DOCSLIB.ORG

Method Validation for D,L-Isomers of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine by GC/MS

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Method Validation for D,L-Isomers of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine by GC/MS In: W Schänzer, H Geyer, A Gotzmann, U Mareck (eds.) Recent Advances In Doping Analysis (15). Sport und Buch Strauß - Köln 2007 R. Pootrakronchai, M. Kaewklum, P. Wilairat, T. Kusamran and T. Anukarahanonta Method Validation for d,l-Isomers of Methamphetamine and Amphetamine by GC/MS National Doping Control Centre, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Introduction Amphetamine and methamphetamine are potent central nervous system stimulants (1). Since 2006, the differentiation between d- and l-isomers of methamphetamine is required by WADA (2). There are a number of drugs that are metabolized in the body to amphetamine and/or methamphetamine: amphetaminil, benzphetamine, clobenzorex, selegiline, dimethamphetamine, ethylamphetamine, famprofazone, fencamine, fenethylline, fenproporex, furfenorax, mefenorex, mesocarb and prenylamine. Thus, it is important to separate the enantiomers of amphetamine (AP) and methamphetamine (MA) excreted in urine in order to determine the source of the originally administered drugs. The enantiomeric separation of AP and MA can be achieved using the chiral agent, (S)-(-)-N-trifluoroacetyl-prolyl chloride (l-TPC), as derivatising agent (3,4). A GC/MS procedure for separating the d,l- enantiomer of MA and AP was developed and validated. Experimental Blank urine from 5 healthy volunteers were spiked with standard substances to the final concentration of 0.06-1.00 µg/ml. The separation of AP and MA enantiomeric pair was performed by the modified Procedure I (liquid-liquid extraction) (5). 50 µl of 0.1 M (S)-(-)-N- trifluoroacetyl-prolyl chloride (l-TPC) in dichloromethane was added to the extracted organic phase. After 15 min at room temperature, they were washed with 3 ml of 0.01M NaOH for 15 min and centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 min. The organic layer was separated and dried under the N2 stream. The residue was redissolved in 100 µl tert-butyl methyl ether and 2 µl were injected into the GC. 355 In: W Schänzer, H Geyer, A Gotzmann, U Mareck (eds.) Recent Advances In Doping Analysis (15). Sport und Buch Strauß - Köln 2007 Instrumentation Agilent GC/MSD (6890/5973); column 5% PHME Siloxane (Ultra2), (12.5 m, i.d 0.2 mm, film thickness 0.11 µm); split ratio 10:1; flow at 0.6 ml/min; solvent delay 1.2 min; temperature program, initial 70ºC (0.13 min), 25ºC/min to 300ºC (hold 1.2 min); transfer line temperature 280 ºC Results and Discussion Although m/z 166 is the base ion, it was not selected as the quantifier ion as the ion is derived from l-TPC. The quantifier ions for the derivatised AP and MA are m/z 237 and 251, respectively (4). Figures 1 and 2 show that this method can separate the enantiomers of MA and AP, respectively. An excretion urine for methamphetamine shows only d-AP, and d-MA peaks (Figure 3). An excretion urine for selegiline shows l-AP, and l-MA peaks (Figure 4). Thus separation and identification of the isomer peaks can be used to differentiate the source of the originally administered drugs. Table 1 shows results from the method validation for the enantiomers of AP and MA. Overall recovery was 80%, with %CV less than 15% (a valid range for repeatability) (6) and the LOD was about 10 times less than the minimum required performance limits (MRPL) for the detection of prohibited substances (0.5 µg/ml) (7). Table 1. Summary of results for method validation (n=5) Substance %Recovery %CV LOD (ng/ml) RRT* d-MA 78.63 2.58 60 1.534 l-MA 81.20 1.55 60 1.517 d-AP 72.94 2.33 60 1.398 l-AP 68.34 2.29 60 1.374 *ISTD = Diphenylamine, RT = 4.09 min 356 In: W Schänzer, H Geyer, A Gotzmann, U Mareck (eds.) Recent Advances In Doping Analysis (15). Sport und Buch Strauß - Köln 2007 Abundance Abundance 6.28 Abundance TIC:B5J1UPC3.D Scan 1046 (6.265 min): B5J1UPC3.D 4.09 TIC:B1J1METH.D 5500000 4.09 166 6.19 6.27 1400000 5000000 7000000 l-MA 1300000 4500000 1200000 6000000 d-MA d-MA 1100000 4000000 ISTD 1000000 5.71 3500000 ISTD 5000000 900000 5.61 58 251 3000000 800000 251 4000000 700000 2500000 5.54 600000 3000000 2000000 5.54 500000 91 1500000 400000 2000000 A 5.03 5.47 B C 4.61 1000000 5.66 B 300000 1000000 4.17 A 200000 500000 119 5.47 6.18 194 5.03 100000 148 225 0 40 273 0 0 295 323343323295 343 371 401 446 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 3.804.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.806.006.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 40 60 80 100 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440 Time--> m/z--> Time--> Figure 1. A. TIC of spike sample (1 µg/ml), d-MA-TPC (6.28 min), ISTD (RT= 4.09 min), B. TIC of spike sample (1 µg/ml), l- MA-TPC (6.19 min), d-MA-TPC (6.27 min), ISTD (RT=4.09 min), C. Mass spectrum of d-MA-TPC in spike sample (1μg/ml) Abundance Abundance Abundance TIC:B2J12AMP.D 5.63 6500000 4.09 TIC:B1J1AMP.D Scan 931 (5.718 min): B2J12AMP.D 7500000 166 6000000 1400000 7000000 4.09 d-AP 1300000 5500000 6500000 ISTD 5.72 1200000 6000000 5000000 l-AP l-AP 5.62 1100000 5500000 4500000 1000000 5000000 ISTD 4000000 900000 4500000 3500000 800000 4000000 5.56 237 237 3000000 700000 3500000 600000 3000000 5.56 2500000 194 500000 2500000 2000000 A B 400000 C 2000000 1500000 91 118 300000 1500000 A 1000000 B C 200000 1000000 5.70 4.16 5.03 4.164.18 5.03 5.48 69 139 5.47 500000 4.61 100000 44 500000 4.61 212 259 313281 333355 391 446 0 0 0 3.804.004.204.404.604.805.005.205.405.605.80 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 Time--> m/z--> Time--> Figure 2. A. TIC of spike sample (1 µg/ml), l-AP-TPC (5.63min), ISTD (RT= 4.09 min), B. TIC of spike sample (1 µg/ml), l- AP-TPC (5.62 min), d-AP-TPC (5.72 min), ISTD (RT= 4.09 min), C. Mass spectrum of d-AP-TPC in spike sample (1μg/ml) TIC: B1A1UPC1.D Abundance Scan 1035 (6.211 min): B1A1UPC1.D Scan 920 (5.664 min): B1A1UPC1.D Abundance 6.21 Abundance 166 4.05 4.59 4.85 5.00 5.51 150000 17000 166 140000 ISTD 16000 550000 d-MA 130000 15000 500000 120000 14000 110000 13000 450000 100000 12000 400000 11000 d-AP 90000 73 58 10000 350000 80000 9000 300000 A 70000 251 B 8000 C 250000 60000 7000 5.66 50000 91 6000 41 237 200000 5000 91 194 40000 150000 4000 118 30000 3000 100000 20000 2000 119 139 50000 194 1000 10000 256 40 148 225 213 277 298 322 341 368 415 446 0 284 304 323341368 390 412 446 0 0 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 m/z--> m/z--> Time--> Figure 3. A. TIC of positive methamphetamine sample, B. Mass spectrum of d-MA-TPC (RRT= 1.533), C. Mass spectrum of d-AP- TPC (RRT= 1.397) 357 In: W Schänzer, H Geyer, A Gotzmann, U Mareck (eds.) Recent Advances In Doping Analysis (15). Sport und Buch Strauß - Köln 2007 Abundance Abundance Abundance Scan 1016 (6.119 min): SELEGIDERI.D 650000 166 Scan 894 (5.539 min): SELEGIDERI.D 4.02 TIC: SELEGIDERI.D 140000 166 600000 130000 3500000 550000 120000 500000 110000 58 3000000 ISTD 6.12 450000 100000 400000 90000 2500000 80000 350000 2000000 70000 l-MA 300000 251 60000 237 251 250000 91 237 1500000 5.77 50000 l-AP 194 200000 40000 1000000 A B 91 C 5.60 150000 4.81 30000 5.42 118 5.54 100000 5.86 500000 4.22 20000 69 119 41 50000 194 139 10000 148 225 0 40 281 304323341 369 403 429447 212 257 281299 327 355373 399 429399 429447 0 0 3.80 4.00 4.20 4.40 4.60 4.80 5.00 5.20 5.40 5.60 5.80 6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440 40 60 80 100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400420440 m/z--> Time--> m/z--> Figure 4. A. TIC of an excretion urine of selegiline, B. Mass spectrum of l-MA (RRT= 1.522), C. Mass spectrum of l-AP (RRT= 1.378) References 1. Kramer, T., Maurer, HH. (1998) Determination of amphetamine, methamphetamine and amphetamine-derived designer drugs or medicaments in blood and urine. J Chromatogr B 713, 163-187. 2. World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2006 Prohibited List. International Standard, Montreal (2006) http//www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/2006_LIST.pdf 3. John, TC. (1996) Enantiomeric composition of amphetamine and methamphetamine derived from the precursor compound famprofazone.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • IOC Doping Control Guide For
    Doping Control Guide Version 1.0 | February 2016 CONTENTS 1 | ! GENERAL INFORMATION ...................................................... 2! 2 | ! DOPING CONTROL ............................................................. 2! 3 | ! DOPING CONTROL STEP-BY-STEP ........................................... 3! 4 | ! LABORATORY ................................................................... 4! 5 | ! MEDICATIONS USE ............................................................. 4! 6 | ! SUPPLEMENT USE .............................................................. 4! 7 | ! THERAPEUTIC USE EXEMPTIONS ............................................. 5! 8 | ! WHEREABOUTS INFORMATION ............................................... 5! 9 | ! RESOLVING PENDING CASES INVOLVING POSSIBLE VIOLATIONS OF ANTI-DOPING RULES .......................................................... 6! 10 |!WADA INDEPENDENT OBSERVER PROGRAMME ............................. 6! 11 |!WADA OUTREACH PROGRAMME ............................................ 7! 12 |!SHARE OF INFORMATION THROUGH SECURE DATABASE ................. 7! 13 |!DOPING CONTROL TECHNICAL PROCEDURES FOR RIO 2016 OLYMPIC GAMES ............................................................... 7! APPENDICES .......................................................................... 8! A1| DOPING CONTROL STEP-BY-STEP POSTER .................................. 8! A2|THE 2016 PROHIBITED LIST .................................................... 9! SUBSTANCES & METHODS PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) .........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub
    US 20130289061A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2013/0289061 A1 Bhide et al. (43) Pub. Date: Oct. 31, 2013 (54) METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS TO Publication Classi?cation PREVENT ADDICTION (51) Int. Cl. (71) Applicant: The General Hospital Corporation, A61K 31/485 (2006-01) Boston’ MA (Us) A61K 31/4458 (2006.01) (52) U.S. Cl. (72) Inventors: Pradeep G. Bhide; Peabody, MA (US); CPC """"" " A61K31/485 (201301); ‘4161223011? Jmm‘“ Zhu’ Ansm’ MA. (Us); USPC ......... .. 514/282; 514/317; 514/654; 514/618; Thomas J. Spencer; Carhsle; MA (US); 514/279 Joseph Biederman; Brookline; MA (Us) (57) ABSTRACT Disclosed herein is a method of reducing or preventing the development of aversion to a CNS stimulant in a subject (21) App1_ NO_; 13/924,815 comprising; administering a therapeutic amount of the neu rological stimulant and administering an antagonist of the kappa opioid receptor; to thereby reduce or prevent the devel - . opment of aversion to the CNS stimulant in the subject. Also (22) Flled' Jun‘ 24’ 2013 disclosed is a method of reducing or preventing the develop ment of addiction to a CNS stimulant in a subj ect; comprising; _ _ administering the CNS stimulant and administering a mu Related U‘s‘ Apphcatlon Data opioid receptor antagonist to thereby reduce or prevent the (63) Continuation of application NO 13/389,959, ?led on development of addiction to the CNS stimulant in the subject. Apt 27’ 2012’ ?led as application NO_ PCT/US2010/ Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising 045486 on Aug' 13 2010' a central nervous system stimulant and an opioid receptor ’ antagonist.
    [Show full text]
  • UFC PROHIBITED LIST Effective June 1, 2021 the UFC PROHIBITED LIST
    UFC PROHIBITED LIST Effective June 1, 2021 THE UFC PROHIBITED LIST UFC PROHIBITED LIST Effective June 1, 2021 PART 1. Except as provided otherwise in PART 2 below, the UFC Prohibited List shall incorporate the most current Prohibited List published by WADA, as well as any WADA Technical Documents establishing decision limits or reporting levels, and, unless otherwise modified by the UFC Prohibited List or the UFC Anti-Doping Policy, Prohibited Substances, Prohibited Methods, Specified or Non-Specified Substances and Specified or Non-Specified Methods shall be as identified as such on the WADA Prohibited List or WADA Technical Documents. PART 2. Notwithstanding the WADA Prohibited List and any otherwise applicable WADA Technical Documents, the following modifications shall be in full force and effect: 1. Decision Concentration Levels. Adverse Analytical Findings reported at a concentration below the following Decision Concentration Levels shall be managed by USADA as Atypical Findings. • Cannabinoids: natural or synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or Cannabimimetics (e.g., “Spice,” JWH-018, JWH-073, HU-210): any level • Clomiphene: 0.1 ng/mL1 • Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) long-term metabolite (M3): 0.1 ng/mL • Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs): 0.1 ng/mL2 • GW-1516 (GW-501516) metabolites: 0.1 ng/mL • Epitrenbolone (Trenbolone metabolite): 0.2 ng/mL 2. SARMs/GW-1516: Adverse Analytical Findings reported at a concentration at or above the applicable Decision Concentration Level but under 1 ng/mL shall be managed by USADA as Specified Substances. 3. Higenamine: Higenamine shall be a Prohibited Substance under the UFC Anti-Doping Policy only In-Competition (and not Out-of- Competition).
    [Show full text]
  • MRO Manual Before 2004
    Note: This manual is essentially the same as the 1997 HHS Medical Review Officer (MRO) Manual except for changes related to the new Federal Custody and Control Form (CCF). The appendix has also been deleted since the new Federal Custody and Control Form is available as a separate file on the website. Medical Review Officer Manual for Federal Agency Workplace Drug Testing Programs for use with the new Federal Drug Testing Custody and Control Form (OMB Number 0930-0158, Exp Date: June 30, 2003) This manual applies to federal agency drug testing programs that come under Executive Order 12564 and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Mandatory Guidelines. Table of Contents Chapter 1. The Medical Review Officer (MRO) ............................................................... 1 Chapter 2. Federal Drug Testing Custody and Control Form .......................................... 3 Chapter 3. The MRO Review Process ............................................................................ 3 A. Administrative Review of the CCF ........................................................................... 3 I. State Initiatives and Laws ....................................................................................... 15 Chapter 4. Specific Drug Class Issues .......................................................................... 15 A. Amphetamines ....................................................................................................... 15 B. Cocaine ................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Enantiomeric Profiling of Chiral Illicit Drugs in a Pan-European Study Erika Castrignanòa**, Zhugen Yanga,B, Richard Badec,D, J
    This document is the accepted manuscript version of the following article: Castrignanò, E., Yang, Z., Bade, R., Baz-Lomba, J. A., Castiglioni, S., Causanilles, A., … Kasprzyk-Hordern, B. (2018). Enantiomeric profiling of chiral illicit drugs in a pan-European study. Water Research, 130, 151-160. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.051 This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Enantiomeric profiling of chiral illicit drugs in a pan-European study Erika Castrignanòa**, Zhugen Yanga,b, Richard Badec,d, Jose A. Baz-Lombae, Sara Castiglionif, Ana Causanillesg, Adrian Covacih, Emma Gracia-Lorc,f, Felix Hernandezc, Juliet Kinyuah, Ann- Kathrin McCalli, Alexander L. N. van Nuijsh, Christoph Orti, Benedek G. Plószj,k, Pedram Raminj,l, Nikolaos I. Rousisf, Yeonsuk Ryue, Kevin V. Thomase,m, Pim de Voogtg,n, Ettore Zuccatof and Barbara Kasprzyk-Horderna* a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom (UK) b Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Oakfield Road, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK c Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain d School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia e Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway f IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156, Milan, Italy g KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Predictable Increase of Central Nervous System Stimulation by a Pyrolysis Product in Smoking Dimethylamphetamine
    264 Journal of Health Science, 50(3) 264–270 (2004) Predictable Increase of Central Nervous System Stimulation by a Pyrolysis Product in Smoking Dimethylamphetamine Motoyasu Sato,*, a Kenjiro Ito,a and Hisamitsu Nagaseb aScientific Investigation Research Laboratory, Aichi Pref. Police H.Q., 2–1–1 Sannomaru, Naka-ku, Nagoya 460–8502, Japan and bGifu Pharmaceutical University, 5–6–1 Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502–8585, Japan (Received January 10, 2004; Accepted February 6, 2004) We carried out a dimethylamphetamine (DMA) smoking experiment that is closer to some real cases. In this study, we heated DMA hydrochloride (DMA-HCl) in the range of about 250°C to 350°C, in which demethylation reaction occurred mainly, with a smoke collection apparatus and gas lighter, and trapped the generating vapor with an adsorption cartridge. The eluate desorbed from the cartridge and residual materials inside the smoke collection apparatus were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-electrospray ion- ization-mass spectrometry. Methamphetamine (MA) and amphetamine (AM) were produced via demethylation from the dimethylamino group of DMA. Allylbenzene (AB), benzaldehyde (BA), cis-β-methylstyrene (cMS), benzyl chloride (BC) and trans-β-methylstyrene (tMS) in addition to MA and AM, were also formed as pyrolysis products. The molar percentages of a pyrolyzate MA and AM to the starting DMA were 21.4 and 1.8%, respectively, and the total molar percentage of AB, BA, cMS, BC and tMS was 2.9%. Taking into account the central nervous system stimulation by DMA and MA in humans, the total stimulant effects of the drugs that are ingested in a body can be calculatedly increased more than fourfold by smoking DMA.
    [Show full text]
  • 2008 Prohibited List
    The World Anti-Doping Code THE 2008 PROHIBITED LIST INTERNATIONAL STANDARD The official text of the Prohibited List shall be maintained by WADA and shall be published in English and French. In the event of any conflict between the English and French versions, the English version shall prevail. This List shall come into effect on 1 January 2008 The Prohibited List 2008 September 22, 2007 THE 2008 PROHIBITED LIST WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE Valid 1 January 2008 The use of any drug should be limited to medically justified indications SUBSTANCES AND METHODS PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS Anabolic agents are prohibited. 1. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) a. Exogenous* AAS, including: 1-androstendiol (5α-androst-1-ene-3β,17β-diol ); 1-androstendione (5α- androst-1-ene-3,17-dione); bolandiol (19-norandrostenediol); bolasterone; boldenone; boldione (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione); calusterone; clostebol; danazol (17α-ethynyl-17β-hydroxyandrost-4-eno[2,3-d]isoxazole); dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (4-chloro-17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrosta- 1,4-dien-3-one); desoxymethyltestosterone (17α-methyl-5α-androst-2-en- 17β-ol); drostanolone; ethylestrenol (19-nor-17α-pregn-4-en-17-ol); fluoxymesterone; formebolone; furazabol (17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-5α- androstano[2,3-c]-furazan); gestrinone; 4-hydroxytestosterone (4,17β- dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one); mestanolone; mesterolone; metenolone; methandienone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methylandrosta-1,4-dien-3-one); methandriol; methasterone (2α, 17α-dimethyl-5α-androstane-3-one-17β-ol);
    [Show full text]
  • Analytical Reference Standards
    Cerilliant Quality ISO GUIDE 34 ISO/IEC 17025 ISO 90 01:2 00 8 GM P/ GL P Analytical Reference Standards 2 011 Analytical Reference Standards 20 811 PALOMA DRIVE, SUITE A, ROUND ROCK, TEXAS 78665, USA 11 PHONE 800/848-7837 | 512/238-9974 | FAX 800/654-1458 | 512/238-9129 | www.cerilliant.com company overview about cerilliant Cerilliant is an ISO Guide 34 and ISO 17025 accredited company dedicated to producing and providing high quality Certified Reference Standards and Certified Spiking SolutionsTM. We serve a diverse group of customers including private and public laboratories, research institutes, instrument manufacturers and pharmaceutical concerns – organizations that require materials of the highest quality, whether they’re conducing clinical or forensic testing, environmental analysis, pharmaceutical research, or developing new testing equipment. But we do more than just conduct science on their behalf. We make science smarter. Our team of experts includes numerous PhDs and advance-degreed specialists in science, manufacturing, and quality control, all of whom have a passion for the work they do, thrive in our collaborative atmosphere which values innovative thinking, and approach each day committed to delivering products and service second to none. At Cerilliant, we believe good chemistry is more than just a process in the lab. It’s also about creating partnerships that anticipate the needs of our clients and provide the catalyst for their success. to place an order or for customer service WEBSITE: www.cerilliant.com E-MAIL: [email protected] PHONE (8 A.M.–5 P.M. CT): 800/848-7837 | 512/238-9974 FAX: 800/654-1458 | 512/238-9129 ADDRESS: 811 PALOMA DRIVE, SUITE A ROUND ROCK, TEXAS 78665, USA © 2010 Cerilliant Corporation.
    [Show full text]
  • 2013 Prohibited List
    The World Anti-Doping Code THE 2013 PROHIBITED LIST INTERNATIONAL STANDARD The official text of the Prohibited List shall be maintained by WADA and shall be published in English and French. In the event of any conflict between the English and French versions, the English version shall prevail. This List shall come into effect on 1 January 2013- The 2013 Prohibited List 10 September 2012 THE 2013 PROHIBITED LIST WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE Valid 1 January 2013 In accordance with Article 4.2.2 of the World Anti-Doping Code, all Prohibited Substances shall be considered as “Specified Substances” except Substances in classes S1, S2, S4.4, S4.5, S6.a, and Prohibited Methods M1, M2 and M3. SUBSTANCES AND METHODS PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES S0. NON-APPROVED SUBSTANCES Any pharmacological substance which is not addressed by any of the subsequent sections of the List and with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use (e.g drugs under pre-clinical or clinical development or discontinued, designer drugs, substances approved only for veterinary use) is prohibited at all times. S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS Anabolic agents are prohibited. 1. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) a. Exogenous* AAS, including: 1-androstenediol (5α-androst-1-ene-3β,17β-diol ); 1-androstenedione (5α- androst-1-ene-3,17-dione); bolandiol (estr-4-ene-3β,17β-diol ); bolasterone; boldenone; boldione (androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione); calusterone; clostebol; danazol ([1,2]oxazolo[4',5':2,3]pregna-4-en-20-yn-17α-ol);
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacology of Stimulants Prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
    British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 154, 606–622 & 2008 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0007– 1188/08 $30.00 www.brjpharmacol.org REVIEW Pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) JR Docherty Department of Physiology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland This review examines the pharmacology of stimulants prohibited by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Stimulants that increase alertness/reduce fatigue or activate the cardiovascular system can include drugs like ephedrine available in many over- the-counter medicines. Others such as amphetamines, cocaine and hallucinogenic drugs, available on prescription or illegally, can modify mood. A total of 62 stimulants (61 chemical entities) are listed in the WADA List, prohibited in competition. Athletes may have stimulants in their body for one of three main reasons: inadvertent consumption in a propriety medicine; deliberate consumption for misuse as a recreational drug and deliberate consumption to enhance performance. The majority of stimulants on the list act on the monoaminergic systems: adrenergic (sympathetic, transmitter noradrenaline), dopaminergic (transmitter dopamine) and serotonergic (transmitter serotonin, 5-HT). Sympathomimetic describes agents, which mimic sympathetic responses, and dopaminomimetic and serotoninomimetic can be used to describe actions on the dopamine and serotonin systems. However, many agents act to mimic more than one of these monoamines, so that a collective term of monoaminomimetic may be useful. Monoaminomimietic actions of stimulants can include blockade of re-uptake of neurotransmitter, indirect release of neurotransmitter, direct activation of monoaminergic receptors. Many of the stimulants are amphetamines or amphetamine derivatives, including agents with abuse potential as recreational drugs.
    [Show full text]
  • Forensic Chemistry of Substance Misuse a Guide to Drug Control
    Forensic Chemistry of Substance Misuse A Guide to Drug Control Forensic Chemistry of Substance Misuse A Guide to Drug Control L. A. King ISBN: 978-0-85404-178-7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library r L. A. King 2009 All rights reserved Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to The Royal Society of Chemistry at the address printed on this page. Published by The Royal Society of Chemistry, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF, UK Registered Charity Number 207890 For further information see our web site at www.rsc.org Preface ‘‘Gold is worse poison to a man’s soul, doing more murders in this loathsome world, than any mortal drug’’ William Shakespeare (Romeo and Juliet) An earlier publication1 described the UK drugs legislation from the viewpoint of a forensic scientist. In the current book, an opportunity has been taken to rearrange and expand the material and improve clarity, to include the changes that have occurred in the past six years, and, more importantly, to widen the scope and the intended audience.
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Doping Convention
    European Treaty Series - No. 135 Anti-Doping Convention Strasbourg, 16.XI.1989 Appendix – AMENDMENTS TO THE APPENDIX (approved by the Monitoring Group under Article 11.1.b of the Convention at its 51st meeting) (Strasbourg, 24 October 2019) THE 2020 PROHIBITED LIST - WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE DATE OF ENTRY INTO FORCE: 1 JANUARY 2020 SUBSTANCES AND METHODS PROHIBITED AT ALL TIMES (IN- AND OUT-OF-COMPETITION) IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 4.2.2 OF THE WORLD ANTI-DOPING CODE, ALL PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES SHALL BE CONSIDERED AS “SPECIFIED SUBSTANCES” EXCEPT SUBSTANCES IN CLASSES S1, S2, S.4.4, S.4.5, S6.A, AND PROHIBITED METHODS M1, M2 AND M3. PROHIBITED SUBSTANCES 1-Testosterone (17β-hydroxy-5α-androst-1- en-3-one); S0. NON-APPROVED SUBSTANCES 4-Androstenediol (androst-4-ene-3β,17β-diol); 4-Hydroxytestosterone (4,17β- Any pharmacological substance which is not dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3one); addressed by any of the subsequent sections of 5-Androstenedione (androst-5-ene-3,17- the List and with no current approval by any dione); governmental regulatory health authority for 7α-hydroxy-DHEA; human therapeutic use (e.g. drugs under pre- 7β-hydroxy-DHEA; clinical or clinical development or discontinued, 7-Keto-DHEA; designer drugs, substances approved only for 19-Norandrostenediol (estr-4-ene-3,17-diol); veterinary use) is prohibited at all times. 19-Norandrostenedione (estr-4-ene-3,17- dione); S1. ANABOLIC AGENTS Androstanolone (5α-dihydrotestosterone, 17β- hydroxy-5αandrostan-3-one); Anabolic agents are prohibited. Androstenediol (androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol);
    [Show full text]