium  Trade of threatened and endemic species Medium  Bio-indicators of pollution High  Indigenous knowledge and practices on utilization of wildlife Medium

 Diseases of/from wildlife Medium

(Land Use)

Land cover and land use analysis vis-à-vis ECAN Zonation;  Policy analysis of the implementation SEP law, IRR, ECAN and related Medium guidelines

 Revisit and review of parameters in the establishment of ECAN zones Medium

 Evaluation of potential existing good practices on CBRM Medium

2. Life Below Water (Coastal & Marine Resources)  Inventory and assessment of small islands (including tenurial High Conserve and sustainably manage the instruments/status) coastal and marine ecosystems for sustainable development  Inventory, assessment and mapping of communal mangrove forests Medium  Policy on Small islands High (Include Kalayaan Group of islands)

 Carrying capacity studies: coastal areas for fish caging High

 Refinement of sustainability options for the live reef fish for food industry High

 Policy implementation analysis of live reef fish for food policy High

 Value chain analysis of key target fishery products High

 Assessment of potential sustainable coastal livelihoods to include non-resource High based livelihoods  Study on reproductive biology and population of major commercially important High species'  Coastal Resource Monitoring High

 Water quality assessment of beaches and resorts High  Real time monitoring and early warning system for vulnerable areas High

 Environmental sensitivity index mapping for oil spill hazard High

(Biological Diversity) High

 Determination of sustainable yields of key fisheries;  Study on population and reproductive biology commercially important fish High species

 Review/ harmonize national law on fishery permitting systems and IUU Medium mechanisms  ENR valuation and accounting for coastal resources Medium - Economic valuation of coral reef in MPAs

 Fishpond survey (update) Medium Data available  Monitoring and evaluation of mangrove reforestation projects Low

 Studies on the abundance and distribution of aquatic animals Medium

 Gene banking and bar-coding of endemic species of flora and fauna Medium Existing data

 Biodiversity assessment of in land aquatic wildlife High

3. Combat Climate Change (Climate Action) High  Vulnerability assessment of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to CC; Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts  Identification/development and evaluation of adaptation and mitigation High options to address climate change impacts  Identification and evaluation of local adaptation and mitigation strategies and High actions; geohazard mapping; DRRM studies  Feasibility study and development of technology on rainwater harvesting and High treatment with strong consideration of island situation  Vulnerability and coping mechanism of all producers (fisher folk, farmers etc) High  Heat stress and vulnerability assessment of primary crops High

 Conservation/ protection of critical species affected by climate change High

 Development of crops resistant to climate change High II. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CAPITAL PROTECTED, DEVELOPED, AND ENHANCED; AND RIGHTS-BASED GOVERNANCE IN PLACE TO FACILITATE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1. Indigenous Peoples  Inventory and mapping of cultural resources High

Empower indigenous peoples and  Compilation of Updated Profile of the Indigenous Peoples of Palawan High reduce poverty among them  Needs Assessment of the IP’s in Palawan High

 Compilation of Researches Conducted on IP’s in Palawan High  Assessment of the Implementation of IPRA & SEP Law to the IP’s in Palawan High -Policy formulation on the engagement of IPs in projects; Anthropological and sociological researches in Palawan; Assessment of FPIC mechanism  Ethnobotanical Studies of Plants Used by the Different IP’s in Palawan High  Ethnozoological Studies of Animals Used by the Indigenous Peoples of Palawan Medium  Nursery Establishment and Propagation of Plants Used by IP’s as Food and High Medicine  Study on Indigenous and Local Community Knowledge system and Practices. High Patenting of IKSP herbal/medicinal  Production and Distribution of MBSF as Household Water Treatment of the High Different IP’s of Palawan

 Nutritional Value of Wild and Cultivated Food in Shifting Cultivation of the IP’s Medium

 Development of policy framework on conflict resolution for IPs and on Medium mainstreaming IP concerns in public sector development and decision making

 Studies on indigenous knowledge systems and practices (IKSP) on CC High adaptation and sustainable ENR management  Market study of IP products including evaluation of possible business High modalities  (Genetic make-up) Genealogy – IPs Palawan born and immigrants Low

 Tourism Impacts on IPs High

2. Zero Hunger  Sustainable agriculture and fisheries policies High

Ensure optimum fishery and  Formulation of Hunger Reduction Program in Palawan High agricultural yields and ensure food  Palawan Assessment Report on Its Forests, Trees, and Landscapes for Food High security Security and Nutrition  Food and Nutrition Security Situation in Palawan High

 Inventory of the Genetic Resources of Palawan High  Establishment of Palawan Agricultural Market Information System High

 The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Public Expenditure in Agricultural Sector High

 Feasibility study on food processing complex High

 Crop suitability assessment (2014 data already available in OPA)

 Market of Indigenous Products in Palawan(supply and demand) analysis of Medium crops as vegetables, fruits, etc.

 Mapping of degraded areas/ecosystems; Evaluation of options on ecosystem High restoration  Field testing of Climate Change-adaptive crops/species (follow up study) Medium

 Documentation and evaluation of indigenous and local agriculture practices High

 Domesticating the wild plants and animals High

 Promoting Indigenous Knowledge for Food Security High

 Impacts of Modernization on Traditional Knowledge High 3. Equality and Prosperity for All  Assessment of the Implementation and Success of 4P’s in Palawan High (implementing agency) End or eradicate all forms of poverty and inequality  The Impact of Pantawid Pampamilya Program in Sustaining Household Needs High in Palawan (beneficiary)  Mapping of Credit Facilities Medium

 The Pattern of Poverty Incidence in Palawan, Philippines High

 Small Businesses in Palawan: Its Impact to Job Creation and Poverty Reduction High

 Palawan Population, Growth, and Economic Development: Issues and Evidence High

 Analysis of the Effects of Microfinance on Poverty Reduction in Palawan High

 The Effect of Government Relocation Policies on the Livelihoods Strategies of Medium Poor Households: The Puerto Princesa Experience  The Impact of Electricity Pricing and Rationing in Palawan, Philippines (no to High coal power plant)  Household Basic Sanitation and Child Health: Knowledge, Attitudes, and High Practices Among Palaweños  The Impact of ICT’s on Gender Development in Palawan Low

 Documentation of Women and Gender History for Effective Policy Design in Medium Palawan  A Qualitative Study Investigating Perspectives on Violence Among Women and Medium Men in Palawan  Women’s Experiences, Contribution, and Achievements in Palawan Medium

 Job market study Low

 Value chain analysis of key target fishery products High

 Assessment of potential sustainable coastal livelihoods to include non-resource Medium based livelihoods  Socio-economic research and extension on marginalized sectors (IPs, urban High poor, disabled, persons with AIDS, etc.) and vulnerable sectors (old, women, labor) 4. Quality Education for All  (PSU-E4RTH: problem-based learning techniques for teaching environmental Medium science Ensure inclusive and equitable quality  Effective and innovative strategies of environmental information dissemination High education and promote lifelong learning and measurement of environmental awareness opportunities for all  Sustainable development awareness, participation, and commitment needs High assessment  Documentation of best practices on sustainable development High

 Outcome-based education (OBE) Low

 Transnational education (TNE) Medium

 Alternative learning systems (ALS) Medium

 K-12 impacts on tertiary education Low

● Integration of social media and internet in formal education High

 Formulation of Instructional Materials for all Curriculum and (Palawan High Resources & Traditional Knowledge on Agriculture and others especially for IPs)  Education on Ecological Agriculture High

5. Good Health and Well-being  Population and in-migration policy High Ensure a quality and healthy life for all ages, improve human capabilities and  Vulnerability assessment and Socio-economic profiling of migrants Low reduce human vulnerabilities  Palawan cultural and linguistic diversity High

 Environmental public health and Tracing resistance to malaria High

 Evidence-based health practices High  ASEAN economic integration Low

 Relationship of psychosis and malaria Low

 Status of HIV in Palawan High

6. Peace, Justice and Good Governance  Evaluation of the waste management programs of the LGUs High

High Promote peace, inclusive development,  Policy study on fines and penalties for environmental violators environmental justice and transparent  Study of Land and Water Use Policies in relation to ECAN System and other area High and good governance based conservation measures/strategies  Policy analysis of the implementation of existing environmental laws in High Palawan  Effectiveness, efficiency and best practices of community based intelligence High networks (i.e. enforcers: Barangay Intelligence Network, bantay-dagat,etc.)  Management effectiveness of ECAN Boards, PAMBs, FARMCs, and similar ENR High management bodies  Community consciousness and civic Responsibility (behaviour of Palawenos) High Study - Research on why people are not paying taxes and why?  Cost and ease of doing business in Palawan towards improving SD friendly High investment climate (within and outside Palawan) - Time and motion study of securing business permits - Study on streamlining permitting systems  Indigenous Peoples community engagement to SD activities/initiatives High - Training needs of implementing agencies on Indigenous Peoples engagement  Assessment on the health and property conditions of the residents near the High mining site1 7. Sustainable Financing and  Assessment of potential sustainable livelihoods (copy from above) skip Partnerships  Assessment of financing portfolios for small farmers and fishermen (copy from skip Strengthen the means of above) implementation and revitalize the  Evaluation of potential incentives for people to pay taxes and the timing when skip to set deadline for paying taxes; pertaining to possible increase in partnership for sustainable fees/charges/rentals and include environmental fee/penalties (copy from civic development consciousness)  Policy review of revenue code and related ordinances pertaining to possible skip increase in fees/charges/rentals and include environmental fee/penalties (transfer to resource valuation)

 Evaluation of potential incentives for people to pay taxes and the timing when skip to set deadline for paying taxes;  Consumption, savings and investment patterns of residents across High demographic groups and geographic areas

III. ECONOMIC WEALTH CREATED AND EQUITABLY DISTRIBUTED 1. Sustainable Urban and Rural Sustainable Cities and Communities High Communities  Availability and affordability of adequate and potable drinking water (e.g. water sources: rain catcher, desalination) Make communities and human  Quality of recreational water use settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and  Water for Industrial and agriculture use High sustainable o Water quantity and quality monitoring o Access High

 Study on market based instruments in relation to wastes/pollution High management/ Feasibility study of harnessing energy from wastes (WTP/WTA of sewerage, recycling facility, biogas incinerator)

Development of bricketing technology involving waste materials;

Development of green charcoal(non-mangrove species)  Migration study (to include Socio-economic profiling of migrants) High

 Sector-focused organizational needs assessment by sector (i.e. coops, farmers, High POs) (to include Assessment of financing portfolios for small farmers and fishermen (access to micro-financing) - Capacity assessment of tourism sector  Inventory of alternative construction sources, such as for timber, in the market; High  Research on green design/standards for family dwellings, offices, and High commercial buildings

 Geographical Mapping of Informal settler families (ISF) and migrants High - Physico-social status of resettled residents1 - Inventory of households and structures in coastal areas

 Validation and updating of geo-hazard areas in relation to current research High results  Vulnerability assessment of climate change impact to communities High

2. Innovation, Energy and Resource Industry & Innovation: High Efficiency, Enterprise, and Physical  Evaluation of sustainable resource based livelihood options into Infrastructure commercialization/development as industry;

 Feasibility study on the establishment of an Access Benefit Sharing (ABS) High Ensure access to sustainable energy and Mechanism for Palawan (e.g. royalties from patents, IKSP, etc.) resilient infrastructures, and ensure responsible consumption and  Research on innovation, technology application and commercialization of High livelihood into industries (rice, mango, cacao, coffee, cassava, root crops, production patterns endemic fruits, cashews, seaweeds, bamboo);

 Value chain analysis for the development of flagship and other products and High alternative use - Agricultural production competitiveness enhancement1 (technology and branding) - Product development cashew products development and value adding1 Feasibility study on the establishment of value-adding infrastructure facilities - Identification and study on potential incentive schemes to promote investment in value-adding infrastructures

 Development of competitiveness and innovation for aquaculture High

 Identification, assessment and feasibility study of potential renewable energy High sources  Oil spill prevention in off-shore platforms1 High  Cost efficient agriculture practices / precision agriculture1 (e.g. organic High farming)

 agricultural engineering solutions to farming1 High

 Exploring alternative delivery systems for health and education services High

 Feasibility study of farm-bred economically valuable species (pond turtle, pangolin, etc.)

Affordable and Clean Energy High  Development of sustainable energy/ conservation policies1 - Supply and demand analysis for household energy sources; - PSU-E4RTH: Impacts of small scale solar cell energy utilization to the hotel and restaurant tourism (solar heaters) - alternative renewable energy development1 - biomass powered (dendrothermal) energy utilization - Detailed feasibility study on potential renewable energy sources

 resource use pattern among mangrove resource users High - Sustainable mangrove use (e.g. pruning, mud crab, planted mangroves?) - Policy for utilization of afforested mangroves

Resilient Physical Infrastructures: High  Study to determine current and future infrastructure requirements based on demand (population growth, consumption, etc.)

 energy-efficient buildings design1 High

 water distribution infrastructure High - water and waste water management infrastructure - Feasibility study on water impounding projects and water filtration technologies for island municipalities; - Feasibility study for the establishment of solid and liquid wastes facilities;

1PSU - Site suitability assessment of sanitary landfills; - waste characterization - Feasibility study of wastes recycling technologies (ie wastes to energy technologies, etc);

 Post-harvest technology/facilities for priority products High - Feasibility study on food processing complex

 Feasibility study on the construction of pollution abatement facilities High (household, commercial)  Resource valuation studies on major ecosystem services to determine user fees High

3. Economic Growth and Sustainable Sustainable Tourism High Tourism  Evaluation of Community-Based Sustainable Tourism Projects - Ecotourism/ Economic Value of Ecotourism1 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, and  Inventory of green infrastructure technologies suitable to Palawan setting High sustainably manage the tourism  Inventory and documentation of green practices in tourism industry  Regulatory impact assessment (RIA) of tourism industry in Palawan High

 Product development on ecotourism (areas, infrastructure, activities, culture, High etc.) - Studies on tourism development

 Evaluation and assessment of best practices on destination management High program  Carrying capacity studies on tourism sites High

 Sustainable Tourism Master Plan Development for LGUs High

 Assessment and development of potential sustainable tourism sites High - Assessment and Evaluation of potential tourism circuits

 Tourism niche/ market segmentation studies High - Tourism entry and exit monitoring/exit survey - Product development of niche products including packaging - Development of tourism products, including but not limited to nature, cultural, medical, farm, events tourism

 Making Palawan local products competitive High - Branding and packaging of tourism-related products - Quality control - Protocols development - Trademark development and registration - Study on potential incentives for sellers and buyers of locally produced and manufactured products  Sustainable Financing options for tourism (i.e user fee studies, PES) High

 Systems analysis (i.e. Compatibility study of tourism to other industry High [agriculture/infrastructure support to tourism]) - Land use options for tourism areas - Special permits/ instruments for tourism use Economic Growth

 Sustainability studies of livelihood programs High - Shifting livelihoods (i.e. from fishing/agri to tourism)  Cost and ease of doing business in Palawan towards improving SD friendly High investment climate (within and outside Palawan) - Time and motion study of securing business permits - Study on streamlining permitting systems  Best use options for government share of funds from natural wealth High - Cost-Benefit Analysis  Job market study; Feasibility study on the establishment of business hubs in High Palawan of oil and gas companies operating in the West Philippine Sea  Development of a policy on information disclosure for businesses and civil c/o DTI society (potential effect of product to the environment)

 Institutional arrangement for the implementation of the PSDSAP High  Development of the M&E system for the implementation of PSDSAP

PALAWAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Plan 1.2 Legal Bases 1.3 Users of the Plan 1.4 Planning Vision and Approaches 1.5 Method 1.6 Core Themes 1.7 Features of Palawan Green Economy

2 PLAN FRAMEWORK AND STRATEGY 2.1 The SEP Sustainable Development Planning Framework 2.2 The ECAN Sustainable Development Planning Strategy 2.3 The Ecanization Process 2.4 Results-Based Management Framework

3 INTEGRATED THREATS ANALYSIS 3.1 Provincial Profile 3.2 Post-Frontier Realities 3.3 Situational Analysis 3.4 The Ecological Footprint of Palawan Biosphere Reserve

4 THE ACTION PLAN 4.1 Terrestrial and Biodiversity 4.2 Coastal and Marine and Biodiversity 4.3 Food Security 4.4 Tourism 4.5 Physical Infrastructure 4.6 Indigenous Peoples 4.7 Training, Education, Research, and Monitoring 4.8 Social Development Services 4.9 Sustainable Financing and Partnership

5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION 5.1 Performance Information 5.2 Challenges in Implementing PSDSAP

ANNEXES

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Province of Palawan, inscribed as a UNESCO Man and Biosphere Reserve in 1990, is a distinct biogeographic region of 1,700 islands located in the western Philippines. It is characterized by a high concentration of endemic plants and animals, relatively intact ecosystems of high conservation value, and social and cultural diversity. In recent years, it has displayed a remarkable pace of development in the tourism sector and the urbanization of its economic centers. However, Palawan faces post-frontier issues that contribute to the degradation of its natural environment like high population growth rate, disasters and climate change impacts, biodiversity loss, and land use change.

This document – the Palawan Sustainable Development Strategy and Action Plan (PSDSAP) – is conceived as a blueprint for the maintenance of core zones and the establishment of an environmentally sensitive economy in the Palawan Islands. The PSDSAP operationalizes the local sustainable development framework and strategy embodied in a 1992 landmark legislation called the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan Act. The SEP is the broad and comprehensive sustainable development framework to guide all government agencies in planning, programming, and project implementation.

The key strategy of the PSDSAP is the mainstreaming of Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN) into local land use and development planning. The ECAN system under the SEP prescribes rules and criteria for dividing the entire Palawan into ecological management zones. A provincial integrated threats analysis is undertaken to identify critical provincial needs and opportunities. The threats analysis becomes the basis of prioritizing the plan’s concerns and actions.

The societal goal of the PSDSAP is “A Good and Dignified Life Enjoyed by the People of Palawan.” This is achieved through the establishment of a “Green Economy,” i.e., an inclusive, ecologically-balanced, and biodiversity- centered economic development operating within the bounds of the carrying capacity of Palawan natural ecosystems. Transition to a Palawan green economy is concretized by the pursuit of sustainable actions that adhere to seven principles: (1) ecological viability, (2) social acceptability, (3) integrated approach, (4) good governance, (5) rights-based approach, (6) risk resilience, and (7) economic soundness.

The Action Plan contains general strategies and medium-term (5-10 years) sustainable actions that specify activities and land/water use for compatible ECAN zones. Some actions cut across several ECAN zones at once while some are non-zonal. The actions are spread over 10 component core themes or thematic areas broadly divided into three major classes: (1) Ecological (Biological diversity, Forest and watershed, Coastal and marine resources), (2) Economic (Food security, Tourism, Physical infrastructure), and (3) Socio-cultural and institutional (Indigenous peoples; Training,

4 education, research, and monitoring; social development services; Sustainable financing and partnership).

As a broad-based development plan, the PSDSAP can concretize the general principles of green economy in the Palawan Biosphere Reserve. A set of quantifiable sustainable development targets and indicators is integrated in the plan to monitor and evaluate the core outcomes. A challenge in its implementation is fostering people participation and multi- stakeholder cooperation.

1 INTRODUCTION

The Palawan Sustainable Development Strategy and Action Plan (PSDSAP) is a green blueprint for sustainable development of Palawan Province. It aims to create the necessary environmental, socio-cultural, economic, and institutional conditions toward the establishment of a green (or environmentally sensitive) economy in the province. Consistent to the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) framework embodied in Republic Act No. (RA) 7611, the organizing principle of PSDSAP is sustainable development (SD) and its main strategy will be the Environmentally Critical Areas Network (ECAN).

The PSDSAP will contain a menu of actions formulated in the context of poverty reduction and biodiversity conservation. The actions will coherently address the emerging and pervasive threats in the conservation of Palawan environment and the pursuit of economic development.

1.1 Purpose and Scope of the Plan

PSDSAP is a general guide to:

- Optimize the uses of lands and waters in Palawan - Maximize the benefits derived from its resources - Minimize or prevent negative impacts from introduced activities

The PSDSAP covers the general actions in each strategic/core theme and ECAN Zone. It contains a six-year (2015–2020) ECAN-based action plan for 10 strategic/core themes.

One goal of PSDSAP is to maintain and enhance Palawan’s natural assets. Palawan has the highest forest cover in the country1. It has a very high concentration of endemic flora and fauna and harbors unique ecosystems (limestone formations, beaches, coral reefs). Its natural resource base is very rich. The economic value of its rich fishing grounds, 1,700 islands, ultramafic geology, and oilfields in offshore waters is staggering.

1.2 Legal Bases

The SEP is the legally prescribed framework to guide government agencies in plans, programs, and projects (PPPs) affecting environment and natural resources (ENR) of Palawan. This is because the SEP has anticipated a lot of concerns experienced by Palawan at present as it is based on a wide ranging multi-year technical study in the 1980s.

As such, the SEP framework is to be incorporated in the Regional Development Plan (MIMAROPA Region) and local Comprehensive Land Use Plans (CLUPs). All local government units (LGUs) and national

1 As of 2010, 47.8% of Palawan is still covered in forests (DENR-FMB, 2012. Philippine Forest Statistics).

6 government agencies (NGAs) are directed to coordinate and align their projects and budgets with the projects, programs, and policies of the SEP (Sec. 6, RA 7611), the main strategy of which is the ECAN (Sec. 7, RA 7611).

The PSDSAP is the latest provincial operational plan consistent to the SEP framework and the ECAN strategy. It addresses the emerging challenges of Palawan’s natural and human vulnerabilities. Hence, the coordination and alignment of local plans with the SEP and the ‘ecanization’ of Palawan will be part of the set of actions identified in the Plan.

1.3 Users of the Plan

The PSDSAP is a menu of actions intended for use by public and private organizations within and outside Palawan. The PSDSAP covers ECAN- based actions in each strategic/core theme. It is conceived to be an operationalization of the SEP framework and ECAN strategy. It is therefore meant to complement other local plans by being a reference of sustainable actions.

The PSDSAP may be harmonized or horizontally integrated into the Provincial CLUP (and other provincial/regional plans) and vertically integrated into Municipal/City CLUP and other local sectoral plans for the alignment and synergy of local land/water use goals with the SEP ECAN.

1.4 Planning Vision and Approaches

The vision of the Plan is the provision of a good and dignified life for the Palaweño, through the establishment of a “green economy” supported by green jobs, sustainable energy, and within the carrying capacity of Palawan’s natural ecosystems. The main strategies are to maximize the benefits derived from the environment and natural resources and to prevent or minimize the negative impacts from introduced activities. The action plan will contain sustainable and green actions in the next six years (2015-2020) to be updated and revised every three years. The Plan’s societal vision, however, already sets the policy direction for the Palawan in the long term. Below is the draft consolidated logical framework of PSDSAP (as of May 2014) showing logic from the overall goal to the core outcomes of the Plan.

Figure 1. Logical framework for PSDSAP.

A strategic planning approach is adopted so that the action plan will concentrate on the critical and unmet needs, problems, and threats in the municipalities and local communities. The entire Plan is also guided by results-based management or logical framework. Each core theme will have a logical outcome, major outputs, and performance indicators and targets. This framework is adopted so that the implementers will be able to monitor the achievement of plan targets.

The Plan will be informed by or consistent to existing frameworks, plans, and agreements in various scales (global, regional, national, local). These plans and frameworks include:

 1987 SEP document (Strategic Environmental Plan Towards Sustainable Development)  Enhanced Philippine Agenda 21  Philippine Rio+20 Report  World Statute on Biosphere Reserve Networks (1995) and Madrid Action Plan  “Wise use” concept in Ramsar Convention  Quadruple bottom line principle in Davos Declaration

8  National Action Plans, include Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and National Climate Change Action Plan  Aichi Targets on biodiversity conservation

Moreover, the Plan will be guided by the following approaches:

 Use of the SEP framework and the ECAN strategy  Mainstreaming of biodiversity, climate change adaptation, gender, and disaster risk reduction and management concerns  Results-based management framework  Formulation of a range of options so as not to be limited by one or two options  Participatory and consultative approaches

1.5 Method

The formulation of the action plan is a collaborative effort among stakeholders of Palawan. Inputs and comments from government and non- government agencies, indigenous and local community organizations, and sectoral groups will be sought in the drafting and refinement of results-based management framework and action plan of every core theme.

1. Series of internal workshops by PCSD Staff (see Annex A) to conceptualize the basic elements of the PSDSAP: stocktaking, provincial situational analysis, core themes and criteria identification for Palawan green economy, and logical framework 2. Four local stakeholders consultation workshop to generate priority threats and ECAN-based action plan per core theme

a. Northern Palawan municipal cluster (July 2014) b. Southern Palawan municipal cluster (July 2014) c. Island municipalities cluster (August 2014) d. Provincial stakeholders (September 2014)

3. Processing and review of workshop outputs 4. Filtering workshop to validate and finalize action plans and set targets and performance indicators per core theme 5. Writeshop 6. Plan approval by PCSD and endorsement to provincial and municipal LGUs 7. Implementation of actions in the Plan and integration of the Plan with local plans 8. Monitoring and evaluation of Plan implementation

The three-step PSDSAP process (Figure 2) is consultative and participatory. It takes into account the concerns of all relevant sectors of society.

Figure 2. The PSDSAP formulation process.

Figure 3. Summary of the first step (internal experts planning workshops).

Participatory Workshops: July to September 2014

After the internal planning workshops by PCSD Staff, a total of four workshops by geographic cluster were held in Puerto Princesa from July to September 2014. It was attended by hundreds of participants from LGUs, national government agencies, NGOs, representatives from farmers and fisherfolks, women, youth, IPs, business and industry sector, and the academe.

10 After the series of local stakeholders consultation workshops, the PSDSAP is vetted and validated further through filtering workshops. Performance indicators per core theme are formulated from the generated priority concerns and ECAN-based action plan.

The Plan is to be submitted to PCSD and the LGUs for endorsement and approval. The implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of the plan will then commence. The local governments play a critical part in the translation of the plan actions on the ground.

Figure 4. Photographs taken during stakeholders PSDSAP workshops (July- September 2014).

1.6 Core Themes

The PSDSAP will focus on ten (10) major thematic areas, which can be categorized into three infrastructures.

Ecological infrastructure

1. Biological diversity 2. Forest and watershed 3. Coastal and marine resources

Economic infrastructure

4. Food security 5. Tourism 6. Physical infrastructure

Socio-cultural and institutional infrastructure

7. Indigenous peoples

12 8. Training, education, research, and monitoring 9. Social development services 10. Sustainable financing and partnership

The ecological infrastructure is the natural capital and resource base. It is the bedrock of socio-economic and environmental sectors and industries. In the case of Palawan, the strategic priority action will be to protect the integrity of the environment to safeguard the social, cultural, economic, and governance systems.

1.7 Features of Palawan Green Economy

The identification of high impact, critical, sustainable, and green courses of action (policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities) in every plan core theme will be guided by the following principles of Palawan green economy. These features are identified in one of the internal workshops by PCSDS. Annex B contains the Guide to Defining Sustainable and Green Actions based on the seven features.

1. Ecological viability – The physical and biological cycles that maintain the productivity of natural ecosystems must always be kept intact. 2. Social acceptability – The people should be fully committed to support sustainable development activities. 3. Integrated approach – The problems and issues obtaining in the environment must be viewed in a holistic manner.

13 4. Good governance – Good governance means ethical decision making and the judicious use of power by the state, civil society, and private sector to determine the access, use and management of resources and the distribution of their benefits. 5. Rights-based approach – Conservation and development must respect, protect, and fulfill socioeconomic and cultural rights of people, especially of the marginalized and vulnerable sectors of society. 6. Risk resilience – There is a need to pursue proactive initiatives, processes, mechanisms, and pathways that decrease vulnerability to climate change impacts, geologic hazards, severe weather, and other geo-environmental risks. 7. Economic soundness – A competitive and sound green economy pursues sustainable levels of consumption and production and efficiency in resource use and production.

2 PLAN FRAMEWORK AND STRATEGY

2.1 The SEP Sustainable Development Planning Framework

There already exists a legal framework and strategy for sustainable development in Palawan and it is contained in the 1992 landmark legislation called the Strategic Environmental Plan (SEP) for Palawan Act, or Republic Act No. 7611. The SEP is formulated back in the early 1980s, a product of a pioneering study and massive consultation in the whole province of Palawan.

If one of the great future tasks of mankind is developing a world-wide accepted strategy leading to sustainability of ecosystems against human- induced stresses1, then Palawan is fortunate to have the SEP which was intentionally drafted to anticipate problems and issues that need a standard of sustainable intervention. The SEP’s general philosophy is sustainable development, and it is firm and definite about the direction developers and planners ought to follow.

The machinery tasked to oversee the implementation of the SEP is the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, a multi-sectoral planning, policy-making, and rule-making body. Its members include the Governor of Palawan, the Deputy Director General of the National Economic and Development Authority, the Undersecretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the President of the Palawan Chapter of League of Municipalities, Undersecretary of the Department of Agriculture, the Mayor of Puerto Princesa City, the President of the League of Barangays, the Executive Director of PCSD Staff, representatives from the business sector and NGO sector.

The legal effects of the SEP is threefold:

1. SEP as framework to guide government agencies in plans, programs, and projects (PPPs) affecting ENR of Palawan 2. SEP to be incorporated in the Regional Development Plan (MIMAROPA) 3. All LGUs and NGAs to coordinate and align their projects and budgets with the projects, programs, and policies of the SEP

There SEP philosophy of sustainable development has three features, namely: ecological viability, social acceptability, and integrated approach2. The direction of Palawan’s development is explicitly guided by these features:

1 Crutzen, P.J. and E.F. Stoermer. 2000. The Anthropocene. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme Newsletter, no. 41 (May 2000).

2 RA 7611, Sec. 2.

15 Ecological viability

Ecological viability means keeping intact the physical and biological cycles that maintain the productivity of ecological systems.

Social acceptability

Social acceptability means participatory processes, people’s commitment, equity in resource access, and equitable distribution of benefits.

Integrated approach

Integrated approach mean looking at the Palawan region from a wider perspective and taking advantage of the opportunity for coordination and sharing that the region represents.

The basic premise of the SEP Law is the fragility of Palawan as an island ecosystem. The island character of Palawan allowed for many species to evolve in it. This made it stable and productive. At the same time, the island configuration and geology of Palawan makes it fragile. Steep hills and impermeable, highly erodible soils make it vulnerable to both natural disasters and unsound man-made activities.

A Green Blueprint for Development

As the operational plan of the SEP framework and ECAN strategy, the PSDSAP is conceived as the “green blueprint” to establish a Palawan green economy and to address the emerging challenges of natural and human vulnerabilities. As such it is consistent to sustainable development frameworks at various scales (local, national, and global). It is compatible with international agreements set forth in United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UN CBD) and the sustainable development principles outlined during the UN Conference on Environment and Development and in the Enhanced Philippine Agenda 21.

The PSDSAP is a local counterpart of the PBSAP (the Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan) which is drafted as one of the country’s obligations under the United Nations Convention on Biodiversity (UN CBD). By 2016, according to the NEDA, the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) will be replaced by the Philippine Sustainable Development Plan. Palawan has already anticipated this, in addition to observing the shift from MDGs to Sustainable Development Goals, which is the post-2015 development agenda outlined in the Rio+20 Conference.

The PSDSAP sustains the national thrust of “inclusive growth” and jobs generation. It is closely aligned with the Provincial Government of Palawan’s

16 executive and legislative agenda of I-HELP (Infrastructure, Health, Education, Livelihood, and Protection of the Environment)1.

UNESCO MAB Programme and Ramsar Convention

Two global frameworks applicable to Palawan actually have goals similar or complementary to those of the SEP. Under the Man and Biosphere (MAB) Programme of UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the global community has recognized the international significance of the entire region of Palawan by including it in the global network of biosphere reserves (BRs) in 1990, two years before the passage of the SEP Law. Under the 1995 Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves2, a biosphere reserve should strive to be a site of excellence to explore and demonstrate approaches to conservation and sustainable development on a regional scale. The three functions of BRs are (1) biodiversity conservation, (2) development that is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable, and (3) logistical support for demonstration projects, environmental education and training, and research and monitoring related to issues of conservation and sustainable development. These functions of BRs are already well integrated into the SEP framework.

The other global development framework applicable to Palawan is the 1971 Ramsar Convention on wetlands of international importance. Two sites in Palawan – the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP) and the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park (PPSRNP)3 – are already included in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance. The Ramsar Convention is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands. There is a broad definition of wetlands under the Convention4. They may include mangroves, coastal lagoons, and coral reefs which are prominent in Palawan.

The “wise use” concept of the Ramsar Convention is compatible to sustainable management of the aquatic ecosystems of Palawan. The “wise use” of wetlands in the Ramsar philosophy is defined as “the maintenance of [a wetland’s] ecological character, achieved through the implementation

1 Official Website - Provincial Government of Palawan. http://palawan.gov.ph/. Accessed 15 September 2014.

2 The Statutory Framework of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (1995), Article 3.

3 These two sites are also in the UNESCO list of natural World Heritage Sites.

4 See Ramsar Convention [website]. What are wetlands? Available at: http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-about-faqs-what-are-wetlands/main/ramsar/1-36- 37%5E7713_4000_0__

17 of ecosystem approaches, within the context of sustainable development”1. This is the model followed by the administrators of PPSRNP. They still applied for the park’s inclusion to the Ramsar list despite it being already a protected area under the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) and with a large portion of it delineated as ECAN Core Zone.

The Convention provides for the application of the “wise use” principle in sites proximate to declared wetlands. In the 1970s the “wise use” concept is considered a pioneering idea. It is, in fact, already integrated into the SEP Law under its definition of Conservation as “the wise use of natural resources that assures regeneration and replenishment for continuous benefit”2.

The PSDSAP is also cognizant of the three emerging challenges for biosphere reserves identified in the Madrid Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves (2008-2013). These are climate change, the continued provision of ecosystem services, and urbanization as a principal driver for ecosystem- wide pressures. The Madrid Action Plan for the World Network of BRs emphasizes actions on four fronts: (1) Cooperation, management and communication; (2) Zonation – linking functions to space; (3) Science and capacity enhancement; and (3) Partnerships.

The SEP as Green Economy Framework of the PSDSAP

Achieving sustainable development through a green economy for Palawan is already implicit in the 1987 document Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Towards Sustainable Development3. This document provides a general framework for sustainable development as the complementation of economic development and natural resource conservation. That is, development activities must support environmental protection. This is primarily because economic development is sustained by the maintenance of “the protective value and productivity of its various ecosystems.” Hence, the ideal course of natural resource conservation is “where people share and enjoy the bounties of nature, where there is no poverty, and where resources are channeled into giving back to nature what has been taken from her.” This green economy framework chooses both paths of environment and development as each of these paths reinforces each other.

A green economy for Palawan can be defined as a self-sustaining economic system that is supportive of environmental protection and natural resource conservation and that brings positive, beneficial impacts to humans. Transitioning to such an economy requires a robust SD roadmap that is (1)

1 Ramsar Convention [website]. What is the "wise use" of wetlands? Available at: http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-about-faqs-what-is-wise-use/main/ramsar/1-36- 37%5E7724_4000_0__ [Accessed 21 April 2012].

2 RA 7611, Sec. 3(7).

3 Hunting Technical Services Limited (England), Orient Integrated Development Consultants, Inc. (Philippines), and Sir M. Macdonald and Partners (England). (1987). Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Towards Sustainable Development. Manila: National Council on Integrated Area Development.

18 pro-poor and (2) promotes resilience from geo-environmental and economic risks. Particular strategies to build this roadmap include making biodiversity conservation as one major investment portfolio of the province and allowing good governance to serve as the engine of ENR conservation and economic growth that it actually is.

To address the continuing challenges to the province as an island ecosystem, there is a need to sustain Palawan ecosystems of high conservation value and natural resource stocks of high economic value. A strategic approach will also require strengthening climate change adaptation and disaster risk management capacities, the promotion of “environmental justice,” and taking advantage of the connectivity of ecological and economic systems.

2.2 The ECAN Sustainable Development Planning Strategy

The sustainable course of action anchored on SEP is operationalized by the ECAN zoning strategy designed to optimize the use of land and waters. The ECAN is an integrated zoning map based on a “graded system of protection and development control” in accord with the degree of human disruption that the area can tolerate.1 There are criteria and guidelines instituted to produce an ECAN map using geographic information systems. The zones range from the Core Zone (areas of maximum protection) to Buffer Zone (areas protecting or shielding the Core Zone) and Multiple Use Zone.

Core zones can be sanctuaries for threatened species, selected coral reefs, seagrass, and mangrove reserves. On the other hand, Multiple use zones are open for development. They can be buffer zones shielding the Core zones, at the same time providing livelihood and other opportunities like fishery, mariculture, tourism and recreation, and education and research.

The ECAN is the optimal broad range strategy to implement actions for each of the core themes of the PSDSAP. This is already intuitive since projects and programs in the localities are to be aligned with SEP ECAN as existing legal adaptive local sustainable development framework and strategy and land use policy. The parameters and guidelines in delineating the ECAN are listed in Annex C while the allowable activities in terrestrial and coastal/marine ECAN components are found in Annex D.

To date, the mapping of the terrestrial ECAN zones of Palawan localities has been completed. These maps have also been duly adopted by the respective LGUs and already used as a guide for local physical framework planning. These maps are used as basis in approving projects that fall in appropriate zones. The SEP Clearance System is instituted to ensure that all projects and undertakings coming to Palawan are consistent to the ECAN Map and hence to the ECAN standard of sustainable development.

1 RA 7611, Sec. 7-11.

Figure 5. Terrestrial ECAN map of Palawan (Note: Kalayaan Municipality in the West Philippines Sea, which is also part of Palawan, is not shown in this map.)

ECAN is a flexible framework for various development objectives. For example, in disaster risk reduction planning, the ECAN Core Zone is highly indicative of geohazards areas since the layers used in geohazard mapping are also used in ECAN mapping.

Figure 6. Breakdown of Palawan ECAN zones.

The ECAN as PSDSAP Strategy

In the geographic context of the ECAN, a green economy for Palawan means economic industries co-existing with protected areas. Hence, the ECAN-based strategy of PSDSAP is:

the maintenance of ECAN Core Zones, the wise use of ECAN Buffer Zones, and the sustainable management of ECAN Multiple Use Zone.

Ultimately, a green economy is one where economic industries are well regulated and benefits from them trickle down to the needy and poor, where economic industries exist side by side with protected areas and offer a diversity of sustainable solutions to improve socioeconomic and environmental conditions. The major economic industries of Palawan that will support its green economy are the so-called MOFFAT industries.

MOFFAT:

M – Mining O – Offshore energy F – Fisheries F – Forestry A – Agriculture T – Tourism

Related to these five Palawan industries, the conditions for the transition to a Philippine Green Economy as enumerated by the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development (2012) is modified for Palawan as follows:

1. production or technology innovations to improve efficiency in resource-energy use; 2. the promotion of material reuse or recycling; 3. the reduction of wastes, carbon emissions, effluents, and other pollutants; and 4. conformity and compliance to the ECAN standards

The conformity and compliance to the minimum sustainable development standards set by the SEP in Palawan ensures that Palawan is on the right track as it manages the competing land uses through an ECAN-based decision support system.

2.3 The Ecanization Process

With the SEP as framework and the ECAN as strategy, ecanization is devised as a three-part process:

1. delineating and marking the boundaries of the different ECAN zones in both land and sea 2. identification of prescribed activities and resource use to manage and regulate each ECAN zone 3. enforcement of regulatory measures and implementation of sustainable actions to prevent practices that are destructive of the environment

Ecanization basically starts with mapping of ECAN zones, identifying allowable and prohibited uses in each zone, and enforcing and implementing the zoning map on the ground. The local development plans of every locality have to conform or be compliant to the standards set by the ECAN as the ecanization of Palawan can ensure a balanced mix of environmental protection and economic development activities.

Through the process of ecanization, proper land use is assured since the objective of ecanization is for local governments (provincial, municipal/city, and barangay) to adopt and integrate ECAN into their local development plans. Localities that have ecanized their local plans have spatially determined the development and conservation constraints of their areas of jurisdiction. Since the ECAN is a holistic strategy and provides an optimal mix of land uses, the geographic application of ecanized plans and spatial constraints serves to enhance the ecosystem goods and services which are the areas being safeguarded by ECAN zones. The present thrust of the PCSD is to assist and collaborate with local governments in the preparation of ecanized or ECAN-certified CLUPs.

PSDSAP and Ecanization

As a provincial reference of sustainable and green actions, PSDSAP complements other provincial development plans such as the Provincial CLUP and Provincial Physical Framework Plan. With the passage of RA 7611, the existing local land use planning environment and regulatory

22 framework in Palawan is restructured to explicitly integrate sustainable development into local plans and regulatory policies.

Given the proliferation of local plans at various scales (Annex E), there is a need for horizontal and vertical integration of ECAN-based sustainable development plans such as the PSDSAP and City/Municipal ECAN Zoning Plan (see PCSD Resolution No. 05-250) with local land use and development plans (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Complementation of Palawan local plans.

PSDSAP as an Ecanized, Integrated Plan

One of the targets of the Millennium Development Goal # 7 to “ensure environmental sustainability” is to “integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes to reverse the loss of environmental resources”. Ecanization can be seen as not only a local implementation of the biosphere reserve zoning concept but also the satisfaction of MDG 7 target. Through ecanization of local CLUPs, the ECAN is mainstreamed and institutionalized into local development planning process and the local plans and programs are aligned with the framework of sustainable development embodied in the SEP.

The variety of local development plans in Palawan makes it apparent that there are a lot of things to consider in local area development planning. The CLUP is often the one where other plans are being mainstreamed and is the most strategic plan to integrate the various concerns in the municipality. This is because the CLUP is the physical framework plan and basis of local development and annual investment plans. At present, the PCSD is assisting and closely collaborating with local governments in the preparation of Ecanized or ECAN-certified CLUPs.

Figure 8. SEP as plans integration framework.

2.4 Results-Based Management Framework

A results-based management (RBM) framework can illustrate the chain of the Plan achievement from societal impact to outcomes and outputs (goals and targets). RBM framework is particularly useful in quantifying the targets, measuring performance of the actions, and monitoring and evaluating the program at discrete periods of program implementation1 (DBM 2012; Robinson 2012; UNDP 2009).

The logical framework drafted for each core theme (Annex F) is one of the bases for identifying sustainable and green actions. Following the Results- Based Management (RBM) framework or logical framework, the implementation of the PSDSAP will be monitored at two performance levels: impact level (long term or after 5 years) and outcome level (medium term or after 3 years). For each level, a set of indicators with corresponding

1 Department of Budget and Management, 2012, OPIF Reference Guide: Organizational Performance Indicator Framework: A Guide to Results-Based Budgeting in the Philippines. http://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2012/03/OPIF%20Reference%20Guide.pdf Accessed 24 April 2014.

Marc Robinson, 2012, Performance-based Budgeting: Manual. CLEAR Regional Centers for Learning on Evaluation and Results. http://www.clear-la.cide.edu/sites/default/files/CLEAR_PB_Manual.pdf Accessed 24 April 2014.

UNDP, 2009. Handbook on Planning, Monitoring and Evaluating for Development Results. http://web.undp.org/evaluation/handbook/documents/english/pme-handbook.pdf Accessed 24 April 2014.

24 baselines, targets, and means of verification will be identified. Concerned stakeholders will need to convene and decide which performance indicators and targets will to have to be adopted. A database will have to be established with source agencies and institutions identified for specific indicators.

3 INTEGRATED THREATS ANALYSIS

3.1 Provincial Profile

The Palawan group of islands in the Philippines is well within the Coral Triangle, which contains a large proportion of the world’s marine diversity and is considered the center of marine biodiversity in the world. In the Coral Triangle alone can be found 76% of reef-building coral species and 37% of coral reef fish species.

Palawan Island is the name of the main island of Palawan Province. The island’s area measures some 12,000 sq km, 80% of the 15,000 sq km total land area of Palawan. The other island clusters include the Calamianes group of islands (comprising Busuanga, Coron, Culion, and Linapacan island groups); the Cuyo island group, the Cagayancillo islands in the Sulu Sea, the Balabac group of islands in the south (which is home to the Balabac mouse deer), the Dumaran island group, and the famous Kalayaan Group of Islands.

Palawan lies in the western side of the Philippines. The Philippine archipelago may have around 7,100 islands, 1,700 islands of these islands are in Palawan. Its current population is 1.1 million, with a population density of 73 people/sq km.

Figure 9. Location of Palawan Province, western Philippines.

Biological Diversity of Palawan

Palawan harbors substantial percentages of the total species of seagrass, mangroves, corals, reef fishes, sea turtles, and marine mammals. Moreover, there is high endemicity of freshwater fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and terrestrial mammals.

In the past decade a trove of new species has been recorded from Palawan and made known to science, including a spectacular species of pitcher plant, black pitcher plant, and a gecko. These new discoveries reinforce a growing belief among scientists and taxonomists that Palawan is a distinct biogeographic region of its own.

These islands are very rich in biological diversity. They contain a very high concentration of distinct plants and animals, distributed in a total of 32 Key Biodiversity Areas out of the 228 in the country. The identification of KBAs is based on the presence of “trigger species” in these areas.

Table 1. Palawan terrestrial and marine KBAs.

1. Calamianes Group of Islands 17. Rasa Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2. Busuanga Island 18. Mt. Mantalingahan 3. Linapacan 19. Brooke’s Point 4. El Nido Managed Resource Protected 20. Ursula Island Area 5. Malampaya Sound Protected 21. Pandanan Island Landscape and Seascape 6. Taytay Bay 22. Mantangule Island 7. Lake Manguao 23. Nasubata Island 8. Dumaran and Araceli 24. Balabac Island 9. Green Island Bay 25. North Mangsee Island 10. San Vicente-Taytay-Roxas Forest 26. Kalayaan Island Group 11. San Vicente 27. Bancauan Island 12. Cleopatra’s Needle 28. Bancoran Island 13. Puerto Princesa Subterranean River 29. Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park Natural Park 14. Honda Bay 30. Cawili 15. Puerto Princesa Bay 31. Calusa Island 16. Victoria and Anepahan Ranges 32. Cagayancillo

The high number of species of Palawan has to be emphasized as there is a growing consensus among natural scientists of the strong correlation between species diversity and ecosystem stability and productivity. The American biologist Edward O. Wilson wrote that biodiversity conservation matters for both practical and aesthetic reasons. According to him, a general rule, now widely accepted by the ecologists, states that “the more species that inhabit an ecosystem … the more productive and stable is the ecosystem.”1

1 Edward O. Wilson, The Future of Life (2002).

In other words, a high number of plant and animal species supports the productivity and stability of ecosystems. The stability of an ecosystem is its resistance to change or its ability to withstand disturbance. Productivity, on the other hand, can be measured by the amount of biological material (biomass) produced in an ecosystem in a period of time. This has implications to Palawan when viewed as an island ecosystem. The form of development that it must pursue therefore has to be the kind of development that supports the diversity of species and eliminate or regulate activities that tend to threaten species and ecosystem health.

The ecosystem in this correlation can refer to the whole of Palawan as one large island chain ecosystem. Hence, one can posit that the entire Palawan BR depends on the diversity of its species for its stability and productivity. This is evident when one considers the large scale processes that occur throughout the islands. The diversity of Palawan as a large-scale ecological system effectively supports its smaller scale ecosystems.

The Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park (TRNP) is a clear example of this. The TRNP is the source of fish larvae in coastal waters surrounding Palawan. In fact, the connectivity and gene flow between the island ecosystems are apparent even in large scale marine ecosystems such as the Tubbataha, the Kalayaan, and nearby island chains. Palawan’s chain of ecological systems is its own life support system.

3.2 Post-Frontier Realities

Palawan may be considered the country’s last ecological frontier, the last stronghold of many species. However, emerging post-frontier issues and gaps continue to challenge the development track of the province. Among the recent and pressing trends and concerns that need to be monitored in the province are the following:

1. Urbanization of city/municipal centers 2. Tourism boom 3. Borderless trade under BIMP-EAGA (Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia- Philippines East Asia Growth Area) 4. Population growth due to natural birth and in-migration 5. National security issues 6. Climate change impacts 7. Natural disaster risks and extreme weather events 8. Land use change/conversion (e.g., proliferation of plantations) 9. Biodiversity loss (resource extraction, wildlife poaching) 10. Lack of stable energy source

Tourism is a major driver of Palawan’s rapid economic growth. As a tourism destination, Palawan is cited as “the World's Best Island” in 2013 by the travel magazine Travel + Leisure. In 2014 Palawan is cited as the “Top Island in the World” based on a survey of readers of the Conde Nast Traveler magazine. The island is also previously voted as one of the 10 best tourism destinations by National Geographic magazine.

As a result, there is no more peak season for tourism in Palawan. Every day is a peak season. New ports and an airport will open. There will be borderless trade as a result of ASEAN integration and BIMP-EAGA initiatives.

The critical realities for Palawan right now are the impacts of climate change and the increase in population together with urbanization and land use change that may impact the biodiversity. With respect to climate change, Palawan as an archipelagic province is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise, coastal beach erosion, coral bleaching, and extreme weather events such as storm surges.

All these concerns point toward the need for Palawan to come up with a blueprint for sustainable development since the development of the province in a sustainable manner is the effective, long-term strategy to adapt to the future shocks and stresses that may be brought about by global warming. This development requires (i) the broadening of the economic and agricultural base of threatened communities, (ii) the creation of green jobs or jobs that contribute toward restocking of natural resources, (iii) the implementation of social welfare projects (water system, roads, and classrooms), (iv) innovative strategies to regulate high valued resources and extractive/critical industries or economic sectors (e.g., mining and live reef fish food trade), and (v) development of sustainable energy sources.

3.3 Situational Analysis

Integrated threats analysis is one way of analyzing the complex problems and issues confronting an area. It is one priority-setting mechanism that can assist in identifying the type of project and allocating resources to invest in priority areas. Knowledge of the plan context can assist planners in the drafting of specific actions that will satisfy the needs or address the threats confronting a sector or resource target.

The context can tell about the ecological, socioeconomic, and political- institutional challenges of sustainable development. Understanding the context leads to a clearer picture of what is needed or what is critical about a theme which is prerequisite to designing a plan that is anchored on sustainable goals and objectives. The following analysis framework is used to come up with a conceptual threats framework for Palawan BR.

Figure 10. A general model of a sustainable development project (modified from Salafsky et al. 2008; Source: PSU-CSPGI, 2013)1.

1 PSU-CSPGI, 2013, Rapid Rural Assessment of the Coastal Barangays with Fishers’ Communities in the Municipalities of Taytay, El Nido, Linapacan, Coron and Culion, in Palawan: Municipality of Linapacan.

The situational analysis is undertaken through a small group workshop reviewing the current needs of and ongoing threats facing Palawan and consolidating the threats and issues identified in each of PSDSAP core themes. The analysis produces a conceptual framework of the complex developmental issues and problems confronting Palawan.

Using this framework, sustainable solutions, strategies, or new projects are determined to break the hierarchical chain of threats. The conceptual framework is produced from the perspective of biological diversity of Palawan. The assumption is that major threats of Palawan ENR and development essentially threaten the “biodiversity targets” since biodiversity is the bedrock of the province’s ecological, economic and human systems.

This is a modification of the model of conservation action by Salafsky et al. (2008), wherein ‘conservation actions’ are generalized as ‘sustainable development actions’ to highlight not only the role of conservation but also of economic development in providing concrete solutions to addressing problems and threats.

Salafsky, N., D. Salzer, A.J. Stattersfield, C. Hilton-Taylor, R. Neugarten, S.H.M. Butchart, B. Collen, N. Cox, L.L. Master, S. O’Connor, and D. Wilkie. 2008. A standard lexicon for biodiversity conservation: unified classifications of threats and actions. Conservation Biology, 22: 897–911. doi: 10.1111/j.1523- 1739.2008.00937.x [Online]. Available: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/Salafsky_et_al._2008_Unified_Classifications_of_Threats_and_Ac tions.pdf [Accessed: 2013, June].

Figure 11. Integrated threats diagram of Palawan BR, 2014.

31 3.4 The Ecological Footprint of Palawan Biosphere Reserve

The need for a sustainable development blueprint for Palawan BR is further justified if we consider the present land use trends of Palawan. This can be measured by “ecological footprint”. The PCSD Staff made a study of the current trends in consumption and resource use of Palawan. The study seeks to answer the question of whether Palawan has enough resources to satisfy the food and water requirements of its population.

The present land use trends and carrying capacity of Palawan can be measured by ecological footprint (EF). The EF is a quantitative measure of human demand (i.e., resource consumption and waste assimilation) on the ecosystems. It is the area of productive land and water that is required to support a defined human population and material standard indefinitely.

EF analysis uses the combined demand for ecological resources (wherever they are located) and presents them as the global average area (in global hectares or gha) needed to support a specific human activity. Simply put, ecological footprint is the area of productive ecosystems outside a city that is required to support life in the city (Odum and Barrett 2005)1.

Figure 12. Conceptual visualization of ecological footprint2.

Objective

A computation of the ecological footprint of Palawan Province in terms of resource requirements for basic needs is undertaken to determine the sufficiency or deficiency of resources at present and in the future. The objective of the study is to determine whether there will be enough food, water, and wood for the population of Palawan. Specifically, the study aims to:

1 E. P. Odum and G. W. Barrett. 2005. Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th ed. Singapore: Thomson Learning.

2 Image source: http://ecological-footprints.wikispaces.com/. Accessed 15 September 2014.

32 1. Determine the current and future population consumptions for food, water, and wood supply based on land use types (cropland, fishing ground, grazing, and forest lands) in terms of global hectares.

2. Compare the population consumptions and the biocapacity based on land use types (cropland, fishing ground, grazing, and forest lands) in terms of global hectare to determine food and water sufficiency and wood supply.

In land use planning, the results of ecological footprint study are important in allocating for certain areas of the land for specific land uses. It can assist in making decisions about selecting and prioritizing land development options. The conceptual or consciousness-raising value of the EF analysis has implications to plans and policies that will be formulated to mitigate factors that can contribute to non-sustainable trends of economic activities and environmental deterioration.

Method

The calculation of EF has the following general procedures (Wackernagel and Rees 1996)1:

1. Estimate of the average person’s annual consumption of particular items from aggregate regional or national data by dividing total consumption by population size. For various categories, the national statistics provide both production and trade figures from which trade- corrected consumption can be computed, using the following formula.

trade-corrected consumption = production + imports - exports

2. Estimate the land area appropriated per capita (aa) for the production of each major consumption item i. This is done by dividing the annual consumption of that item as calculated in #1 [c, in kg/capita] by its average annual productivity or yield [p, in kg/ha].

aai = annual demand / annual yield = ci / pi

3. Compute the total ecological footprint of the average person, the per capita footrpint (ef), by summing all the ecosystem areas appropriated (aai) by all the goods and services (n) consumed by the person.

n ef  aai i1

4. Obtain the ecological footprint (EFP) of the study population by multiplying the average per capita footprint by population size (N).

1 Wackernagel and Rees. 1996. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth. B.C. Canada: New Society Publishers.

EFP = N(ef)

In cases where the total area used is available from statistics, the per capita footprint can be computed by dividing by population.

Data and Assumptions

Population

The 2000 and 2010 population data from National Statistics Office (NSO)1 are used to project the population for the years 2013, 2015, and 2020. Although a population for the year 2007 is available, the population growth rate is computed between 2000 and 2010 to account for a longer term growth rate.

The population of Palawan increased from 755,412 in 2000 to 994,340 in 2010, with a growth rate of 2.79%. At this rate the current population is estimated at 1.143 million.

Biocapacity

Biocopacity or biological capacity is the amount of productive land that is available to generate natural material resources and to absorb the waste (Ewing et al. 2010)2. The variables on biocapacity per person per land use type in the Phillippines are taken from The Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 (Ewing et al., 2010), except for forest land for water taken from “South West resident” (2001).

The national carbon consumption footprint is used for carbon dioxide uptake instead of biocapacity as there is no biocapacity for CO2 given in The Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010. Table 2 lists down these values for every land use type.

Table 2. Biocapacity by land use type per person in the Philippines.

Land use type Domestic biocapacity per capita (gha/person) Cropland for food 0.38 Grazing land for food (livestock) 0.02 Forest land for timber and fuelwood 0.09 Fishing grounds for food 0.07 Forest land (for water) 0.01

1 National Statistics Office. Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay: as of May 1, 2010. http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/MIMAROPA.pdf [Accessed: 2 July 2013].

2 Ewing et al. 2010. The Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010. Global Footprint Network. Available online: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/ecological_footprint_atlas_2010 [Accessed: 2 July 2013].

34 Land use type Domestic biocapacity per capita (gha/person) Built-up area 0.06 TOTAL 0.63 Carbon uptake (consumption footprint) 0.32

Land Use/Land Cover

Land use/land cover (LU-LC) hectarage is sourced from Land Cover Map 2005 by PCSDS (2010)1. The LU-LC map is interpreted from 5-meter resolution SPOT 5 satellite images. The land use types include cropland, forest, and built up. The forests used for timber and fuel are terrestrial forests only; mangrove forest is excluded from the computation. Fishing ground is the area of municipal waters (15-km buffer from coasts) as defined in The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998.

The land use type of "agricultural area" is used to estimate cropland. It excludes grassland. Roads are included in built-up area while grassland and brushland area are used to estimate existing grazing land.

The year 2005 is used as the baseline year. The formula used for overshoot and reserve is as follows:

Overshoot/Reserve (gha) = [Requirement (ha.) of population in year x] – [Existing land use (ha.) in 2005]

Results and Discussion

The following graph shows the population growth rate of Palawan localities (23 municipalities and one city) from 2000 to 2010. The population of Palawan increased from 750,000 in 2000 to 990,000 in 2010, with a growth rate of 2.79%. The current population is estimated at 1.1 million people.

1 PCSD, 2010. State of the Environment: 2009 Updates, Province of Palawan, Philippines. Palawan Council for Sustainable Development, Puerto Princesa City.

35 LINAPACAN BATARAZA SAN VICENTE BALABAC PUERTO PRINCESA CITY CULION RIZAL EL NIDO CORON QUEZON TAYTAY BUSUANGA ARACELI ROXAS DUMARAN ABORLAN BROOKE'S POINT CUYO NARRA AGUTAYA CAGAYANCILLO ESPAÑOLA MAGSAYSAY KALAYAAN

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Figure 13. Population growth rate by municipality/city, 2000-2010.

Linapacan has the highest growth rate, driven by migration to the islands from Calamianes and other areas by people in search of fishing livelihoods. Other areas with high population growth rates are Bataraza, San Vicente, Balabac, and Puerto Princesa. Kalayaan has a negative rate of population growth.

A large number of population can be both a threat and opportunity. They can support the tourism service sector given a large projection of tourist arrivals in the coming years.

The succeeding graphs show the EF findings for Palawan localities. They represent the overshoot and reserve areas, in global hectares, of the various land use types given the projected population consumption in 2015.

There is an overshoot in cropland (which includes lands devoted for rice and other staple foods) in all Palawan municipalities. This indicates that the localities are increasingly being dependent in other areas outside Palawan for land-based agricultural food source.

36 KALAYAAN ESPAÑOLA ABORLAN CAGAYANCILLO MAGSAYSAY BROOKE'S POINT ARACELI AGUTAYA NARRA DUMARAN LINAPACAN CULION SAN VICENTE CUYO BUSUANGA RIZAL BALABAC EL NIDO QUEZON TAYTAY BATARAZA ROXAS CORON PUERTO PRINCESA CITY -90,000 -80,000 -70,000 -60,000 -50,000 -40,000 -30,000 -20,000 -10,000 0

Figure 14. Overshoot in Palawan cropland, 2015.

The high forest cover, particularly in Puerto Princesa, Rizal, San Vicente, Taytay, Roxas, etc., means that there is enough source of water for their respective populations. However, in island municipalities (i.e., islands outside the Palawan mainland) such as Cuyo, Araceli, Magsaysay, and Agutaya, the lack of sufficient forest cover means there is a big challenge in sourcing out per capita water requirement.

37 PUERTO PRINCESA CITY RIZAL SAN VICENTE TAYTAY ROXAS QUEZON ABORLAN NARRA CORON BROOKE'S POINT EL NIDO BALABAC BATARAZA BUSUANGA CULION DUMARAN ESPAÑOLA LINAPACAN CAGAYANCILLO KALAYAAN AGUTAYA MAGSAYSAY ARACELI CUYO -20,000 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000

Figure 15. Reserve and overshoot in Palawan forest area for water, 2015.

The population requirement for timber and fuelwood is also dependent on forest cover. The same localities with high forest cover – Puerto Princesa, Rizal, San Vicente, Taytay, Roxas, Aborlan, etc. – indicate sufficient volume for timber and fuelwood. Overshoot in timber and fuelwood is registered for the same island municipalities which indicate lack of sources for building construction and fuel.

38 PUERTO PRINCESA CITY RIZAL SAN VICENTE TAYTAY ROXAS ABORLAN QUEZON NARRA CORON EL NIDO BROOKE'S POINT BALABAC BUSUANGA CULION BATARAZA DUMARAN ESPAÑOLA LINAPACAN KALAYAAN CAGAYANCILLO AGUTAYA MAGSAYSAY ARACELI CUYO -20,000 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000

Figure 16. Reserve and overshoot in Palawan forest area for timber and fuelwood, 2015.

There is enough fishing grounds to satisfy population requirement for seafood. However, the deteriorating condition of coral reefs need to be considered in the equation.

39 LINAPACAN BALABAC CUYO CORON CAGAYANCILLO PUERTO PRINCESA CITY TAYTAY ARACELI BUSUANGA AGUTAYA MAGSAYSAY RIZAL SAN VICENTE EL NIDO QUEZON BATARAZA DUMARAN ESPAÑOLA ROXAS CULION NARRA ABORLAN BROOKE'S POINT

0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 450,000

Figure 17. Food reserve in Palawan fishing grounds, 2015.

There is an overshoot in built-up areas in all areas except Kalayaan, This indicates an increasing lack of lowland space to accommodate urbanization and commercial enterprises.

40 KALAYAAN CAGAYANCILLO AGUTAYA MAGSAYSAY ARACELI BUSUANGA LINAPACAN DUMARAN CUYO CULION ABORLAN SAN VICENTE BALABAC EL NIDO ESPAÑOLA CORON RIZAL QUEZON NARRA ROXAS TAYTAY BROOKE'S POINT BATARAZA PUERTO PRINCESA CITY

-14,000 -12,000 -10,000 -8,000 -6,000 -4,000 -2,000 0

Figure 18. Overshoot in Palawan built up areas, 2015.

For livestock for food, areas with large grassland like Taytay, Rizal, Coron, Roxas, and Quezon show sufficient land resources for grazing. Small island municipalities like Kalayaan, Cagayancillo, Agutaya, Cuyo, and Magsaysay may lack or just have just enough lands for grazing.

41 TAYTAY RIZAL CORON ROXAS QUEZON DUMARAN BATARAZA PUERTO PRINCESA CITY BUSUANGA CULION BALABAC ESPAÑOLA EL NIDO BROOKE'S POINT ABORLAN NARRA ARACELI SAN VICENTE LINAPACAN MAGSAYSAY CUYO AGUTAYA CAGAYANCILLO KALAYAAN

-10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000

Figure 19. Reserve and overshoot in Palawan grazing land for food, 2015.

The biocapacity for carbon dioxide uptake likewise indicates that municipalities with limited forest cover overshoot the population demand. All small island municipalities with small mainland are included in the overshoot. Española and Bataraza in mainland Palawan have also overshot the capacity for carbon uptake.

42 PUERTO PRINCESA CITY RIZAL SAN VICENTE ABORLAN TAYTAY ROXAS QUEZON NARRA EL NIDO CORON CULION BALABAC BUSUANGA DUMARAN BROOKE'S POINT LINAPACAN KALAYAAN ESPAÑOLA ARACELI CAGAYANCILLO BATARAZA MAGSAYSAY AGUTAYA CUYO

-20,000-10,000 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000

Figure 20. Reserve and overshoot in Palawan forest for CO2 uptake, 2015.

Summary

The computed ecological footprint values should not be treated as absolute indicators of the sufficiency or insufficiency of material requirements. The ecological footprint is only a broad, static estimate of land use capability. It does not take into account technological innovations and rate and efficiency of resource use.

4 THE ACTION PLAN

This chapter presents the Action Plan per thematic area. A course of action can be a policy, plan, program, project, or activity (PPPPA). It can be located within an ECAN zone or not or within several ECAN zones or a “crosscutting” action.

Vision

Following the RBM framework, the PSDSAP have as its vision: “A Good and Dignified Life Enjoyed by the People of Palawan, Through the Pursuit of an Inclusive, Ecologically-Balanced, and Biodiversity-Centered Economic Development Supported by Green Jobs and Sustainable Energy.” Four goals or higher level outcomes are needed to achieve this: ensuring ecological integrity, wealth creation, protection of human capital, and good governance.

Goals or Higher Level Outcomes

1. Ecological Stability and Continuous Formation of Natural Capital 2. Economic Wealth Created and Equitably Distributed 3. Social and Cultural Capital Protected, Developed, and Enhanced 4. Rights-Based Governance in Place to Facilitate Sustainable Development

Core Themes and Core Theme Outcomes

The first three goals above follow directly from the satisfaction of several core theme objectives. The last goal facilitates the whole developmental process. Sustainable outcomes and targets are identified for each core theme. The first three goals are also implicitly connected through the broad categorization of the core theme as (i) natural resource base, (ii) economic capital, and (iii) social, cultural, and institutional capital.

Figure 21. Ten core themes of PSDSAP 2015-2020.

The 10 outcomes based on the core theme will satisfy the provincial Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which are fully described by the performance information set for each core theme. By 2016, NEDA will be producing a Philippine Sustainable Development Plan. With PSDSAP, Palawan is already in already at the forefront of producing such plan.

The 10 core theme outcomes are:

1. Forest and Watershed (Terrestrial): Sustainable Management of Forests Ensured and Degradation of Water Quality of Freshwater Ecosystems Prevented 2. Coastal and Marine: Resilient and Productive Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Achieved 3. Biological Diversity: Loss of Palawan Biological Diversity Prevented 4. Food Security: Optimum Fishery and Agriculture Yields Ensured 5. Tourism: Competitive and Sustainably Managed Tourism Products and Destinations Achieved 6. Physical Infrastructure: Adequacy and Accessibility of Basic Infrastructure Services Enhanced, and Infrastructure Gaps Reduced

45 7. Indigenous Peoples: Indigenous Peoples Empowered and Poverty Among Them Reduced 8. Training, Education, Research, and Monitoring: Sustainable Development Knowledge Produced and Internalized 9. Social Services: Human Capabilities Improved and Human Vulnerabilities Reduced 10. Sustainable Financing and Partnerships: Self-Reliant, Efficient, and Transparent Internal Fiscal System Instituted

Sustainable Development Actions

Each of the core theme on (i) terrestrial and (ii) coastal and marine is merged and integrated with biodiversity core theme. Hence the number of core themes is reduced from 10 to nine. For each action, the geographic coverage, ECAN zone, time frame and responsible agencies are identified.

4.1 TERRESTRIAL AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT Lead and Support Organization & Their Roles and Responsibilities PRIORITY THREAT: Habitat change

1. Declare critical habitats Protection, conservation, Lead: LGU (Municipal), Funding and local conservation and management of support: LGU areas, including: biodiversity Policy formulation and legislation: SB-LGU - watersheds Research: MAO, MPDC, National - islands Museum, MENRO, Assessor's office - wetlands Implementation: LGU - caves Enforcement: LGU Monitoring and - forests in need of evaluation: LGU protection Technical assistance: PCSDS, - habitats of threatened DENR, Academe, NGOs, Provincial flora and fauna ENRO -mangroves Provision of information: LGU, PGP- PIO, PCSDS, Academe

*Communal watersheds: LGU shall be the lead agency; Large watersheds: DENR

46 4.1 TERRESTRIAL AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT Lead and Support Organization & Their Roles and Responsibilities 2. Strict implementation of 1. No mining expansion Lead: DENR-MGB- for large scale a “No mining expansion” 2. Protection of mining policy (renewal of existing biodiversity and PMRB- for pebble gathering and permits; expansions; preservation of ecosystem quarrying issuance of new permits) in services Support: Bantay-Palawan, LGU- Palawan 3. Prevention of illegal Barangay and municipal, PCSDS, pebble gathering DENR - Enforce the law that 4. No sea sand quarrying Funding support: LGU regulates pebble gathering Research: PCSDS, PMRB, DENR, - Ban sea sand quarrying Academe, National Museum pursuant to existing laws Implementation: PMRB and PCSDS, LGU, MENRO Enforcement: PMRB, DENR-MGB, LGU-Barangay, Monitoring and evaluation: MMT Technical assistance: PMRB, PCSDS, LGU, DENR, Academe

3. Strictly enforce the ECAN Appropriate land uses in Lead: LGU zones place Support: DENR, PCSDS, PGP- *Formulation of FLUP PPDO, PG-ENRO incorporating the ECAN Funding support: PCSDS, DENR, Zones LGU Research: Academe

4. Strict compliance 1. Preservation of Lead: PCSDS, DENR, monitoring of ECC biodiversity and habitats Funding support: PCSDS, DENR conditions and pertinent 2. Proper placement of implementation, enforcement, environmental laws in projects in its designated monitoring and evaluation: MMT consonance with SEP law zones

5. Allocate funds for the 1. LGU programs LGU - lead, funding, implementation, implementation of LGU complementing tree legislation programs complementing planting programs/forest tree planting rehabilitation/restoration PCSDS and DENR- technical programs/forest implemented efficiently assistance, monitoring, policy rehabilitation/restoration 2. Area reforested formulation 3. Improved forest cover 4. Increased tree density 5. Soil erosion mitigation 6. Increased carbon sequestration

47 4.1 TERRESTRIAL AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT Lead and Support Organization & Their Roles and Responsibilities 6. Provision of sustainable 1. To wean away people Lead: LGU livelihood from doing illegal Support: NGAs -Ecotourism extractive activities -Aquaculture 2. Adequate income of -Agriculture farmers, fisher folks to -Agroforestry support their families -Tree farming

7. Conduct IEC Awareness of target PCSDS - lead, funding support, participants (from the top technical assistance to grassroots level) LGU, Barangay level - supporting agency

PRIORITY THREAT: Resource Overexploitation

1. Strict implementation of 1. Mitigate illegal activities Lead: DENR the following environmental within forest lands Support: LGU laws: 2. Regulate population of Funding support: DENR - PD 705 upland and coastal Technical assistance: - SEP Law occupants LGU, DENR, NCIP, Academe - Mining Act of 1995 3. Regulated resource - NIPAS Act extraction - Wildlife Act 4. Conservation of - Caves Act environmental resources - Chainsaw Act - EIS Law 2. Conduct studies/ 1. Wildlife Conservation Lead: PCSDS researches to identify and Management Plan Support: DENR, LGU, NGOs, BFAR wildlife resources and 2. Resource Utilization Research: National Museum, status, including Plan Academe population inventory/survey and mapping of endemic and threatened wildlife species *Conduct carrying capacity studies on rivers and non- metallic stocks

3. Encourage private tree 1. Legal source of Lead: DENR plantations lumber/timber Support: LGU, PCSDS, Private 2. Reduce bureaucratic sector, requirements from the community, PO, others DENR Research and Technical Assistance: Academe, DENR-Local Offices

PRIORITY THREAT: Climate change impacts

48 4.1 TERRESTRIAL AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT Lead and Support Organization & Their Roles and Responsibilities 1. Formulate and 1. Climate change Lead: LGU mainstreaming of Climate mitigation and adaptation Support: OCD, NGAs, PCSDS, Change Action Plan and measures adapted. NGOs P/C/M DRRM Plan 2. Community Policy formulation and Legislation: preparedness to disaster LGUs and NGAs risks Implementation: LGUs 3. Disaster risk reduction Research: Academe, DENR, National and community and Museum, NGOs environment resilient

2. Institutionalize Climate resilient Lead: PCSDS conservation schemes with communities Support: LGUs, NGOs, DENR local communities

PRIORITY THREAT: Poor Solid Waste Management

1. Identification of suitable Proper disposal of waste LGU- lead dumping sites materials DENR, PCSDS- technical assistance 2. Provision of budget for Equipment acquired for LGU- lead acqyisition of equipment efficient garbage PPP(Public Private Partnership), (for collectiion and collection NGAs, lending institutions- funding transportation of waste support materials)

49 4.2. COASTAL AND MARINE AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT RESPONSIBLE and LEAD ORGANIZATIONS

PRIORITY THREAT 1: Unsustainable fishing practices

Action 1: Strict implementation of enforcement activities

(a) Encourage community 1. Updated data 1. MLGU & BLGU = Lead, policy response/reporting system 2. Empowered formulation, legislation, and community implementation; 3. Quick response 2. POs/FARMCs/ Bantay Dagat = provision of information and implementation; 3. Law Enforcement Agencies = provision of information and implementation; 4. PA Offices & PAMB =provision of information and implementation (b) Establish quick reporting 1. Updated data 1. PGP (Palawan 165-MDRRM) = ; system through the use of mobile 2. Empowered 2. PCSD = PCSD Konek; hotlines; community 3. Law Enforcement Agencies = 3. Quick response provision of information

(c) Develop capable, reliant and 1. Increase LGU revenue; 1. PCG/MARINA (> 3 Tonnage) = improve vessel registry system 2. Monitored fishing boats implementation; (Implementation of EO 305: 3. Decrease 'colorum' 2. LGU (3 tonnage and below) = devolve funtion of MARINA into and encroachment implementation LGU in registration of municpal between municipalities fishing boats

(d) Create incentive schemes (in 1. Increase conviction 1. LGU = SB legislation; cash or kind) for volunteer law rates of cases filed enforcers, mainstreamed in LGU 2. Boost morale of budgets; enforcers 3. Effective and efficient law enforcers

(e) Build capacity on law 1. Increase conviction 1. BFAR/ PCSD/ DENR/NGOs/EFA enforcement for the whole rates of cases filed = technical assistance and enforcement chain including the 2. Boost morale of implementation legal service enforcers 3. Effective and efficient law enforcers 4. More efficient and unified actions (f) Generate support for LGU and 1. Increase conviction 1. NGO/ Private Sector = ; other partner agencies from rates of cases filed 2. OPA, PAMB & PCSD = enforcement activity to 2. Boost morale of coordinator to channel with other prosecution (Private Public enforcers possible agencies for fund support Partnership) 3. Effective and efficient law enforcers

50 4.2. COASTAL AND MARINE AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT RESPONSIBLE and LEAD ORGANIZATIONS

(g) Increase penalties (fine and Decrease in occurences 1. LGU, DENR, PCSD, BFAR = imprisonment) on environmental of environmental policy formulation, legislation and violators violations implementation

Action 2: Pilot testing of Community-Based Resource Management (granting of priority fishing rights to communities subject to regulations - species/gear)

(a) Replication of experience of 1. Improved management 1. MLGU&BLGU = policy existing good practices 2. Community formulation, legislation and (b) Support of LGUs through empowerment implementation; municipal ordinance 2. Research Institutions (BFAR/ NFRDI) = provision of info, conduct of researches; 3. NGOs = provision of info, conduct of researches, community organizing and capacity building

Action 3: Alternative Livelihood

(a) Conduct value chain analysis 1. Identified areas for 1. Academe/ NGO = researches, of target fishery products (pusit, government intervention information, technical assistance, dilis bahura, fresh reef fish) 2. Studies conducted implementation; 2. NGA (DENR/BFAR)/ OPA = (b) Conduct livelihoood needs 1. Income source technical assisatance and funding; assesment and develop diversification 3. LGU, PCSD = implementation sustainable coastal livelihoods 2. Increase in income (including women and IP 3. Decreased fishing participation) pressure (c) Enhance non-resource based 1. Income source livelihoods and income diversification generating opportunities 2. Increase in income 3. Decreased fishing pressure (d) Assess and pilot-test species- 1. Income source based aquaculture production for diversification food security and provision of 2. Increase in income livelihood opportunities 3. Decreased fishing pressure Action 4: Generic boat (for further consultation) registration Action 5: Formulation and ECAN Map 1. PCSD = assessment, Implementation of ECAN implmentation Zoning 2. LGU = adoption, implementation; 3. Academe/ NGOs = information

51 4.2. COASTAL AND MARINE AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT RESPONSIBLE and LEAD ORGANIZATIONS

Action 6: Review and More efficient and unified parked reconstitute MMT for actions environmental concerns (to include academe in the MMT through Joint DENR-PCSD Memo of Agreement) eg. MMPL, Palm Oil Action 7: Establishment of 1. Increase in fish 1. LGU: legislation / adaption fishery management areas biomass 2. OPA-PGP, PCSD, DENR, BFAR, (FMAs)with gear and catch 2. Coastal protection NGOs, academe : establishment regulations, and MPA and 3. Local revenue enforcement network generation Action 8: Intensify IEC 1. Increased level of 1. OPA-PGP, PCSD, DENR, BFAR, awareness, participation, LGU, NGOs, Academe, religious and commitment sector : implementation 2. Improved and developed ecological balances 3. environmental modules included in school curriculum 4. IEC on effects of climate change and climate change adaptation Action 9: Accelerate aquaculture development Action 10: Strengthen Fishery 1. community 1. Mandated Agencies : management council participation on fishery implementation, funding (BFARMC, MFARMC) management ensured 2. fisherfolk and gear registration completed 3. issuance of permits, license, collection of fees increased in all coastal municipalities Action 11: Enactment of unified 1. unified fishery 1. PLGU/ DILG : formulation, fishery ordinance ordinance enacted enactment; 2. decreased in IUU 2. MLGU = Adaption 3. price control regulation Action 12: Resource Valuation 1. Researches 1.National Museum of the implimented Philippines/ NGOs/ Academe/ 2. Monitoring (corals, NFRDI/DENR/PCAARRD: Research seagrass, mangrove) implementation PRIORITY THREAT 2: Mangrove ecosystem destruction

52 4.2. COASTAL AND MARINE AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT RESPONSIBLE and LEAD ORGANIZATIONS

Action 1. Promotion of 1. Income source 1. DOST/DTI/ Philrice: technology technology for charcoal diversification transfer/ implementation ; alternatives (bricketing 2. Increase in income 2. St. Claire Monastery, ERDB, technology or use of 3. Decreased pressure to LGU, PGP, DA, Academe, DENR, alternative brickets from waste resource NGO, PCSD: support and materials and cut grass); green 4. Waste recycling implementation charcoal (non-mangrove 5. Improved waste charcoal) management practice 6. Zero mangrove charcoal 7. Readily available green charcoal 8. Increase of mangrove cover Action 2. Plantation for 1. Income source 1. DENR/ LGU/ PCSD: estblishment charcoal use (ipil-ipil, kakawati diversification and other fast-growing 2. Increase in income species) 3. Decrease pressure to resource 4. Waste recycling 5. Improved waste management practice Action 3: Inventory of charcoal 1. Baseline report 1. Acadme/LGU/NGO/ PGP-CBMS: producers and charcoal 2. Accesible result research; FARMCs, DENR, volume demand PCSD: Information

Action 4. CBFM or aforestation 1. Income source 1. DENR= As mandated; programs (terrestrial) diversification 2. LGU/ PCSD: support 2. Increase in income 3. Decrease pressure to resource 4. Waste recycling 5. Improved waste management practice Action 5. Provision of 1. Less pressure on 1. OPA-PGP, NGO, PCSD, DTI, alternative livelihood (for mangrove DOST, LGU charcoal producers and 2. Increase mangrove debarkers) cover 3. Reduced dependency on mangrove (b) Livelihoood needs assesment 1. Income source 1. Academe/ NGO = researches, and develop sustainable coastal diversification information, technical assistance, livelihoods (including women and 2. Increase income implementation; IP participation) 3. Decreased fishing 2. NGA (DENR/BFAR)/ OPA = pressure technical assisatance and funding; (c) Enhance non-resource based 1. Income source 3. LGU, PCSD = implementation livelihoods and income diversification generating opportunities 2. Increase income 3. Decreased fishing pressure

53 4.2. COASTAL AND MARINE AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT RESPONSIBLE and LEAD ORGANIZATIONS

Action 6. Intensify enforcement 1. Reduced destruction of activities mangrove forests 2. Zero mangrove destruction

(a) Encourage community 1. Updated data2. 1. MLGU & BLGU = Lead, policy response/reporting system Empowered community3. formulation, legislation, and Quick response implementation; 2. POs/FARMCs/ Bantay Dagat = provision of information and implementation; 3. Law Enforcement Agencies = provision of information and implementation; PA Offices & PAMB =provision of information and implementation

(b) Quick reporting system thru 1. Updated data 1. PGP (Palawan 165-MDRRM) = ; the use of mobile hotlines in 2. Empowered 2. PCSD = PCSD Konek; placed community 3. Law Enforcement Agencies = 3. Quick response provision of information (c) Create incentive schemes (in 1. Increase conviction 1. LGU = SB legislation; cash or kind) for volunteer law rates of cases filed enforcers, mainstreamed in LGU 2. Boost morale of budgets enforcers 3. Effective and efficient law enforcers

(d) Build capacity on law 1. Increase conviction 1. BFAR/ PCSD/ DENR/NGOs = enforcement for the whole rates of cases filed technical assistance and enforcement chain including the 2. Boost morale of implementation prosecution service enforcers 3. Effective and efficient law enforcers

(e) LGU and other partner 1. Increase conviction 1. NGO/ Private Sector agencies support from rates of cases filed 2. OPA, PAMB & PCSD = enforcement activity to 2. Boost morale of coordinator to channel with other prosecution (PPP) enforcers possible agencies for fund support 3. Effective and efficient law enforcers

Action 7: Assessment of 1. Database 1. BFAR - assessment; existing fishpond operators 2. Fishponds delineated 2. DENR/LGU - information and other players, utilize DENR survey, delineation of remaining and no expansion

54 4.2. COASTAL AND MARINE AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT RESPONSIBLE and LEAD ORGANIZATIONS

Action 8: IEC at community 1. Increased level of 1. OPA-PGP, PCSD, DENR, BFAR, level awareness and LGU, NGOs, Academe, religious participation and sector : implementation commitment 2. Improved and developed ecological balances 3. IEC on effects of climate change and climate change Action 9: Mangrove forest 1. Increase in area of 1. DENR/ BFAR/ NGO / LGU - NGP rehabilitation and reforestation rehabilitated mangrove projects forests PRIORITY THREAT 3: Unsustainable Coastal Development

A. Coastal pollution (liquid and solid waste) Action 1: Promotion of organic 1. Increase in income 1. DA, LGU, DOST, Academe, agriculture 2. Improved water quality NGO, private organizations - implementation

Action 2: Formulation, 1. Generation of income PGP: consolidation, formulation; Updating and Enforcement of from recyclables NGO: Support and implementation Waste Management Plan (per 2. Reduced health RA 9003) hazards 1. Waste management plans 3. Reduced utilization of enforced with clear provisions raw materials through on: recycling a. Polluter's pay principle 4. Decreased b. Scubasurero Program extraction/cutting of raw c. Coastal Clean-up materials d. IEC programs to include CC effects and CC adaptations e. Waste segregationa at soure, composting, recylcing e. Materials Recovery Facility f. Sanitary landfill establishment g. Strict compliance monitoring on liguid waste particularly on resorts/establishments h. Regulation on the use of plastic bags/packaging i. Rewards (eco branding), incentives and disincentives Action 3: Strict implementation 1. Decreased occurrence LGU, Enforcement Agencies= as of laws (compliance to PD of harmful algal blooms mandated 1586; RA 9275 (Hazardous and toxic substances Waste); Clean Air Act; Clean 2. Increase in tourism water Act; no segregation, no collection)

55 4.2. COASTAL AND MARINE AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT RESPONSIBLE and LEAD ORGANIZATIONS

Action 4: Implementation of 1. No structures on LGU, PGP, PNP, PCG, AFP, PCSD, coastal salvage zone salvage zones DENR = as mandated 2. Relocation of settlers Action 5: Relocation of coastal 1. communities relocated LGU, PGP, PNP, PCG, AFP, PCSD, communities in appropriate areas DENR = as mandated 2. Easement zone observed Action 6: Establishment and 1. Improved water LGU, DOH, private sector = maintenance of STPs by LGUs quality2. Reduced health Establishment and maintenance in LGU maitanined structures risks Action 7: Promotion of waste to 1. Improved water quality LGU/Private Sector = establishment energy technology (green 2. Reduced health risks and implementation; DOST/DOH- waste: eg. agri waste) 3. Additional energy research source PRIORITY THREAT 4: Wildlife poaching and trading PRIORITY THREAT 5: Climate change impacts (sea level rise, rising temperature, coastal beach erosion) Action 1. Implementation of 1. Coastal community MAO-LGU/ All Partners Mangrove stand improvement exposure and sensitivity Program to CC reduced or minimized 2. Adaptive capacity of coastal communities to CC enhanced Action 2. Relocation program Set-back strictly enforced NHA/ LGU

Action 3. Information 1. Values reformation DepEd/ WWF/ LGU/ Religious Education Campaign 2. Change in mindset Organizations (a) Popularization of information thru different media (print etc) (c) Use of local champions to engage audience impact (d) Inclusion of ICRM and Climate Change information to local school curricula (e) Environmental education seminar series for values reformation (f) public education and information campaign

56 4.2. COASTAL AND MARINE AND BIODIVERSITY

ACTION RESULT RESPONSIBLE and LEAD ORGANIZATIONS

Action 4. Establishment of MPA 1. MPAs delineated, All partners (LGU/ Academe/ PCSD/ networks (CC-resilient) declared, demarcated OPA/ BFAR, NGO) (a) Identification of candidate and sustainably managed MPAs in at least 15% of (b) Declaration of identified MPAs municipal waters (c) Delineation of identified MPAs (d) Demarcation of identified MPAs (e) MPA management plan prepared, adopted and implemented PRIORITY THREAT: Lack of ECAN Zoning in municipal waters Follow guidelines in establishing Coastal/Marine ECAN LGU/ NGO/ PCSD ECAN zones Map

4.3 FOOD SECURITY

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and Support COVERAGE (2014-2020) Organization (identified during previous workshops) 1. Establishment (for local MPAs) Increased fish Coastal all municipalities 2015-2020 LGU, DA, BFAR, and management of Marine stock Core/Coastal DENR, POs, Protected Areas Buffer Zone Academe, DOST

2. Maximize agricultural production Improvement of Terrestrial all municipalities 2015-2020 DA, NIA, PLGU, by providing Irrigation system, Maximum Multiple, MLGU, Academe, utilization of idle lands (YKR), on- Sustainable Yield Terrestrial Buffer, DOST farm mechanization and (MSY) Tribal Ancestral appropriate technologies Zone 3. Create alternative livelihood 1. Improvement Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 DA, BFAR, DTI, opportunities of Maximum DOST, Academe, (Mariculture/silvicuture/food Sustainable Yield PLGU, MLGU, processing) (MSY) BFAD, TESDA 2. Sufficient food stock 4. Provision of post-harvest facilities 1. Increased Crosscutting island 2015-2020 DA, LGU income municipalities 2. Food security 3. Minimized losses/wastes Farm/crop diversification 1. Increased TM Southern 2015-2020 DA, LGU, Farmers income municipalities and 2. Food security island municipalities

58 4.3 FOOD SECURITY

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and Support COVERAGE (2014-2020) Organization (identified during previous workshops) 1. Formulate and Implement Improved Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 DOST, IRRI, LGU, Climate Change Adaptation plan agricultural CCC, DA (e.g., use of CC-adaptive production crops/species)

2. Develop and implement IEC Resilient NZ all municipalities 2015-2020 DOST, IRRI, LGU, programs and trainings to community CCC, DA combat/adapt to CC impacts 3. Promotion and implementation of 1. Improve quality TM Southern 2015-2020 DA, LGU, DOST organic agriculture/farming of farm products municipalities and 2. Reduced island emission of municipalities GHGs 3. Water-holding capacity increased 4. Improved soil structure

4. Establish rainwater harvester Year round TM Southern 2015-2020 DA supply of water municipalities and island municipalities

59 4.3 FOOD SECURITY

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and Support COVERAGE (2014-2020) Organization (identified during previous workshops) 5. Reforestation 1. Soil erosion Cr Southern 2015-2020 DENR, LGU, DA, controlled municipalities and PCSD 2. Carbon island sequestered municipalities 3. Biodiversity and habitat enhancement 4. Water-holding capacity increased

6. Use and document climate 1. Increased TM Southern 2015-2020 DA, SUCs, LGUs, resilient varieties (of rice and income municipalities and Farmers, IRRI, indigenous crops) 2. Increased island PhilRICE Available food municipalities 7. Diversify farming 1. Increased TM Southern 2015-2020 DA, LGU, Farmers income municipalities and 2. Food security island municipalities 8. Mainstream DRRM and CCA to climate change Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 LGU (MDRRMC), CLUP resilient plan and CCC, DRR sensitive plan

60 4.3 FOOD SECURITY

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and Support COVERAGE (2014-2020) Organization (identified during previous workshops) 1. strict enforcement of municipal fish stock Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 LGU, Enforcement ordinance enhancement Agencies, POs, - deputation of fish wardens BFAR, MFARMCs, - establishment of MPAs Community, NGOs, - imposition of open and close PCSD season and size limits - Close collaboration with Coast Guard and other enforcement agencies - People's empowerment 1. Develop and establishment of Increased value Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 DOT, LGU, DA agri-tourism (rural/farm tourism) and productivity of land 2. (Formulate) Enforce national Minimize and TM/TB/TC all municipalities 2015-2020 LGU, PCSD, policy on land conversion regulate land DENR, DAR conversion from agriculture to other uses 1. Promote Green 1. Healthy and TM Southern 2015-2020 DA, LGU, Farmers, Agriculture/organic farming safe municipalities and fisherfolks food/sustainable island agriculture municipalities 2. Increased income and production

61 4.3 FOOD SECURITY

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and Support COVERAGE (2014-2020) Organization (identified during previous workshops) 2. Regulate land use conversion (of Available area for TM Southern 2015-2020 DAR, LGU, prime agricultural land to other agricultural/prime municipalities HLURB, DENR, DA uses) through strict implementation agricultural land of existing laws and monitoring of secured lands through ocular inspection

3. Provide additional post-harvest 1. Increased TM Southern 2015-2020 DA, LGU facilities income2. Food municipalities and security3. island Minimized municipalities losses/wastes 4. Establish full cycle fish Increased fish CM, TM Southern 2015-2020 DA, LGU, Private hatcheries supply municipalities and sectors island municipalities 5. Diversify farming 1. Increased TM Southern 2015-2020 DA, LGU, Farmers income municipalities and 2. Food security island municipalities 6. Introduce sustainable alternative 1. Lessen fishing TM, CM Southern 2015-2020 DA, LGU, DENR, livelihoods pressure municipalities and TESDA, Funding 2. Increased island institution income municipalities 7. Adopt Good Agricultural 1. Increased TM Southern 2015-2020 DA, LGU, DENR Production Practices (GAPP) (c/o production municipalities and DA) 2. Food security island 3. Sustainable municipalities agriculture

62 4.3 FOOD SECURITY

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and Support COVERAGE (2014-2020) Organization (identified during previous workshops) 8. Establish MPAs and watershed 1. Increased fish TM, CM Southern 2015-2020 LGU, DA, BFAR, areas production municipalities and DENR, PCSD, 2. Ensured water island Community supply for municipalities irrigation and domestic uses 9. Document/promote and preserve 1. Sustainable Crosscutting island 2015-2020 DA, LGU, Academe local and agro-ecological fisheries and municipalities knowledge and practices (in agriculture fisheries and agriculture) practices

10. Introduce agri-silvipasture (e.g. 1. Increased Terrestrial and island 2015-2020 DA, LGU Palayamanan concept of DA) and production Coastal Traditional municipalities aqua-silviculture 2. Food security Use, Controlled 3. Sustainable Use Zone, Multiple agriculture and Use Zone fisheries 1. Implement Farmers' field school Enhanced TM Southern 2015-2020 DA, LGU, Academe knowledge on municipalities and farming island municipalities 2. Strengthen farmers' 1. Increased Non-spatial Southern 2015-2020 DA, CDA, PEEDO, organizations/cooperatives income municipalities and MEEDO, PCDO, 2. Increase in island MCDO number of municipalities "agripreneurs"

63 4.3 FOOD SECURITY

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and Support COVERAGE (2014-2020) Organization (identified during previous workshops) 3. Provide farmers access to Access to Non-spatial Southern 2015-2020 DTI, GFI, financing institution (farm inputs) financing, municipalities additional capitalization 4. Establish food processing Increased income TM (Southern 2015-2020 DOST, DA, DTI, complex through value municipalities) PEEDO, DOLE, adding all municipalities DSWS, LGUs, private sector, farmers coop, fisherfolks, livestock raisers 5. Provide scholarship for trained and Non-zonal all municipalities 2015-2020 Province, DA, agriculture-related courses and skilled farmers Agricultural skills trainings for farmers more Training Institute agriculturists (ATI), academe, more manpower HEI for agriculture sector food security

64 4.4 TOURISM

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization

Enactment of Municipal enhancement of Crosscutting all island 2015-2020 LGU, DENR, Environmental Code environment municipalities PCSD, NGO Strengthen law enforcement and - Prevent damage Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 PCSD, LGU, strict implementation of existing and disturbance to DENR, DENR- environmental laws ecosystems- CENRO, DA, Lessen number of PCG, PNP, violators Bantay Kalikasan, community, law enforcement agencies, CSOs, NGOs, POs, PAMBs IEC Prevention of Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 PCSD, LGU, damage to DENR, DA ecosystem through increase awareness and appreciation; Preservation of nature product Create livelihood opportunities Decrease of Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 Provincial LGU, for vulnerable sectors of the pressure from the MLGU, DOT, community (charcoal makers, community in the POs, DA-BFAR, fishermen, farmers, IPs, etc.) environment DOLE Community-Based Sustainable community Crosscutting southern 2015-2020 tourism office, Tourism (CBST) empowerment; municipalities community, community will and island POs/CSOs, benefit from municipalities MTOs

65 4.4 TOURISM

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization

tourism, inclusive growth Promote Green Tourism - go lessen adverse Crosscutting southern 2015-2020 tourism office, green development approach environmental municipalities community, (design, zone, materials, etc.) impact and island POs/CSOs, DOT, municipalities private sector, PCSD, LGUs, Rehabilitation of degraded areas - Environmental Crosscutting southern 2015-2020 LGU (DENR- from ridge to reef - Research restoration- municipalities CENRO, and development- Establishment Additional potential and island MENRO, Bantay- of marine sanctuaries- tourist attractions municipalities Kalikasan), Establishment of fish hatcheries- community, Coral reef Gardening - ACADEME, Reforestation- Natural resource CSOs, NGOs, stock enhancement POs, PAMBs Development/Enactment of compliance to Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 MTOsPTO - Provincial and Municipal tourism Promotion, Tourism Code standardsincreased marketing and income for LGUs, monitoringDOT - establishmentsincr standard setting, eased employment monitoring Promote Green Fins logo Encouragement of Coastal Multiple all municipalities 2015-2020 LGU, UNEP (among dive & snorkeling shops) other Use Zone establishments to follow green practices

66 4.4 TOURISM

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization

Develop Green Certification Encouragement of Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 PCSD Program (for hotels and other other tourism-related establishments) establishments to follow green practices Pass enabling ordinance to More eco-friendly Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 LGU support green tourism tourism establishments Eco-friendly tourism industry as a whole Capacity building on DOT Easier DOT Non Zonal all municipalities 2015-2020 LGU, DOT, accreditation/green tourism accreditation and PCSD accreditation and green green certification certification 1. strict implementation of eradication of Coastal Buffer all municipalities 2015-2020 LGU CLWUP/ zoning ordinance informal settlers within the salvage zones 2. Inventory of households and data on informal Coastal Buffer all municipalities 2015-2020 LGU structures in coastal areas settlers as basis to determine size of relocation sites 3. Provision of relocation sites salvage zones will Terrestrial all municipalities 2015-2020 LGU, NHA for informal settlers with be cleared of Multiple Use appropriate livelihood assistance informal settlers Zone

67 4.4 TOURISM

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization

Develop tourism circuits Balanced Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 PLGU (Tourism (connecting destinations) distribution of Office), MTO, economic PTC (Palawan opportunitiesDecon Tourism Council), gestion of highly MTC visited areas Develop Destination Well-managed Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 MLGU, Tourism Management Program to tourism destination Establishments properly manage tourism sites resulting to high customer satisfaction and decrease in environmental threats Conduct carrying capacity Basis for regulation Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 academe, PCSD, studies on the # of allowed NGO - guests/structures/a researchLGU - ctivities; no pass ordinance overcrowding related to carrying capacity 1. Develop and implement public and tourist Non-spatial Southern 2015-2020 Law Enforcement security plans - Increase police security ensured municipalities Agencies, LGUs visibility - identify hotspots on (Rizal, Quezon, crime and drug trade Brooke's Pt., Balabac)/ Calamianes 2. Information drive Increase Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 PDEA, NBI, PNP, awareness of the LGU community

68 4.4 TOURISM

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization

3. Establishment of Brgy. Apprehension of Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 PDEA, NBI, PNP, Intelligence Network (BIN) drug users and LGU pushers 1. Formulate and implement the sustainable non-spatial southern 2015-2020 MTOs, LGUs, Municipal Tourism Development tourism, inclusive municipalities tourism Plan growth and island stakeholders, municipalities Tourism councils 2. Tourism Site Development sustainable non-spatial southern 2015-2020 MTOs, LGUs, (existing and potential sites) tourism, inclusive municipalities tourism growth and island stakeholders, municipalities Tourism councils 3. Enhance and implement sustainable non-spatial southern 2015-2020 MTOs, LGUs, Tourism Circuits tourism, inclusive municipalities tourism growth and island stakeholders, municipalities Tourism councils 4. Tourism and Investment sustainable non-spatial southern 2015-2020 MTOs, LGUs, Promotion and Marketing tourism, inclusive municipalities tourism growth and island stakeholders, municipalities Tourism councils 5. Development of distinct livelihood non-spatial southern 2015-2020 DTI, DA, DOT, products (for opportunity, municipalities PEEDO, MEEDO pasalubong/souvenir) increased income and island municipalities 6. Come up with a policy on increased # of non-spatial southern 2015-2020 LGU standardized fees/rates for all tourist arrivals municipalities (part of the Tourism Code) and island municipalities 7. Capacity building of tourism increased tourism non-spatial southern 2015-2020 DOT, PTO, MTO, practitioners receipts municipalities PCSD, Accredited

69 4.4 TOURISM

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization

and island Training municipalities Providers 1. Development of program for Appreciation and Non-zonal all municipalities 2015-2020 NCIP, National cultural appreciation and preservation of Commission for enhancement of cultural culture Culture and Arts, awareness - Promote cultural National shows - Showcase school of Museum, living tradition - Integration of National culture to curriculum - Historical development of cultural and Commission, heritage tours DOT, DepEd, CHEDLGU - toursIP/ICC 2. Conduct cultural mapping Information Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 Academe, NCIP, generation on NGO, LGU, ethnic groups PCSD, POs, IP 3. Documentation of cultural Preservation of Crosscutting all municipalities 2015-2020 Academe , NCIP, practices culture IP, NGOs, anthropologists, researchers

4.5 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization & Their Roles and Responsibilities PRIORITY THREAT: Poor long term green infrastructure management program (planning, auditing, policy, implementation)

Develop an integrated, long term, 1. Optimum use of TM/TB/TC all 2015-2020 DOST, PCSDS, full cycle Infrastructure Plan infrastructure TMUZ municipalities 2015-2020 Academe, PPDO based on projection of 2. Environmental specially island - research, LGU, infrastructure requirements impacts minimized municipalities DOE, DPWH, (power, access road, and water, 3. Resilient infrastructure DOH, DOTC, sewerage treatment plant, school 4. Speedy broadband JEDAG bldgs, hospital, communication and internet connectivity facilities, port, airport), population (ATM, POS, etc.) growth, and basic consumption 5. Sufficient and reliable (that result to higher consumption basic infrastructure of electricity, water, and other services (power and basic infra requirements) water supply) specially w/ the Island -water impounding project for Municipalities Island Municipalities/Low cost 6. Renewable energy desalination technology source prioritized in the energy power mix -Implementation of Solid Waste Management Act/ Clean and water Act

-Construction of pollution abatement facilities

-Comprehensive: ●reliable and low cost energy

71 4.5 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization & Their Roles and Responsibilities source ●infrastructure for social services (health, education) ● disaster risk reduction facilities ●dependable and potable water in many communities (inaccessibility, low quality of water) ●communication system ●value adding facilities (ie fish landing facilities, processing plant and trading facilities, ● inter-island transportation facilities

PRIORITY THREAT: Lack of funds to support basic infrastructure and public utilities (power, road, water, communication)

Source out funds 1. Sufficient basic infra TM/TB/TC all 2015-2020 DOE, DOT, - Tourism Road Infra Prioritization services municipalities NEDA, LGU, DA, Project Criteria (TRIPPC) 2. Additional projects Private investors, - ODAs PRDB (Philippine - PPP Rural - partnership with development Development agencies Project), JEDAG, -share payments from ecosystem Funding Donors services -income generating facilities of LGU's be strengthened

72 4.5 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization & Their Roles and Responsibilities Prioritize projects with emphasis Cheaper cost (in the TM/TB/TC all 2015-2020 JEDAG, DPWH, in Renewable Energy and green long run) municipalities may LGU, DOE, building standard inc. Islands consider Private Investors, Less pollution phase in Academe, Strict implementation of the phase out PCSDS, NCIP Renewable Energy Law specially Can potentially clash w/ mechanism for Renewable Energy off grid Protected areas and areas Indigenous People areas

*JEDAG (Joint Energy Development Advisory Group) energy master plan PRIORITY THREAT: Existing policies are not conducive/responsive to accessing low cost and high value, legal sources of construction materials (lumber and aggregates) Adopt an industrial tree plantation 1. Sufficient supply of TM all 2015-2020 POs,NGOs, strategy legal timber municipalities DENR, PCSDS, requirements Private Investors, 2. Less pressure on DA, LGUs, forest CDAs... Simplify permitting system in Fast track delivery of NZ all 2015-2020 PCSDS, LGUs, securing legal source for materials and municipalities DENR, Private construction materials implementation of Sectors, CSOs… projects Advance planning of development PCSDS, LGUs, (materials needed, source)/ DENR, Private enhancement of planning Sectors, CSOs… process/ look for external source [part of Infrastructure Plan]

73 4.5 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization & Their Roles and Responsibilities Promote use of non-timber Less pressure on the NZ all 2015… PCSDS, LGUs, products, with policy support forest municipalities DENR, Private TM Sectors, CSOs… Use synthetic materials for Islands (example: hardiflex, construction materials from waste such as hollow blocks etc)

Introduction of efficient/green architectural bldg design (ex. natural lighting, ventilation etc)

Implement the FLUP

Strengthen the implementation of PEIS and SEP Clearance to include cost benefit analysis of raw material source PRIORITY THREAT: Lack of innovation and safeguards for benefits

Develop and establish information 1. Culture friendly 2015-2020 PCSDS, LGUs , infrastructure reflecting local information infrastructure Academe, DOT, culture (signages, brochures, 2. Promotion of local DPWH, DTI, information center, radio culture DOST , broadcasts, etc.) 3. Organized/ Contractors centralized information Associations, PICE, UAP and all other agencies/sectors

74 4.5 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization & Their Roles and Responsibilities Establish a Palawan Access 1. Locally patented patenting - Benefit Sharing (ABS) pharmaceutical products 2015 2. Benefits accruing to communities thru 2015-2020 payment of royalties 3. Intellectual property rights protected 4. Establish a Palawan scientific laboratory to study medicinal and botanical properties Establishment of value-adding 1. Creation of jobs and infra facilities income 2. Maximization of the benefits from the natural resources 3 increase tax benefits for the gov't 4. Promotion of Palawan products Establishment of incentives to 1. More investments promote investment in such 2. Maximization of the infrastructure benefits from the natural resources 3 increase tax benefits for the gov't 4. Creation of jobs and income

4.6 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization

1. Massive IEC of IP rights (as IP empowerment MUZ identified IP 2015-2020 LGU, NCIP, per RA 8371) communities in PCSDS 2. Conflict resolution (to be Northern Palawan facilitated by NCIP) 3. Assistance and allocation of 1. Security of tenure T/C ancestral identified IP 2015-2020 NCIP, IP substancial funds for the (lands and waters) zones communities in community, delineation of ancestral lands, 2. Formulated MOA Northern Palawan DENR, DAR, LRA, domains/CADTs, and ancestral with other partner and Southern LGU, PCSD, waters agencies for Palawan NGO, PO 3. Funding/assistance (NATRIPAL) 4. TAZ Declaration by PCSD 5. CADT delineated 4. Broad IEC 1. Well informed and Tribal Zones Southern Palawan 2015-2020 NCIP, LGU, IP consensus decision groups, PO, NGO, 2. Strict PCSD, DENR implementation of FPIC guidelines 5. Formulate ADSDPPs and 1. Appropriate Tribal Zones Southern Palawan Continuing NCIP, LGU, IP harmonize them with existing management plan groups, PCSD local government plans formulated and implemented 2. Harmonized ADSDPP with other existing plans (CLUP, CRMP)

76 4.6 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization

4. Guidebook/guidelines for researches, projects, and programs on IP areas in Palawan 5. Institutionalization of procedures PRIORITY THREAT 2: Unsustained livelihood practices and resource use (e.g. kaingin, harvesting of NTFP) Support formulation and IP socio-economic ancestral zones identified IP 2015 and after NCIP, LGU, implementation of ADSDPP from empowerment communities in every 5 years community, NGO, government and other sectors northern palawan PCSDS through linkages 3. Plantation of coffee and cacao within ancestral domain; IP workers; employment (IHELP program) 4. Provide alternative livelihood for IPs Mandatory representation of IPs 1. Representation of NZ Southern Palawan 2014-2020 IP groups, LGU, through strict Implementtaion of IPs in all Local PO, NCIP, DILG DILG Memorandum Circular No. Councils 2010-119 in relation to NCIP 2. Full recognition of Admin Order No. 9-2009 and IP's rights, not only Sec. 16 of RA 8371 rights over the ancestral domain, but as a whole in accordance to RA

77 4.6 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization

8371 3. Harmonization of IP Local Policies into the LGU policies 1. Provide funding for appropriate 1. Identified Tribal Zones Southern Palawan 2014-2020 NCIP, LGU, IP and sustainable livelihood appropriate livelihood groups, PO, NGO, programs based on researches PCSD, DENR and studies (e.g., ethno-botany, nursery establishment) 2. Livelihood programs provided/implemented 2. Strictly implement EO 79 and 1. Province-wide Southern Palawan Continuing DENR, LGU, other related laws Conserved/Protected PCSD, NCIP, IP, biodiversity NGO 2. No expansion of existing mining operations (EO 79) 6. Education, value-formation of the implementing agencies

7. Linking of market to the IPs/accessibility to the market

8. Strict enforcement of policy on biopiracy

78 4.6 INDIGENOUS PEOPLES

ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE* GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization a. Conduct medical mission and donate water purifiers b. Provide educational support to IPs through provision of scholarships, local schools, and teachers c. Research and Extension for/on marginal sector (IP)

79 4.7 TRAINING, EDUCATION, RESEARCH, AND MONITORING (TERM)

TIMETABLE ACTION Agency / Organization (2014-2020)

PRIORITY THREAT (1) : Low level of awareness on environment, sustainable development, and climate change; low level of awareness on the economic values of natural resources & ecosystem services

1.1 Promotion of Envi/SD/CC awareness thru: > 2015-2016 Lead: Province (PIO), PIA and PCSD, Networking among local organizations, DENR, DA, Support: DEPed and HEI volunteer groups, (eg. DepEd, PTAs, HEIs). (curriculum integration and module development),

> Collaboration, linkages, alliances with media entities (i.e. 2015-2016 Lead: Province (PIO), PIA & PCSD print, broadcast) and use of technology (i.e. telcoms, internet, Support: other government agencies, LGUs social media) in communicating envi/SD/CC messages. (city and municipality), HEIs (thru websites)

> Engagement with business or other interest groups to 2015-2016 Lead: Province, Municipal Governments , fund or provide logistical support DENR Support: PCSD, Chamber of Commerce (+Mines)

1.2 Documentation/packaging of best practices on all year Lead: HEI, Province, PCSD, DENR sustainable development (e.g. thru contest such as "Gawad round Support: LGUs, NGOs,POs, NCIP and other Luntiang Palawan" highlighting clean and green, sanitation, agencies health and human welfare initiatives/practices) 1.3 Training of teachers/educators on 2015-2016 Lead: PCSD, PIO, and DepED, environment/SD/climate change awareness implementation; DENR(collaborators) Support integration in the K-12 program. (trainors: HEI ), NGO/CI/NTFP etc. (SD advocates)

80 4.7 TRAINING, EDUCATION, RESEARCH, AND MONITORING (TERM)

TIMETABLE ACTION Agency / Organization (2014-2020)

1.4 Partnerships on the provision/enhancement of 2015-2016 PCSD, DepEd, NGOs, Municipal/Bgy. educational facilities (LGU-provl & mun. partnership); review Officials, Local School Board of the use of Special Education Fund; provision of incentive packages to educators. 1.5 Enhanced adoption of information and communications 2015-2016 Lead: LGU (Prov, Mun), NGAs (DENR, technology to popularize information on environment, SD and DOST), PCSD, HEIs, NGOs,POs climate change. PRIORITY THREAT (2) : Weak monitoring of project/business/industry impacts on people and the environment

2.1 Require all municipalities in Palawan to create (and 2015-2016 Lead: Province & Municipality Support: capacitate) Municipal Environment and Natural Resources PCSD, DILG Mayor's League, NGOs and Offices (strengthen if office is existing) and provide regular other govt agencies annual budget. 2.2 Strengthen and allocate funds for the operations, yearly Lead: Municipal Gov't and PCSD monitoring, and other activities of the Municipal ECAN Boards Support: NGAs, Chamber of Commerce (+ and similar bodies. mines, etc.) 2.3 Mandatory self-monitoring and regular multi-partite annually Lead: MENRO, Municipal Gov't Support: monitoring of projects, businesses and industries; develop Province, PCSD, DENR, NGOs and other unified parameters of monitoring community organizations

2.4 Establish databases and develop standardized analysis of Lead: Monitoring bodies, LGUs, PCSD results of monitoring for comparison and in-depth analysis Support: Academe, NGAs, NGOs

PRIORITY THREAT (3) : Weak Research and Development (R&D), and Lack of Technology Transfer (+R&D responsive to the community/industry need)

81 4.7 TRAINING, EDUCATION, RESEARCH, AND MONITORING (TERM)

TIMETABLE ACTION Agency / Organization (2014-2020)

3.1 Formulation and implementation of 'full all year HEIs, NGO, concerned government disclosure/transparency policy' of research output/results; round agencies, LGUs formulation of research and science-based policies.

3.2 Fund sourcing and undertaking of applied/technological all year Lead: Research Institutions,(HEIs, NGOs innovations and development researches; intensified round and other Government Agencies) research on Envi, SD and CC responsive to the DOST,NEDA, DOH Support: PCSD , LGU/community/industry needs. Funding Agencies

3.3 Communication, popularization, adoption, transfer, all year Lead: Research Institutions ( HEIs ) application and institutionalization (including database round Support: LGU, Province, Municipality management) of research outputs.

PRIORITY THREAT (4) : Weak human resource/capital development 4.1 Identification of skills to meet industry needs and quality 2015- 2020 Lead: HEI+CHED-R4B, DOLE, TESDA, of life. DepEd Support: LGU (Prov.City,Mun- 4.2 Strengthen existing (or support potential) businesses. PESO, etc), Professional Orgs., Chamber of Commerce & Industry, PO 4.3 Coordinated efforts between national government agencies re: skills requirement. 4.4 Full adoption of outcome-based education. Lead: HEI+CHED-R4B, TESDA, DepEd Support: LGU (Prov.City,Mun-PESO, etc), Professional Orgs., Chamber of Commerce & Industry, PO

4.8 SOCIAL SERVICES

ACTION RESULT ECAN GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and Support ZONE* COVERAGE (2014-2020) Organization

PRIORITY THREAT:1a. Community vulnerability to health hazards due to climate change impacts and disaster risks

1. Require LGUs to increase Annually from reasonable annual/regular allocation 2015 for health services PRIORITY THREAT: Lack of water supply/Scarcity of water and threatened watershed

1. Rainwater collection/ Availability of T/C Northern 2015-onwards LGU-lead harvesting/treatment technology water for MUZ, Palawan domestic BZ use, agriculture, and industry

2. Water conservation measures LGU-lead 3. Water pipelines LGU-lead private sector 4. Building permits to push cistern establishments

83 4.8 SOCIAL SERVICES

ACTION RESULT ECAN GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and Support ZONE* COVERAGE (2014-2020) Organization

5. Watershed identification and delineation 6. Establishment of water system 1. NZ Southern 2014-2020 LGU, DENR, DILG, Established Palawan NCIP, PO, NGO, water system PCSD, and other 2. Watershed concerned agencies programs formulated and implemented PRIORITY THREAT: Rapid increase in population 1. Regulation and monitoring of 1. Regulated NZ Province-wide Continuing LGU, NGAs, DILG, population growth and in-migration from population DENR, conflict areas growth and monitored migration 2. Appropriate settlement areas identified 2. IEC on value formation and lifestyle PRIORITY THREAT: Power supply instability (need to be addressed to attract BPO industries to invest in Palawan)

1. Enhance renewable energy sources Enhanced Southern 2014 - 2020 LGU, Palawan renewable Palawan Chamber of energy Commerce, PALECO, resources NAPOCOR

84 4.8 SOCIAL SERVICES

ACTION RESULT ECAN GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and Support ZONE* COVERAGE (2014-2020) Organization

2. Improve distribution system and Modernized Southern 2014-2020 PALECO, NAPOCOR, replace old facilities distribution Palawan LGU systems and facilities

85 4.9 SUSTAINABLE FINANCING AND PARTNERSHIPS ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization PRIORITY THREAT: Low level of tax collection/income 1.1 Updating of Revenue 1. Increased/improved tax T/C MUZ All 2015 and BIR, BOI, LGUs, Generation Plan *1.2 review of collection municipalities every after 5 DOF, Business revenue code, ordinances, 2. Increased number of yrs sectors.. policies (increase investors and green fees/charges/rentals and include investments in Palawan environmental fee/penalties) - 3. Generate more rationalize land assessment - employment localized Palawan investment 4. Progressive green incentives code (tax holidays) - economy Improve/rationalize tax collection 5. Generation of green (corporate or business taxes) jobs -Large companies to establish 6. Putting value to the office in Palawan -Review of BIR resource policy for large tax payers 2. Maximize land use and 1. Updated land-use plan all zones All 2015 and as all agencies productivity 2. Attract more investors municipalities the need involved in 3. Employment generation arises processing, *multi-use of resources 4. Sustainable socio- agriculture, DA, *value-added processing (ex: economic development PCSD, DTI, value-added processing plant) LGUs… 3.1 Establish business One Stop 1. Investor-friendly all zones All 2015 LGUs as lead Shop 2. More job opportunities municipalities onwards agencies and all *(Establishment of Palawan agencies Investment Promotion Center) requiring permits *(Establish an online application and licenses for investors)

3.2 IEC and monitoring PRIORITY THREAT: Share from natural wealth is not fully accessed and utilized

86 4.9 SUSTAINABLE FINANCING AND PARTNERSHIPS ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization 1. Proper representation of 1. Increased all zones All BIR, LGUs, Palawan leaders and revenues/income municipalities Business sectors, stakeholders 2. Improved delivery of PCSDS, National 1.2 Revisit the law and review basic social services thus Treasury, provisions related to accessiblity social well-being is Congressmen, and utilization improved DOE, LWUA 3. Justified benefits from NWRB, DA- the natural wealth BFAR, DENR… PRIORITY THREAT: People's lack of entrepreneurial mindset and business sense

1.1 Develop specialized skills, 1. Knowledgable and NZ All 2015-2020 LGUS, DTI, core competencies, and centers skilled graduates matched municipalities Training of excellence to market/development institutions, 1.2 research on job market/ needs TESDA, market study/ study on the full 2. Standardized and higher Academe, potential of the local products reputation of schools Business sectors, 1.3 establishment of 3. More local SMEs Media entities… MEEDO/MCDO to do investment established promotions, training etc. 1.4 setting up of business hubs (ex. oil and gas companies operating in West Philippine Sea) 1.5 Set up of value adding processing plants 1.6 Let people participate on the product value chain 2. Participation to and 1. Local products NZ All 2015-2020 LGUs, DTI, DOT, organization of trade fairs with promoted municipalities PIA, Media product competition and 2. Competitiveness entities, promotional schemes developed PALCOMNET, 3. Exposure and COOPs, Private Investors…

87 4.9 SUSTAINABLE FINANCING AND PARTNERSHIPS ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization mindset/perspective broadened 3. Provide incentives to sellers 1. Competitively priced NZ All 2015-2020 LGUs, BIR, DTI, and buyers of locally produced local products municipalities BOI, and manufactured products 2. Higher tax collected Cooperatives, 3. Higher income 4. Branding of Palawan Man and 1. Promotion of Palawan All LGUs, PCSDS, Biosphere Reserve for products, and its products municipalities DTI, DOT, Private goods, and services 2. Higher standard of Investors, POs, - organization of a quality control products Cooperatives… committee 3. Mataas na pagtingin sa - training of all personnel in the Palawan/ respectability tourism and other service value 4. Information made chain available to all consumers - adoption of ethical/fair/green and tourists standards on business practices 5. Equitable and fair (organization of a quality control sharing of benefits committee ) PRIORITY THREAT: Lack of transparency and accountability of duty bearers (government, civil society, Academe, and business) 1. Mandatory disclosure of 1. Information made more NZ All 2015 LGUs, COA, information by the duty bearers accessible municipalities DILG, OP, Media (transparency) 2. More accountable duty entities, DBM, bearers NGOs, Civil *(Establish an online application 3. Good service provided Service… for investors) 4. Maximized investments and benefits 5. Good and well informed society (image building, co ownership, co management, etc.)

88 4.9 SUSTAINABLE FINANCING AND PARTNERSHIPS ACTION RESULT ECAN ZONE GEOGRAPHIC TIMETABLE Lead and COVERAGE (2014-2020) Support Organization 2. Realistic valuation of 1. Part of the income All 2016 BIR, PCSD, resources as basis for tax ploughed back to municipalities LGUs, DOF, collection and imposition of management of resource DBM, penalties 2. Resource value Congressmen... 2.1 Enforce idle land tax internalized/realized by community and government 3. Resource over exploitation addressed 4. Optimize use of the resources PRIORITY THREAT: No common ground/ platform 1. Full and effective Linked and synergistic NZ All 2015-2020 LGUs, PCSDS implementation of PSDSAP outcomes municipalities and all other 2. Develop PSD Business Plan Ensures rationalize/full agencies and implementation of the concerned PSDSAP stakeholders

5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION

5.1 Performance Information

The following is a long list of several possible indicators of program achievement. Most of the indicators are adapted from SDSN’s (2014)1 working document on recommended indicators for sustainable development goals (SDGs). The baseline and target for each indicator still have to be set through a filtering workshop.

1 Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). 2014. Indicators for Sustainable Development Goals. A report by the Leadership Council of the Sustainable Development Solutions Network. [Online]. Available: http://unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/140522-SDSN-Indicator-Report.pdf [Accessed on 17 September 2014].

Table 3. Selected indicators for monitoring the PSDSAP.

NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATOR TARGET AND DATA SOURCES AND BASELINE MEANS OF VERIFICATION IMPACT A Good and Dignified Life  Percentage of population below $1.25 (PPP) per day Enjoyed by the People of (MDG Indicator) Palawan  Percentage of population living below a country’s poverty line (MDG Indicator)  Poverty gap ratio (MDG Indicator)  Employment to population ratio (EPR) by sex and age group (15–64)  Percentage of population with access to banking services (including mobile banking)  Household income, including in-kind services (PPP, current US$ Atlas method)  Employment to population ratio (MDG Indicator)  Percentage of households with incomes below 50% of median income ("relative poverty")  Gini Coefficient  Income/wage persistence OUTCOME 1 Sustainable Management  Annual change in forest area and land under of Forests and Watersheds cultivation (modified MDG Indicator) Ensured  Area of forest under sustainable forest management as a percentage of forest area  Publication of all payments made to governments under resource contracts  Improved land ownership and governance of forests  Extent of forest cover in hectares  Managed forest area ratio  Wood harvesting intensity

91 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATOR TARGET AND DATA SOURCES AND BASELINE MEANS OF VERIFICATION  Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from remotely sensed satellite images (target: net positive increase in NDVI in forest areas)  Annual rate of deforestation  Forest area change  Number of forestry jobs (foresters, forest guards, eco- guards)  Number of hectares of planted native tree species  Survival rate of planted trees  Concentration of water pollutants at selected waters  Concentration of faecal coliform in selected rivers  Nitrate content of selected rivers  Number of times standards (of water quality) are exceeded  BOD in selected river waters  River discharge OUTCOME 2 Resilient and Productive  Area of coral reef ecosystems and percentage live Coastal and Marine cover Ecosystems Achieved  Volume (tons) of target fishery catch  Catch per unit effort  Percentage of coastal and marine areas with high conservation value effectively and equitably managed through ECAN system and other effective area-based conservation measures OUTCOME 3 Loss of Palawan Biological  Species richness (number of species: seagrass beds, Diversity Prevented etc.)  Species diversity of ecosystems maintained or improved  Number of threatened species  Number of endemic species  Species diversity index

92 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATOR TARGET AND DATA SOURCES AND BASELINE MEANS OF VERIFICATION  Number of hectares of habitats and ecosystems declared by authorities as critical habitats, local protected areas, sanctuaries, Core Zones, and other conservation-related declarations  Number of hectares of restored degraded areas  Number of threatened species prevented from extinction  Palawan population of Philippine Cockatoo  Status or condition of habitats/ecosystems (seagrass beds, coral reefs)  Presence of indicator fish species  Revenue derived for wildlife exploitation  Number of trained, technically equipped personnel (wildlife enforcement officers) per year  Benefits/royalties derived from the use of biological and genetic resources  Protected area as a percent of total area OUTCOME 4 Optimum Fishery and  Crop yield gap (actual yield as % of attainable yield) Agriculture Yields Ensured  Livestock yield gap (actual yield as % of attainable yield)  Maximum sustainable yield for rice production  Maximum sustainable catch for fisheries  Depletion of fishery resource  Mangrove area (annual rate of depletion)  Area of fish sanctuaries/MPAs  Fish biomass stock  Ecological footprint (material requirements from cropland, grazing land, forest land for timber and fuelwood, fishing grounds, and built-up area)  Farm productivity vs. farm inputs  Fish CPUE vs fish biomass

93 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATOR TARGET AND DATA SOURCES AND BASELINE MEANS OF VERIFICATION  Harvestable yield per hectare in residual forest  R & D expenditure for biotechnology  Use of agricultural pesticides  Use of fertilizers  Irrigation percent of arable land  Arable land per capita  Area of irrigable lands OUTCOME 5 Competitive and  Number of tourism establishments issued with SEP Sustainably Managed Clearance Tourism Products and  Number of SEP Clearance monitoring reports for Destinations Achieved tourism establishments  Number of visitors per year in Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park OUTCOME 6 Adequacy and Accessibility  Access to all-weather road (% access within [x] km of Basic Infrastructure distance to road) Services Enhanced, and  Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Infrastructure Gaps in rural areas Reduced  Percentage of households with Internet, by type of service in rural areas  Percentage of rural population using basic drinking water (modified MDG Indicator)  Percentage of rural population using basic sanitation services (modified MDG Indicator)  Percentage of urban population living in slums or informal settlements (MDG Indicator)  Percentage of urban population using basic drinking water (modified MDG Indicator)  Percentage of urban population using basic sanitation (modified MDG Indicator)  Percentage of urban households with regular solid waste collection

94 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATOR TARGET AND DATA SOURCES AND BASELINE MEANS OF VERIFICATION  Separation of waste at source  Waste recycling and reuse  Waste diversion rate  Household waste disposed per capita  Municipal waste disposal (operational sanitary landfill and MRF)  Expenditure on waste management  Mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants in urban areas  Mean daily travel time for individuals to reach employment, education, health and community services  Percentage of income spent by urban families on transport to reach employment, education, health and community services  Percentage of households with Internet, by type of service in urban areas  Share of the population with access to reliable electricity, by urban and rural (%)  Share of consumption of renewable energy resources  Infrastructure expenditure per capita  Wastewater treatment coverage OUTCOME 7 Human Capabilities  Percentage of population covered by social protection Improved and Human programs Vulnerabilities Reduced  Prevalence of stunting in children under [5] years of age  Met demand for family planning (modified MDG Indicator)  Contraceptive prevalence rate (MDG Indicator)  Total fertility rate

95 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATOR TARGET AND DATA SOURCES AND BASELINE MEANS OF VERIFICATION  Percentage of children receiving at least one year of a quality pre-primary education program  Percentage of pupils enrolled in primary schools and secondary schools providing basic drinking water, adequate sanitation, and adequate hygiene services  Primary completion rates for girls and boys  Secondary completion rates for girls and boys  Tertiary enrollment rates for women and men  Percentage of children under age 5 whose birth is registered with a civil authority  Percentage of seats held by women and minorities in national parliament and/or sub-national elected office according to their respective share of the population (modified MDG Indicator)  Percentage of women without incomes of their own  Percentage of women aged 20-24 who were married or in a union before age 18  Percentage of children receiving full immunization as recommended by WHO  Ratio of health professionals to population (MDs, nurse midwives, nurses, community health workers, EmOC caregivers)  Percentage of people in malaria-endemic areas sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets (modified MDG Indicator)  Incidence and death rates associated with malaria (MDG Indicator)  Percentage of women with cervical cancer screening  Percentage with hypertension diagnosed and receiving treatment  Maternal mortality ratio (MDG Indicator) and rate

96 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATOR TARGET AND DATA SOURCES AND BASELINE MEANS OF VERIFICATION  HIV prevalence, treatment rates, and mortality (modified MDG Indicator)  Road traffic deaths per 100,000 population  Losses from disasters in rural areas, by climate and non-climate-related events (in US$ and in lives lost)  Percentage of wastewater flows treated to national standards, by domestic and industrial source  Urban green space per capita  Number of women’s organizations  Level of awareness on geohazards OUTCOME 8 Material and Cultural  Vitality Index of Traditional Environmental Knowledge Needs of IPs/ICCs Fulfilled  Area and number of CADTs awarded  Representatives of indigenous peoples and marginalized sectors in management councils  Presence of festivals/ceremonies  Proportion of population using mother tongues (Batak, Tagbanua, Cuyuno, Agutaynon, etc.) OUTCOME 9 Sustainable Development  Researchers and technicians in R&D (per million Knowledge Produced and people) Internalized  Number of research centers designated  Number of field researches approved or given SEP Clearance  Number of trainings conducted  Number of WEOs trained and number of WEO deputation orders  Number of field research stations established or approved  Number of Palawan research papers published in peer-reviewed journals  Expenditure/investment on R & D

97 NARRATIVE SUMMARY INDICATOR TARGET AND DATA SOURCES AND BASELINE MEANS OF VERIFICATION  Number of MOAs between state universities (and other academic and research institutions) and other institutions  Support to state colleges and universities OUTCOME 10 Self-Reliant, Efficient, and  Perception of public sector corruption Transparent Internal Fiscal  Decentralized local-level natural resource System Instituted management  Technical co-operation grants

5.2 Challenges in Implementing PSDSAP

The challenges in implementing a sustainable development plan are manifold. Here are some related to the social and economic dimensions of sustainable development.

1. Sustaining people participation through “inclusive conservation”

The essence of a sustainable development plan is in people participation. It capitalizes on human cooperation and goodwill. The plan is produced by many people from various sectors of society coming together to contribute their knowledge of what works in Palawan. Social marketing of the plan requires encouraging all sectors of society to be involved in its implementation as well.

2. Empowering communities and developing capacities

Empowering communities will enable them to be vigilant in upholding social justice and intergenerational equity.

3. Recognizing and aligning interdependencies of various interests

Fostering multi-stakeholder cooperation requires a common platform. There is a need to pursue common interests and objectives and to integrate efforts and initiatives to have a larger impact. Consensus building is an important “social infrastructure.”

4. Upscaling sustainable approaches from demonstration sites to the wider communities

Replicating small successes in larger areas is not only a question of scale. It will require an adaptation to a new set of conditions.

5. Promoting efficiency and innovation in natural resource- based industries

Palawan also has to innovate in the marketing and processing of it natural resource goods in order to maximize financial benefits from them.

ANNEX A PSDSAP INTERNAL PLANNING WORKSHOP SERIES

No. Workshop Objective Method/Process Outputs Remarks (WS) 1 Stocktaking of  Get a whole-of- Macro-situational  List and Palawan system analysis to identify: details of environment overview of the emerging and natural PSDSAP (i) emerging concerns concerns resources planning (ii) needs  List and (ENR) and process (iii) threats, issues, details of development  Set the and problems priority situation rationale of the needs PSDSAP  Problem tree

2 Selection of Agree on a set of Roundtable Core themes Core themes can core themes core themes and discussion and be by ecosystem, (systems of clusters consensus-building resource, or interest or sector. Themes thematic Inputs: may be classified areas) for Existing core themes into 3 clusters: sustainable Results of WS 1 Environment, development Socioeconomic, action and Governance. planning 3 Selection of Roundtable (1) Enhance SEP New SD SEP as new SD discussion and framework through features with overarching criteria consensus-building incorporation of definitions framework; SD as emergent overarching Inputs: principles/features of principle; Criteria Existing core SD compliant to SD themes (2) Define underlying and GE Results of WS 1 principles and principles. philosophy of the plan (3) Agree on a set of SD criteria for all core themes (4) Provide a definition or each criteria and add indicators

100 No. Workshop Objective Method/Process Outputs Remarks (WS) 4 Setting of the Formulate plan Visioning workshop Vision and SEP as plan Vision, vision and mission, Mission overarching Mission, and goals, and higher statements; framework; SD as goals/impacts level outcomes Goals and overarching intermediate principle goals

5 Design of Formulate a Brainstorming Conceptual SEP as SD/green conceptual model model/diagram overarching economy of the Palawan SD Inputs: /flowchart framework; SD as framework for action plan Existing frameworks overarching Palawan of National Actions principle Plans (NCCAP, NDRRM Plan, PBSAP, etc.) and other plans 6 Situational Produce an Situational analysis Provincial/ analysis per overview of the regional core theme current status, situationer for trends, and future every thematic projections for area each core theme 7 Preparation Define outputs and Results-based Logical of a logical organizational management framework framework outcomes for each planning process clearly stating per core core theme the outputs, theme outcomes, and intermediate outcomes of each thematic area 8 SD action Identify sustainable Listing exercise (Note Actions per Action can be planning per development that actions have to core theme policy covers, core theme actions for each be compliant to the plans, programs, sectoral theme selected SD criteria.) activities, and projects (PPPAP) 9 Categorization Define actions as (1) Given the existing Based on of actions per zonal or cross- policy guidelines on allowable and ECAN zone cutting (If zonal, allowable and prohibited uses and/or as determine the prohibited for every in the ECAN cross-cutting compatible ECAN ECAN zone, identify policy/guidelines. activities zone) applicable ECAN zone for each course of For zonal actions: action (if zonal 5 terrestrial action) zones, 2 coastal/marine (2) Identify the

101 No. Workshop Objective Method/Process Outputs Remarks (WS) coverage zones, 1 tribal (municipality, ancestral zone; barangay, sitio, or For non-zonal any applicable actions: to be management unit) of treated as cross- each course of action cutting/ transcending actions 10 Setting of Determine For each core theme Indicators are indicators and performance outcome, set the objectively targets per indicators and measurable verifiable. action corresponding indicators, baseline Actions can be target for every or benchmark, and existing, partially identified action targets which have implemented, or means of verification proposed. Peculiarities of intervention per coverage have to be discussed. 11 Set schedule Set the timeframe Decide on (i) and identify of the action and timetable and (ii) responsible identify lead agencies/institutions agencies and implementing involved institutions agencies and support organizations

102

ANNEX B GUIDE TO DEFINING SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN ACTIONS1

CRITERION DEFINITION and EXAMPLES 1. Is the action ecologically viable? The physical and biological cycles that maintain the productivity of natural ecosystems must always be kept intact. KEYWORDS: CYCLES INTACT Does the action adhere to the standards set by the Actions that promote: ECAN system? - Maintenance of forest cover (or increase in quantity Does the action fulfil the biodiversity conservation and quality of forest cover) goals specified in the Aichi biodiversity targets (see - Establishment of harvest quota for traded below)? economically important species Does the action promote: - Substantial reduction in illegal activities a. precautionary principle? - Maintenance or enhancement of biological diversity b. the protection of natural capital? - Improvement of coastal resources condition c. the enhancement or restoration of environmental - Efficiency and effectiveness of waste management stock and quality? d. the sustainability of natural resource stock? e. ecological stability? f. maintenance of function and structure of ecosystems?

2. Is the action socially acceptable? The people should be fully committed to support sustainable development activities. KEYWORDS: PEOPLE COMMITTED Does the action promote/foster: Consultative and participatory processes a. equity in access to resources? Public hearings b. equitable distribution of benefits? Multiple stakeholder actions c. participatory processes? Representation and inclusiveness in decision making 3. Is the action integrated in approach? A holistic view of problems and issues obtaining in the environment. KEYWORDS: HOLISTIC; POLITICAL COMMITMENT Does the action promote/foster: a. holism (opposite of piecemeal approach)? Strengthened collaboration and partnership among agencies b. opportunities for coordination and sharing?

1 Compiled by Planning Division of the Palawan Council for Sustainable Development for PSDSAP Stakeholder Consultations, July – September 2014.

103 CRITERION DEFINITION and EXAMPLES c. provision of resources and political commitment to implement and sustain SEP activities? 4. Does the action promote good governance? Ethical decision making and the judicious use of power by the state, civil society, and private sector to determine the access, use and management of resources and the distribution of their benefits. KEYWORDS: ETHICAL, JUDICIOUS USE OF POWER Does the action promote/foster: a. increased knowledge and capacity for Examples of action that integrates good governance: environmental stewardship? 1. Environmental law enforcement strengthened by b. transparency and accountability? forming inter-municipality law enforcement teams c. elimination of red tape? 2. A Quick Response System established to apprehend environmental violators (e.g., d. participatory governance? reactivation of the model text reporting program e. inter- and intra-generational responsibility? PCSD Konek) f. rule of law? g. social and environmental justice? h. environmental ethics?

5. Does the action promote social justice and Conservation and development that respects, human rights? protects, and fulfils socioeconomic and cultural rights of people, especially of the marginalized and vulnerable sectors of society. KEY WORDS: RESPECT, PROTECT, AND FULFIL HUMAN RIGHTS Does the action promote/foster: a. inclusive growth (i.e., pro-poor initiatives, The government has to put in place appropriate poverty alleviation and eradication, local policies, programs, processes/procedures, and empowerment, employment, and community mechanisms to secure the economic, social, and based initiatives) cultural rights of its constituents. b. gender sensitivity and gender equality - Food security (ensuring access to food and planning for shortages and distribution problems) c. cultural sensitivity - Compulsory, free primary education for all d. respect for the rights of indigenous peoples - Effective and integrated health care system, e. “intergenerational justice” encompassing health care and the underlying f. mainstreaming of the concerns of women and determinants of health, which is responsive to indigenous peoples provincial and local priorities, and accessible to all g. access to resources and equitable sharing of - Adequate shelter resources

104 CRITERION DEFINITION and EXAMPLES Example of inclusive growth: ST-EP (Sustainable Tourism-Eliminating Poverty) Initiative by UNWTO (2002)1 7 ST-EP mechanisms through which the poor can benefit from tourism:

1. Employment of the poor in tourism enterprises 2. Supply of goods and services to tourism enterprises by the poor or by enterprises employing the poor 3. Direct sales of goods and services to visitors by the poor (informal economy) 4. Establishment and running of small, micro- or community-based tourism enterprises or joint ventures by the poor (formal economy) 5. Redistribution of proceeds from tax or charge on tourists or tourism enterprises 6. Voluntary giving and support by tourists or tourism enterprises 7. Investment in infrastructure stimulated by tourism also benefiting the poor in the locality, directly or through support to other sectors

1 Source: http://step.unwto.org/content/overview-st-ep-activities-0

105

CRITERION DEFINITION and EXAMPLES 6. Does the action build resilience against Proactive initiatives, processes, mechanisms, and climate and disaster risks (CDR)? pathways that decrease vulnerability to adverse climate change impacts, geologic hazards, impacts create a culture of CDR prevention? of extreme weather events, and other geo- environmental risks. KEY WORDS: PROACTIVE, DECREASE CDR VULNERABILITY Is the action forward-looking when it comes to Broadening/diversification of economic and agricultural dealing with CDR? base of threatened communities Does the action promote/foster: Sample CDR resilience actions for Tourism are contained in Davos Declaration (2007). a. climate change adaptation and mitigation? b. geo-environmental/disaster risk management (prevention, preparedness, adaptation)? c. climate-smart approaches (i.e., pursuit of actions that enhance carbon stocks and reduce carbon emissions) d. decreased vulnerability to climate change (reduced sensitivity, reduced exposure, increased adaptive capacity)? e. zero or near-zero carbon industries? f. low-regrets options/solutions to address CDR?

g. managing future risks and building resilience?

Does the CC-related action explicitly address any 1. Protection – watershed for freshwater of the following?1 a. Adaptation: There is explicit articulation of 2. Avoidance – future structures not built in erosion- or climate change adaptation in the project or flood prone areas activity objectives with evidence of or intent to 3. Relocation – relocating structures in hazard areas use climate information to specifically design responses to current and future climate change 4. Accommodation – disaster resistant structures risks and variability and their impacts to human, 5. Marine Protection – soft and hard engineering ecological and economic systems, or the opportunities they bring. 6. Upland Protection – soft and hard engineering b. Mitigation: There is explicit articulation of For climate change typologies, see Annex A of DBM- climate change mitigation responses in the CCC Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2013-01. program objectives based on targets or opportunities that (a) reduces or limits greenhouse emissions, (b) increases GHG sequestration, or (c) protects carbon sinks.

1 Source: DBM-CCC Joint Memorandum Circular No. 2013-01.

106 CRITERION DEFINITION and EXAMPLES

7. Is the action economically sound? A competitive and sound green economy that pursues sustainable levels of consumption and production and efficiency in resource use and production. KEY WORDS: COMPETITIVE, SOUND, EFFICIENT

Does the actions promote/foster: - CBST a. the use of appropriate, efficient, and innovative - creation and marketing of carbon sinks technology - building of energy-efficient facilities (e.g., ZCR) b. material reuse or recycling c. reduction of wastes, effluents, and pollutants d. renewable sources of energy e. creation of green jobs f. ease of doing business in the context of sustainable development g. valuation and natural resource accounting h. value adding, rather than purely extractive, raw- materials based industries i. community-based industries (local participation in economic investments; joint ventures between local and external investors) j. stable/resilient local markets

107 ANNEX C CRITERIA AND PARAMETERS IN THE DELINEATION OF THE TERRESTRIAL ECAN ZONES1

1 (RA 7611 and PCSD Resolution No. 05-250)

108

ANNEX D ALLOWABLE ACTIVITIES IN THE ECAN ZONES

1. Terrestrial ECAN Component

2. Coastal/Marine and Tribal Ancestral ECAN Components

Component ECAN zone Allowable activities within the management zone Coastal/ Coastal/Marine None, except for: Marine core zone navigation purposes of the local fishing communities where there are no alternative routes; emergency situations such as navigational routes to save life and property; researches previously authorized by PCSD; and ecotourism activities as per PCSD Resolution 06-270. Coastal/Marine Habitat restoration, rehabilitation and multiple use zone – enhancement activities; Transition/Buffer soft-impact activities zone (swimming/snorkeling; non-motored boating (row boats, kayaks, canoes, wind surfing, etc.); guided scuba diving; fishing using highly-selected gears (i.e., hook & line and gill net) with specification to be determined by studies; pre-approved visit or educational activities; 109 Component ECAN zone Allowable activities within the management zone installation of environmental information boards); and resource enhancement activities.

Coastal/Marine All sustainable human activities, with multiple use zone – certain development endeavors subject to Sustainable/ the EIA system and to other policies General use zone regulating development projects. Tribal Tribal ancestral Activities based on the material and ancestral zone cultural needs of the indigenous peoples. lands

110

ANNEX E HIERARCHY AND LINKAGES OF PLANS26

26 HLURB 2006, modified. 111

ANNEX F LOGICAL FRAMEWORKS OF PSDSAP CORE THEMES

Biodiversity

Coastal and Marine

112

Forest and Watershed

Food Security

113 Indigenous Peoples

Physical Infrastructure

114 Social Development Services

Sustainable Financing and Partnership

115

Training, Education, Research, and Monitoring

Tourism

116