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Coleoptera: Curculionidae) I Available on-line at http://www.bjbabe.ro Banats Journal of Biotechnology 2012, III(6), OTIORRHYNCHUS LIGUSTICI L. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) I. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE OF ALFALFA VARIETIES DOI: 10.7904/2068 – 4738 – III(6) – 68 Ivelina NIKOLOVA, Nataliya GEORGIEVA Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria E–mail: [email protected] Abstract: From studies carried out during the period 2006–2009 in the experimental field of the IFC–Pleven with 8 alfalfa varieties included in the Official variety catalog of Bulgaria (2005): Europe (France), Prista 2 (Obraztsov Chiflik, Rouse), Prista 3 (Obraztsov Chiflik, Rouse), Prista 4 (Exemplary Chiflik, Rouse), Obnova 10 (EFC, Pleven), Pleven 6 (EFC, Pleven), Dara (EFC, Pleven) and Multifoliate (Obraztsov Chiflik, Rousse) it was found that in the year of the establishment of the stand there was partial damage from Otiorrhynchus ligustici. It was found that surface of caused damage was a major sign to determination of the degree of infestation from the insect pest as it increased from second to fourth year on average from 5.6 to 42.1 cm2. Varieties of Multifoliate, Europe and Prista 2 were the least preferred and with low values of surface of damage, number and length of the gnawed furrows. These varieties can be used as sources of germplasm resistant to Otiorrhynchus ligustici. Keywords: alfalfa, varieties, damage, Otiorrhynchus ligustici Introduction hormones SKENE, 1975 and plant stability, Otiorrhynchus ligustici L. is resulting in lodging GRAY and TOLLEFSON, 1987. widespread across Europe. The main method for control against The species is a polyphag and that pest is the chemical one, but it is causes serious damades not only on expensive and not always effective alfalfa, but also red clover, sainfoin, sugar WILLSON et al., 1976. With the development of beet, pea, vetch, vine LIKVENTOV, 1949; TRIBEL, organic farming as an alternative of 1969; ČAMPRAG, 1973; PISAREK, 2001; ČAMPRAG, 2005; chemical plant protection increasingly SHEBL et al., 2009. importance and priority in the researches The high population density disturbs of many researchers hold the strongly the density of alfalfa stands development of environmentally friendly (occurs thinning) which impose their early methods and means for control against plowing. Otiorrhynchus ligustici–biological control, Strongly attacked stands can be resistant varieties, bioinsecticides and destroyed for one–two years and at a others POPOVA, 1968; GRIGOROV, 1972; LEATH and moderate infestation the permanence of HOWER, 1993, NEUMANN, 2007; NEUMANN and SHIELDS, alfalfa reduces to two–three years PENG, 2008; SCHROEDER et al., 1995. 1994; SHIELDS et al., 2009. The object of the present study was The potential problems to host to to make a comparative study of alfalfa plants arising from root attack by insects varieties in regard to the degree of include: drought stress to the plant infestation (attack) of Otiorrhynchus caused by pruning of the root system ligustici L. with purpose finding of stable ANDERSEN, 1987; HOU et al., 1997, loss of plasma for alfalfa selection. reproductive output DUTCHER et. al., 1979 and an increase in the plant’s susceptibility to Material and methods infection by soil–borne pathogens JIN et al., The studies was carried out during 1992; CAESAR, 2003. Further, root–feeding by 2006–2009 period in the experimental insects may directly reduce food reserves field of IFC–Pleven with 8 alfalfa varieties such as carbohydrates DINTENFASS and BROWN, included in the Official variety catalog of 1988, synthesis of numerous growth Bulgaria (2005): Europe (France), Prista 2 68 Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine from Timisoara, Contact: web: http://www.bjbabe.ro, e-mail: bjb@usab–tm.ro (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse), Prista 3 data were statistically processed with the (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse), Prista 4 programme product Statgraph. (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse), Obnova 10 (IFC, Pleven), Pleven 6 (IFC, Pleven), Results and discussion Dara (IFC, Pleven) and Multifoliate Otiorrhynchus ligustici developed (Obraztsov Chiflik, Ruse). one generation per year and wintered as The trial was conducted on slightly imago and larva at depth of 30–40 сm. leached chernozem, non irrigated Overwintered imagos gnawed conditions and natural population density leaves, buds and top parts of plants. of Otiorrhynchus ligustici (from 0.2 to 0.6 These damages had no economic 2 imago/m for 2007–2009 period). importance. The main damage was The sowing was carried out by the caused by the larvae which gnawed deep block method at row spacing 11.5 cm and longitudinal furrows on alfalfa roots and sowing rate 2.5 kg/da, in 4 replications. hindered its growth and development. In The alfalfa was harvested only for the year of the establishment of the stand forage. The degree of damage from (2006) it is not found damages on the root Otiorrhynchus ligustici was established by system of plants from Otiorrhynchus taking soil monoliths 20х200х40 cm ligustici. Single furrows are established (width/length/depth). It was reported the only in autumn regrowth in varieties of following indicators: number, length and Prista 2 and Multifoliate. In the study width of the gnawed furrows/root, period the percentage of damaged plants diameter of the root collar. The area of by pest increased on average from 23.9% damage was calculated based on length in 2007 to 79.8% in 2009 (Table 1). and width of gnawed furrows. The obtain Table 1. Degree of infestation by Otiorrhynchus ligustici L. at different vareties of alfalfa % plants with damaged root system Varieties 2007 2008 2009 Average 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 2007–2009 Europe 10.0 30.0 30.6 23.5 31.0 68.0 71.0 56.7 73.0 80.4 88.0 80.5 53.6 Prista 2 11.9 21.2 24.8 19.3 35.0 71.0 76.0 60.7 76.0 77.3 79.2 77.5 52.5 Prista 3 4.1 37.8 38.6 26.8 40.0 71.0 73.0 61.3 74.0 83.2 86.8 81.3 56.5 Prista 4 3.8 25.4 37.6 22.2 66.0 74.0 76.0 72.0 77.6 78.8 94.3 83.6 59.3 Obnova 10 4.4 30.4 35.4 23.4 42.0 70.0 71.0 61.0 71.7 84.9 86.1 80.9 55.1 Pleven 6 7.0 33.1 35.7 25.3 37.0 72.0 72.0 60.3 72.6 79.1 83.3 78.3 54.6 Dara 5.3 38.4 41.5 28.4 58.0 69.0 74.0 67.0 78.2 81.2 88.0 82.5 59.3 Multifoliate 6.2 29.5 29.9 21.9 30.0 52.0 54.0 45.3 68.2 75.0 77.8 73.7 47.0 Average 6.6 30.7 34.3 23.9 42.4 68.4 70.9 60.5 73.9 80.0 85.4 79.8 54.7 Legend: 1– spring regrowth; 2–summer regrowth; 3–autumn regrowth; 4–average During the year the values of that The results from the comparative parameter increased from the spring analysis of the studied alfalfa varieties at regrowth to autumn one as the most different regrowths showed that the essential increase to the previous percentage of damaged roots by the larva regrowth was observed in summer of Otiorrhynchus ligustici was similar and regrowth–on average by 18.7% (by 24.1% took values close to the average of the in 2007 and by 26.0% in 2008). trial. An exception was observed in 2008 In the last year of study the when the value of the considered damaged plants by Otiorrhynchus ligustici parameter in Prista 4 exceeded the in the spring regrowth exceeded 70% and average value for the trial by 11.5%, and in the next regrowths their number in Multifoliate the values was by 15.2% increased less in compare with the lower. The considered parameter was not regrowths in 2007 and 2008. enough precision to determine the degree of infestation by Otiorrhynchus ligustici. It 69 Available on-line at http://www.bjbabe.ro Banats Journal of Biotechnology 2012, III(6), determined what part of plants had of damage increased almost eightfold in damaged root system but it did not reflect compare with 2007 when the surface of the degree of damage. damage was slightly expressed and The main sign for determination of because of low population density of pest the degree of larva infestation by (Table 2). Significantly a higher value was Otiorrhynchus ligustici on root system of observed in 2008 as the larva damage plants was the surface of caused increased nearly fourfold compared to the damage. The values of studied parameter previous year. increased consistently over the years on The largest surface and twofold average from 5.6 to 42.1 cm2 as during increase of that parameter was found in the last year of alfalfa growing the surface the last year from the growing of stands. Table 2. The surface of damage on root system by Otiorrhynchus ligustici L. in different varieties of alfalfa Surface of damage /10 roots, cm2 Average Varieties 2007 2008 2009 2007– 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 2009 Europe 3.08abc 5.25ab 6.30b 4.88 7.09b 24.31bc 24.40b 18.60 32.66c 34.22b 38.42a 35.10 19.53 Prista 2 2.80ab 5.95bc 6.50bc 5.08 7.41b 22.01b 27.48cd 18.97 31.66b 33.72b 42.30b 35.89 19.98 Prista 3 3.48c 7.75f 8.70d 6.64 11.52c 24.30bc 28.79ef 21.54 33.60d 46.47e 61.28de 47.12 25.10 Prista 4 3.20bc 7.35ef 9.50e 6.68 16.01e 24.85bc 29.78fg 23.55 35.62f 45.21d 59.04d 46.62 25.62 Obnova10 3.40bc 7.00de 7.10c 5.83 7.18b 23.42b 26.69c 19.10 34.56e 44.31d 66.85f 48.57 24.50 Pleven 6 2.80ab 6.60cd 7.00bc 5.47 7.72b 29.93d 30.59g 22.75 36.50f 37.86c 41.90b 38.75 22.32 Dara 2.47a 6.65cde 8.40d 5.84 12.75d 26.90c 28.23de 22.63 33.28cd 47.92f 56.53c 45.91 24.79 Multifoliate 3.18bc 5.20a 5.50a 4.63 5.64a 13.49a 19.91a 13.01 24.00a 31.25a 61.83e 39.03 18.89 Average 3.05 6.47 7.38 5.63 9.42 23.65 26.98 20.02 32.74 40.12 53.52 42.12 22.59 * Values with different letter are differed significantly at LSD0.05 Legend: 1– spring regrowth; 2–summer regrowth; 3–autumn regrowth; 4–average During the years of study the increased in less degree–average by populations of О.
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