DOCSLIB.ORG

6.2 the External Trade of Moldova and Transnistria

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
6.2 the External Trade of Moldova and Transnistria UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TRIESTE Sede amministrativa del Dottorato di Ricerca Sedi Consorziate (IUIES) Università degli Studi di Udine - Università di Klagenfurt - Università MGIMO di Mosca -Università di Nova Gorica - Università Jagiellonica di Cracovia - Università Eotvos Lorand di Budapest - Università Babes-Bolyai di Cluj-Napoca - Università Comenius di Bratislava - Istituto di Sociologia Internazionale di Gorizia XXIII CICLO DEL DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN POLITICHE TRANSFRONTALIERE PER LA VITA QUOTIDIANA TRANSBORDER POLICIES FOR DAILY LIFE EUROPEAN BORDER –THE NEW FORMED IDENTITIES. THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA (Settore scientifico-disciplinare: SPS/10) DOTTORANDO: COORDINATORE DEL COLLEGIO DEI DOCENTI RADA UNGUREANU CHIAR.MO PROF. ALBERTO GASPARINI UNIVERSITÀ DI TRIESTE FIRMA:_____________________________________________________ RELATORE CHIAR.MO PROF. ALBERTO GASPARINI UNIVERSITÀ DI TRIESTE FIRMA:_____________________________________________________ ANNO ACCADEMICO 2009/2010 "If you wish to understand persons - their development and their relations with significant others - you must be prepared to view them as embedded in historical context" (Anselm L. Strauss) INDEX CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………….. 5 ACRONYMS…………………………………………………………………… 9 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………… 11 CHAPTER 1: RESEARCH THEME….…………………………………… 13 1.1. Choosing the research theme…………………………………………… 15 1.2. Methodological approach………………………………………………. 18 1.2.1 Studying the identities………………………………………… 18 1.2. 2 Fieldwork…………………………………………………….. 20 1.4. Advantages and limitations…………………………………………….. 23 1.5. The structure of the thesis……………………………………………… 24 CHAPTER 2: THE NATION-BUILDING OF THE MOLDOVAN STATE 29 2.1 Pre-Soviet Era……………………………………………………............ 31 2.1.1. The birth of Moldova (Bessarabia)…………………………… 31 2.1.2. Ottoman period……………………………………………….. 33 2.1.3. Russian Empire……………………………………………….. 34 2.1.4. Great Romania……………………………………………….. 38 2.2 Soviet Era….……………………………………………………………. 40 2.2.1. Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic…………… 40 2.2.2. Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic…………………………. 44 CHAPTER 3: THE MODERN SITUATION IN REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 47 3.1 The independence of the Republic of Moldova…........................ 49 5 3.2. A short history of the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic……….. 53 3.3. The Gagauz……………………………………………………… 58 3.4. The Bulgarians…………………………………………………... 64 CHAPTER 4: THE CONFLICT…………………………………………. 65 4.1. The conflict…………………………………………………………… 67 4.1.1. Frozen conflict…………………………………………………. 70 4.1.2. Myth of the ethnic conflict…………………………………...... 74 4.1.3. The geopolitical conflict……………………………………….. 81 4.1.4. Factors which led to conflict…………………………………… 83 4.2. The present “situation of the conflict”………………………………... 85 4.2.1 The actors involved in the resolution of the conflict…………… 86 4.2.2. The objectives of the conflict………………………………….. 88 4.2.3. The strategies of the conflict…………………………………… 89 4.3. The resolution of the conflict…………………………………………. 90 4.3.1. The resolution of the conflict…………………………………… 90 4.3.2. The chronology of the negotiation of the conflict……………… 94 4.3.3 The scenarios……………………………………………………. 99 CHAPTER 5: THE NATIONAL IDENTITY…………………………….. 101 5.1. Nation and nationalism………………………………………………. 103 5.2. The concept of identity………………………………………………. 106 5.2.1. National identity………………………………………………... 110 5.2.2. Civic identity……………………………………………………. 113 5.2.3. Ethnic identity…………………………………………………... 114 5.2.4. Social identity…………………………………………………… 116 5.2.5. Cultural identity…………………………………………………. 118 5.2.6. Personal identity…………………………………………………. 119 5.3. The new created identities at the European border…………………….. 122 5.3.1. Moldovan identity………………………………………………... 127 5.3.2. The “Moldovenism project”……………………………………… 135 6 5.3.3 “Homo Sovieticus”……………………………………………….. 141 5.3.4. Transnistrian people and Transnistrian identity…………………. 143 5.3.5. Collective memory in the creation of the identity……………….. 148 5.4. The language issue……………………………………………………… 153 5.4.1. Moldovan Language……………………………………………… 156 5.4.2. Russian Language………………………………………………… 160 5.5. The mass-media and the internet………………………………………… 163 5.6. The use of stereotypes……………………………………………………. 167 CHAPTER 6: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL RELATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA…………………………………………… 173 6.1. Relation of the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria………………… 175 6.1.1. Economic relation and “border” cooperation…………………….. 175 6.1.2. The custom stamps……………………………………………….. 176 6.2. The external trade of Moldova and Transnistria………………………… 180 6.3. The conflict settlement …………………………………………………. 188 6.3.1. The European Union……………………………………………… 190 6.3.2. The United States………………………………………………… 193 6.3.3. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe … …… 194 6.3.4. Russia…………………………………………………………….. 195 6.3.5. Ukraine…………………………………………………………… 198 6.3.6. Romania………………………………………………………….. 200 6.4. The role of the Non-Governmental Organizations……………………… 202 6.4.1. The Non-Governmental Organizations in Moldova……………… 202 6.4.2. The Non-Governmental Organizations in Transnistria…………… 203 CHAPTER 7: DATA ANALYSIS……………………………………… …… 205 7.1. The questionnaire and the data analysis………………………………… 207 7.2. Further interpretation …………………………………………………… 230 7 CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………. 237 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………….. 243 8 ACRONYMS AP – Action Plan BSEC – Black Sea Economic Cooperation CBC – Cross-Border Cooperation Programme CEE – Central and Eastern Europe CEI – Central European Initiative CIS – Commonwealth of Independent States CMU – the Committee for Moldovanization and Ukrainization CPM – the Communist Party of Moldova CSCE – Commission for Security and Cooperation in Europe CSO – Civil Society Organizations EaP – Eastern Partnership EC – European Commission ENI – European Neighborhood Instrument ENP – European Neighborhood Policy ENPAP – European Neighborhood Policy Action Plan ENPI - European Neighborhood and Partnership Instrument ESS – European Security Strategy ESDP – European Security and Defense Policy EU –European Union EUBAM – EU Border Assistance Mission EUMM – European Union Monitoring Mission EUSR - European Union Special Representative FSU – Former Soviet Union FTA – Free Trade Agreement GUAM – Organization for Democracy and Economic Development IMF – International World Bank MASSR –Moldovan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 9 MGB - Ministerstvo Gosudarstennoi Bezopasnosti (Ministry of State Security of Transnistria) MSSR –Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO – Non-Governmental Organization NIS – Newly Independent State OSCE – Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe PCA - Partnership and Cooperation Agreement PRM – Priednistrovskaia Maldavskaia Respublica RM – Republic of Moldova SEE –South Eastern Europe SU – Soviet Union TACIS –Technical Assistance for CIS TMR –Transnistrian Moldovan Republic TRACECA – Transport Corridor Europe –Caucasus-Asia UN – United Nations UNA-UNSO - Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian Nationalistic Self Defence UNDP – United Nation Development Programme UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisations UNICEF – United Nations Children’s Fund UNHCR – United Nation High Commission for Refugees UNO – United Nations Organization U.S. – Unites States USSR – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WHO – World Health Organisation WTO –World Trade Organization 10 Introduction ________________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Before 1989, the Moldovan people have been a single nation, sharing a single, common identity. Now the situation has changed. Some of them consider that they are Romanians, but, due to the Soviet period, they have no possibility to feel the Romanian identity; others consider that they represent a distinct Moldovan nation, which is quite different from the Romanians; for some others, they know that have common ties with Romanians but, because the different evolution of the situation in the two countries, they consider that, today, they represent an independent nation; there are some, especially the residents of Transnistria, who consider that they have nothing to do with Romanians, even with Moldovans, because they represent a new people, distinct from Moldovans, or they consider themselves Russians. And all this is happening in the same country, the Republic of Moldova. Actually, the purpose of this thesis is the fact that on the European border there is a complex phenomenon, a “frozen” conflict, which lasted for more than eighteen years, and, still, a real and certain solution for its settlement does not exist. The conflict creates a security dilemma at the European border, because the Republic of Moldova is a border line between Latin and Slavic culture, between Europe and Russia; that is why it involves more attention from the international actors. As Williams A. shows “Moldova stands as a constant reminder that, even within Europe itself, there are places that are potentially not only economic and political disaster areas but, also, real threats to the wider security of the continent”[Williams 2004: 346]. 11 Introduction ________________________________________________________________________________________________ In general, the states deal with the question of identity and belonging, but the new created Transnistrian identity deals with statelessness. That is why there is a direct relation between the new created political identities and the conflict settlement in the Republic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Kozak Memorandum Transnistrian Issue
    Kozak Memorandum Transnistrian Issue Cosmo neologise gloomily. Christiano is predictive: she vituperate terminatively and daikers her zamia. Submergible Smith piked erelong or glows aborning when Stanfield is Austronesian. World war ii, russia and vladimir voronin himself announced increase of moldova regards these strategic security committee of distributing powers clearly, but immunized against. Abkhazia and commenced peace settlement process for which became an opening for? More transnistrian issue and kozak memorandum which included in practice, but also include outright war, political issues to tangible progress. Moldovan relations with kozak memorandum transnistrian issue of transnistrian guard. Above the business contacts and needs reasonable plan, where he wanted to reducing tensions between moldova became an issue takes under kozak memorandum, while looking ahead. Soviet state language, but in bucharest regarding its transformation and divided on anything about changes to pay for now. The customs authorities with economic blockade and west and on their support that russia? Soviet bloc which accentuates ethnic minorities, kozak memorandum is highly uneven enforcement, kozak memorandum transnistrian issue of the. At issue adequately, kozak memorandum transnistrian issue takes under what country. Moscow appeared together representatives, which are trafficked for a geopolitical opportunity for? This would have been a need to change in the kozak memorandum, only potentially call on. An extreme stance on its relations at stalemate, kozak memorandum included in terms about his political promises. Legal status quo, have bridged any kind of trafficking in accordance with kozak memorandum contained elements in terms of legislative power. In any particular segments of poland, kozak memorandum transnistrian issue as expressed its significant issues were not refer to sign it.
    [Show full text]
  • ADEPT Political Commentaries
    ADEPT Political Commentaries September-December 2004 Concerns on the eve of elections Igor Botan, 15 September 2004 Democracy and governing in Moldova e-journal, II year, no. 37, August 30 - September 12, 2004 With the launch of the fall political season analysts and media alike engaged in assessing preparations for parliamentary elections. According to their estimates, elections might be held late May or even June next year. The source for such predictions is the Constitution itself. Paragraph 3 Article 61 of the Constitution provides that "election of Parliament members will be started not later than 3 months from the end of the previous mandate or from the dissolution of the previous Parliament". Article 63 specifies that "the mandate of the current Parliament may be extended until the structure of the new Parliament has been completed and the latter can meet in full session" that according to the same article is held "within at most 30 days from election day". That is why it is considered that Parliament mandate commences on the day of its first session. Given that the last parliamentary elections were held on February 25, while the Parliament was convened on a first session via a Presidential Decree on March 20, 2001, it is expected that parliamentary elections would be held sometime during the three months March 21 - June 21, 2005. This estimation is logical and at the first glance seems accurate. Arguments cited by those who claim election date would be set for the end of May or even June cite, derive from the supposed interests of the ruling party.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Military Presence in Moldova – a Sensitive Issue for the Future of Relations Between Chișinău and Moscow
    RUSSIAN MILITARY PRESENCE IN MOLDOVA – A SENSITIVE ISSUE FOR THE FUTURE OF RELATIONS BETWEEN CHIȘINĂU AND MOSCOW Ion TĂBÂRȚĂ The presidential elections in the Republic of Moldova are barely over, and the first divergences between the future President of the Republic of Moldova, Maia Sandu – on one hand, and the Kremlin administration – on the other hand, are already foreshadowed. Some statements by Sandu regarding the presence of Russian military troops, illegally stationed on the left bank of the Dniester, and which statements in fact reiterated Chisinău's official stance on this matter, as it was known before the Ion Chicu government, disturbed Moscow and provoked its negative reaction. The statements of the president-elect Maia Sandu Shortly after winning the presidential term on November 15, 2020, Maia Sandu, stated in an interview with the Ukrainian daily Evropeiskaya Pravda, that resolving the Transnistrian conflict presupposes the complete withdrawal of Russian troops from Moldova. These statements by Sandu have immediately provoked negative reactions in Moscow. Russian officials have labeled the scenario proposed by the future president of the Republic of Moldova as a return to the year 1992, and as something to which those in Tiraspol will never agree. The outgoing president of the Republic of Moldova, Igor Dodon, also reacted to Maia Sandu's statements, which he stated were a serious mistake1. Later, on November 30, 2020, at a press conference, Maia Sandu came with clarifications of her position on the Russian military presence on the left bank of the Dniester. Asked by the NTV Moldova correspondent whether, as a president, she will opt for the withdrawal of Russian peacekeepers, Sandu specified that the Russian army, deployed on the left bank of the Dniester, is divided into the Operational Group of Russian Forces in Transnistria (OGRF), whose presence on the territory of the Republic of Moldova has no legal status, and the peacekeeping mission, stationed in the Transnistrian region in accordance with the Moldovan-Russian agreement of July 21, 1992.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union's
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union’s East Border Brie, Mircea and Horga, Ioan and Şipoş, Sorin University of Oradea, Romania 2011 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/44082/ MPRA Paper No. 44082, posted 31 Jan 2013 05:28 UTC ETHNICITY, CONFESSION AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE AT THE EUROPEAN UNION EASTERN BORDER ETHNICITY, CONFESSION AND INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE AT THE EUROPEAN UNION EASTERN BORDER Mircea BRIE Ioan HORGA Sorin ŞIPOŞ (Coordinators) Debrecen/Oradea 2011 This present volume contains the papers of the international conference Ethnicity, Confession and Intercultural Dialogue at the European Union‟s East Border, held in Oradea between 2nd-5th of June 2011, organized by Institute for Euroregional Studies Oradea-Debrecen, University of Oradea and Department of International Relations and European Studies, with the support of the European Commission and Bihor County Council. CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY STUDIES Mircea BRIE Ethnicity, Religion and Intercultural Dialogue in the European Border Space.......11 Ioan HORGA Ethnicity, Religion and Intercultural Education in the Curricula of European Studies .......19 MINORITY AND MAJORITY IN THE EASTERN EUROPEAN AREA Victoria BEVZIUC Electoral Systems and Minorities Representations in the Eastern European Area........31 Sergiu CORNEA, Valentina CORNEA Administrative Tools in the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Ethnic Minorities .............................................................................................................47
    [Show full text]
  • Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Moldova: Does Moldova's Eastern Orientation Inhibit Its European Aspirations?
    “Foreign affairs of the Republic of Moldova: Does Moldova’s Eastern orientation inhibit its European aspirations?” Liliana Viţu 1 CONTENTS: List of abbreviations Introduction Chapter I. Historic References…………………………………………………………p.1 Chapter II. The Eastern Vector of Moldova’s Foreign Affairs…………………..p.10 Russian Federation – The Big Brother…………………………………………………p.10 Commonwealth of Independent States: Russia as the hub, the rest as the spokes……………………………………………………….…………………………….p.13 Transnistria- the “black hole” of Europe………………………………………………..p.20 Ukraine – a “wait and see position”…………………………………………………….p.25 Chapter III. Moldova and the European Union: looking westwards?………….p.28 Romania and Moldova – the two Romanian states…………………………………..p.28 The Council of Europe - Monitoring Moldova………………………………………….p.31 European Union and Moldova: a missed opportunity?………………………………p.33 Chapter IV. Simultaneous integration in the CIS and the EU – a contradiction in terms ……………………………………………………………………………………...p.41 Conclusions Bibliography 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ASSMR – Autonomous Soviet Socialist Moldova Republic CEEC – Central-Eastern European countries CIS – Commonwealth of Independent States CoE – Council of Europe EBRD – European Bank for Reconstruction and Development ECHR – European Court of Human Rights EU – European Union ICG – International Crisis Group IPP – Institute for Public Policy NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NIS – Newly Independent States OSCE – Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe PCA – Partnership and Cooperation Agreement PHARE – Poland Hungary Assistant for Economic Reconstruction SECI – South East European Cooperation Initiative SPSEE – Stability Pact for South-Eastern Europe TACIS – Technical Assistance for Commonwealth of Independent States UNDP – United Nations Development Program WTO – World Trade Organization 3 INTRODUCTION The Republic of Moldova is a young state, created along with the other Newly Independent States (NIS) in 1991 after the implosion of the Soviet Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Guarantee Options for a Settlement of the Conflict Over Transnistria
    Guarantee Options for a Settlement of the Conflict over Transnistria Stefan Wolff ECMI WORKING PAPER #51 November 2011 ECMI- Working Paper The European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) is a non-partisan institution founded in 1996 by the Governments of the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the German State of Schleswig-Holstein. ECMI was established in Flensburg, at the heart of the Danish-German border region, in order to draw from the encouraging example of peaceful coexistence between minorities and majorities achieved here. ECMI’s aim is to promote interdisciplinary research on issues related to minorities and majorities in a European perspective and to contribute to the improvement of interethnic relations in those parts of Western and Eastern Europe where ethnopolitical tension and conflict prevail. ECMI Working Papers are written either by the staff of ECMI or by outside authors commissioned by the Centre. As ECMI does not propagate opinions of its own, the views expressed in any of its publications are the sole responsibility of the author concerned. ECMI Working Paper European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI) Director: Dr. Tove H. Malloy © ECMI 2011 2 | P a g e ECMI- Working Paper Guarantee Options for a Settlement of the Conflict over Transnistria Any meaningful consideration of guarantee options requires some assumptions about the nature of the underlying settlement. With this in mind, the following discussion draws on comparative experience in two ways. First, it considers the nature of the conflict over Transnistria in a broader context of similar conflicts elsewhere in order to establish the likely dimensions of a settlement.
    [Show full text]
  • The EU and Transnistria UNISCI Discussion Papers, Núm
    UNISCI Discussion Papers ISSN: 1696-2206 [email protected] Universidad Complutense de Madrid España Popescu, Nico The EU and Transnistria UNISCI Discussion Papers, núm. 10, enero, 2006, pp. 247-254 Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid, España Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=76701015 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative UNISCI DISCUSSION PAPERS Nº 10 (Enero / January 2006) THE EU AND TRANSNISTRIA AUTHOR:1 NICO POPESCU Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Brussels Introduction EU thinking, assessments and policies towards the conflict in Transnistria have evolved quickly. The turning point towards a more active role occurred in late 2002. Since then, the EU has stepped up its attention and actions. The EU now raises constantly the Transnistria issue in relations with Russia and Ukraine. The Union has also used an array of CFSP instruments to support the conflict resolution process – these have included appointing a EU Special Representative, introducing a travel ban against the Transnistrian leadership, as well as envisaging common actions under its ENP Action Plans with Moldova and Ukraine on conflict resolution in Transnistria. 1. Why More EU Engagement? First, because of enlargement. A 2002 Commission paper on EU approaches to Moldova stated: ‘Moldova’s stability clearly matters to the EU. Within a few years, Moldova will be on the borders of an enlarged EU. It has been destabilised by weak government, armed conflict and secession, near economic collapse, organised crime and emigration […] The EU needs to help Moldova address these problems’2.
    [Show full text]
  • Competitive Preferences and Ethnicity: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh
    DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 10682 Competitive Preferences and Ethnicity: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh Abu Siddique Michael Vlassopoulos MARCH 2017 DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES IZA DP No. 10682 Competitive Preferences and Ethnicity: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh Abu Siddique University of Southampton Michael Vlassopoulos University of Southampton and IZA MARCH 2017 Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world’s largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. IZA – Institute of Labor Economics Schaumburg-Lippe-Straße 5–9 Phone: +49-228-3894-0 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: [email protected] www.iza.org IZA DP No. 10682 MARCH 2017 ABSTRACT Competitive Preferences and Ethnicity: Experimental Evidence from Bangladesh* In many countries, ethnic minorities have a persistent disadvantageous socioeconomic position. We investigate whether aversion to competing against members of the ethnically dominant group could be a contributing factor to this predicament.
    [Show full text]
  • THE AUDIT of the DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM of REPUBLIC of MOLDOVA Anthology of Analysis on Governance
    THE AUDIT OF THE DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Anthology of Analysis on Governance Institute for Development and Social Initiatives (IDIS) “Viitorul” THE AUDIT OF THE DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA Anthology of Analysis on Governance Authors: Veaceslav Berbeca Cornel Ciurea Marin Gurin Ion Guzun Lilia Ioniță Sergiu Lipcean Leonid Litra Ion Osoian Translation from Romanian to English: Cristina Coțofană Cristian Ciobanu Diana Loznean Victoria Sargu The Audit of Democracy was elaborated on the methodology of the International Institute for Democracy and Elec- toral Assistance. This product was financially supported by the Black Sea Trust for Regional Cooperation. Opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily represent those of the Black Sea Trust, the German Marshall Fund, or its partners. For any information related to this study, please contact the Institute for Development and Social Initiatives „Viitorul”, Product Coordinator: Leonid Litra. Address: MD-2005, Republic of Moldova, Chişinău, 10/1 Iacob Hancu str., IDIS „Viitorul Tel: 37322-22-18-44, Fax: 37322-24-57-14 e-mail: [email protected] şi [email protected] © IDIS Viitorul, 2011 THE AUDIT OF THE DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA 3 Anthology of Analysis on Governance Ackowledgements The publication THE AUDIT OF THE DEMORACTIC SYSTEM OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA, Anthology of Analysis on Governance- was elaborated by the Institute for Development and Social Initiatives “Viitorul”. At the research elaboration also contributed experts that preferred to remain anonymous. We would like also to express our gratitude to foreign experts who offered pertinent comments for the improvement of this study. THE AUDIT OF THE DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM OF REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA expresses the personal opinions of the authors, which may not coincide, with those of IDIS “Viitorul”.
    [Show full text]
  • Winds of Change in the Transnistrian Settlement Process HIIA PAPERS Series of the Hungarian Institute of International Affairs
    HIIA Papers T-2012/1 ZSUZSANNA VÉGH Winds of Change in the Transnistrian Settlement Process HIIA PAPERS Series of the Hungarian Institute of International Affairs Publisher: Hungarian Institute of International Affairs Editor and typesetting: Andrea Tevelyné Kulcsár Editorial office: H-1016 Budapest, Bérc utca 13-15. Tel.: +36 1 279-5700 Fax: +36 1 279-5701 E-mail: [email protected] www.kulugyiintezet.hu www.hiia.hu © Zsuzsanna Végh, 2012 © Hungarian Institute of International Affairs, 2012 ISSN 2060-5013 Zsuzsanna Végh Winds of Change A RESOLV A BLE CONFLI C T A T THE BO R DE R S OF THE EU R OPE A N UNION he Transnistrian conflict is often referred to as the most easily resolvable territorial conflict in the neighbourhood of the European Union (EU). The reason is the Tnature of the conflict. For one, there has been no violence since the Transnistrian war in 1992 between the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria, the separatist entity and it is very unlikely that any violent clash would occur in the future. For two, as opposed to other territorial conflicts in the post-Soviet space, the conflict between Moldova and Transnistria is not based on ethnic differences. Both Moldova and Transnistria are ethnically mixed, there is no ethnic violence between Moldovans, Russians and Ukrainians, and the inhabitants of both territories generally have multiple citizenships. The resolution, nonetheless, despite several attempts, is still only a distant goal. The EU became engaged in the resolution of the Transnistrian conflict in 2005 through the so-called ‘5+2 talks’ which got to a halt in 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Germany in the Transnistria Conflict
    Przegląd Strategiczny 2020, Issue 13 Bogdan KOSZEL DOI : 10.14746/ps.2020.1.7 Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7118-3057 THE ROLE OF GERMANY IN THE TRANSNISTRIA CONFLICT HISTORIC BACKGROUND The territory of Transnistria is a special enclave on the left bank of the Dniester River, with cultural and historical traditions markedly different than those in neighbor- ing Moldova. The Ottoman conquests, followed by the partitioning of Poland, made the Dniester a river marking the border between the Russian and Turkish empires. When Turkey grew weaker in the international arena and Russia grew stronger after its victory over Napoleon, the territory – known as Bessarabia – fell under Russian rule until 1918, to be embraced by Greater Romania after the collapse of tsarism (Lubicz- Miszewski, 2012: 121–122). After the Soviet Union was formally established in 1922, the Moscow government immediately began to question the legality of Bessarabia’s inclusion within Romania and never accepted this annexation. In 1924, the Moldovan Autonomous Socialist So- viet Republic (MASSR) was established on the left bank of the Dniester as an integral part of the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. Before World War II, Germany showed no interest in this region of Europe, believ- ing that this territory was a zone of influence of its ally, the Austro-Hungarian mon- archy, and then of the Soviet Union. In the interwar period, Romania was a member of the French system of eastern alliances (Little Entente) and Berlin, which supported Hungarian revisionist sentiments, held no esteem for Bucharest whatsoever. At the time of the Weimar Republic, Romania became interested in German capital and ob- taining a loan from the Wolff concern to develop their railroads, but Germany shunned any binding declarations (Koszel, 1987: 64).
    [Show full text]
  • Anuar Ştiinţific: Muzică, Teatru, Arte Plastice
    Ministerul Culturii şi Turismului al Republicii Moldova Academia de Muzică, Teatru şi Arte Plastice ANUAR ştIINţIFIC: MUZICă, TEATRU, ARTE PLASTICE (în baza materialelor conferinţei ştiinţifice internaţionale Învăţământ artistic — dimensiuni culturale din 10.04.2009) Nr. 1 – 2 (8 – 9) 2009 NOTOGRAF PRIM Chişinău COLEGIUL DE REDAcţie: Redactor şef: Victoria MELNIC, conf.univ, dr.în ctudiul artelor Redactor responsabil: Tatiana COMENDANT, conf.univ, dr.în sociologie Redactor coordonator: Angela ROJNOVEANU, conf.univ, dr.în studiul artelor Redactor responsabil Arta Muzicală: Vladimir AXIONOV, prof.univ., dr.hab. în studiul artelor Redactor responsabil Arta Teatrală: Angelina ROŞCA, conf.univ., dr. în studiul artelor Redactor responsabil Arta Plastică: Ala STARŢEV, conf.univ., dr. în studiul artelor MEMBRI: Viorel MUNTEANU, prof.univ., dr. (Iaşi, România) Enio BARTOS, prof.univ., dr. ( Iaşi, România) Florin FAIFER, prof.univ., dr. (Iaşi, România) Miloš MISTRIK, dr. (Bratislava, Slovacia) Miruna RUNCAN, prof,univ., dr. (Cluj-Napoca, România) Elena CHIRCEV, conf.univ., dr. (Cluj- Napoca, România) Veronica DEMENESCU, conf.univ., dr (Timişoara, România) Andrei MOSKVIN, conf.univ., dr. (Varşovia, Polonia) Viorica ADEROV, conf.univ., dr. în filosofie Redactori literari: Galina Budeanu Ecaterina Iudina, lect.sup. Redactor: Eugenia Banaru, conf..univ. Asistenţă computerizată: Renata Stan, magistru în arta teatrală Tehnoredactare: Şarban Cristian Articolele ştiinţifice sunt recenzate şi recomandate spre publicare de Consiliul Ştiinţific al Academiei de Muzică, Teatru şi Arte Plastice. © Academia de Muzică, Teatru şi Arte Plastice ISBN 978-9975-9501-3-8 ISSN 1857-2251 Descrierea CIP a Camerei Naţionale a Cărţii Academia de Muz., Teatru şi Arte Plastice. Anuar ştiinţific: muzică, teatru, arte plastice / Acad. de Muz., Teatru şi Arte Plastice; col.
    [Show full text]