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The Use of Neem Products for Sustainable Management of Homopterous Key Pests on Potato and Eggplant in the Sudan

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The Use of Neem Products for Sustainable Management of Homopterous Key Pests on Potato and Eggplant in the Sudan The use of neem products for sustainable management of homopterous key pests on potato and eggplant in the Sudan By Hamadttu Abdel Farag El Shafie B.Sc. (Agric. Honor) University of Khartoum-Sudan M.Sc. (Agric.) University of Khartoum-Sudan Thesis Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for Doctor degree in agriculture (Dr. agr.) (Fachbereich Agrarwissenschaften, Ökotrophologie und Umweltmanagement der Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen) Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology Experimental station Justus Liebig University of Giessen 2001 Dissertation im Fachbereich Agrarwissenschaften, Ökotrophologie und Umweltmanagement Institut für Phytopathologie und Angewandte Zoologie der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen 27. August 2001 Dekan: Prof. Dr. P.M. Schmitz Prüfungskommission. Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. P. Felix-Henningsen 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Th. Basedow 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. B. Honermeier Prüfer: Prof. Dr. H.-G. Frede Prüfer: Prof. Dr. S. Schubert „ Gedruckt mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes“ PREFACE Sudan is a vast country with a total area of about 2.5 millions square kilometers. It is inhabited by a population of approximately 30.5 millions. Eighty percent of the work force is engaged in agricultural activities. More attempts of using different synthetic pesticides were made in the past and are being made at the present time to keep crops and their products out of the mandibles of the tiny arthropod animals. These arsenals of chemical are not without shortcomings for the environment and consumer’s health. Moreover, they are very expensive and exhaustive to the limited returns of the farmers. Around 2000 plant species or perhaps more have been examined worldwide for their biological activity against insect pests. The most important products from these plants are pyrethrum, rotenone, nicotine, sabadilla, limonene, and azadirachtin which is now receiving the attention of entomologists worldwide due to its proved efficacy against a wide range of insect pests. Some studies were carried out in Sudan on insecticidal activities of some other plants beside neem, these are ciant milkweed [Calotropis procera (Ait)], hoary basil (Ocimum canum Sims), bitter apple or in Arabic (handal) [Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.]. My interest in neem was initiated 13 years ago when I was still undergraduate student in the department of crop protection. At that time I came across an article under the title “ Hundreds of scientists have met for the sake of a single tree; I remember that there was a picture of an adult desert locust and the word azadirachtin was written in bold. That tree was the neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss; Meliaceae) which I have looked meticulously into the deep and enormous literature concerning the use of its products, and the success achieved so far in different parts of the world. I came out with the question why not this huge potentiality of neem be used in the Sudan? Neem products are not the panacea for all insect pest problems and synthetic pesticides are sometimes the only remedial measure available against outbreaks of local pests or the invasion of migratory ones. Neem products need support by other control tactics and they fit very well in an integrated approach of pest management. Giessen, April 2001 Hamadttu Abdel Farag El Shafie Table of contents TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ABBREVIATIONS AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMINOLOGY..................................VIII LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................... IX LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... XI 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................1 1.1 General..........................................................................................................1 1.2 Historical background, present situation and future prospect........................2 1.3 Pests and diseases as major constraints of vegetable production in the Sudan.............................................................................................................3 1.4 Aims of the study and future orientations.......................................................4 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE .....................................................................6 2.1 Economic importance of homopterous pests on potato and eggplant .............6 2.2 The effect of neem products on homopterous key pests .................................8 2.2.1 laboratory and greenhouse experiments.........................................................9 2.2.2 Field experiments ..........................................................................................10 2.3 Side-effects of neem products on beneficial arthropods................................10 2.3.1 Predators and parasitoids..............................................................................10 2.3.1.1 Laboratory experiments .................................................................................11 2.3.1.2 Field experiments ..........................................................................................12 2.3.2 Pollinators.....................................................................................................12 2.3.3 Compatibility of neem with other entomopathogenic agents ..........................14 2.4 Agroecosystem and integrated pest management ...........................................14 2.4.1 Agroecosystem..............................................................................................14 2.4.1.1 The role of epigeal predatory arthropods in the agroecosystem....................14 2.4.2 Integrated pest management (IPM).................................................................16 2.4.2.1 Historical perspective...................................................................................16 2.4.2.2 Decision making and decision rules ..............................................................17 2.4.2.2.1 Decision making............................................................................................17 2.4.2.2.2 The concept of economic threshold ...............................................................18 2.4.3 Economic thresholds for the homopterous pests in the Sudan........................19 IV Table of contents 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS ..............................................................21 3.1 Laboratory/greenhouse experiments............................................................21 3.1.1 Laboratory experiments with Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood.......21 3.1.1.1 The effect on the egg stage ..........................................................................21 3.1.1.2 The effect on the nymphal stages.................................................................22 3.1.1.3 The effect on the pupal stage .......................................................................22 3.1.1.4 The effect on the adult stage ........................................................................22 3.1.2 Greenhouse experiment with Jacobiasca lybica (de Berg).........................23 3.2 Field and semi-field experiments................................................................23 3.2.1 Semi-field experiment (field cage experiment) ...........................................23 3.2.2 Field experiments........................................................................................25 3.2.2.1 Field experimental site and crop plants ......................................................25 3.2.2.1.1 Description of the experimental site............................................................25 3.2.2.1.2 Crop plants..................................................................................................27 3.2.2.2 Target insects, neem products and formulations..........................................27 3.2.2.2.1 Target insects ..............................................................................................27 3.2.2.2.1.1 Phytophagous insects...................................................................................27 3.2.2.2.1.2 Predaceous insects ......................................................................................27 3.2.2.3 Neem products and formulations.................................................................28 3.2.2.3.1 Commercial formulations............................................................................28 3.2.2.3.2 Home-made-formulation.............................................................................28 3.2.2.4 Synthetic insecticides..................................................................................29 3.2.2.5 Equipment and spraying techniques.............................................................29 3.2.2.6 Insects monitoring .......................................................................................30 3.2.2.6.1 Harmful insects ...........................................................................................30 3.2.2.6.1.1 Treated plots ...............................................................................................30 3.2.2.6.1.2 Untreated plots ............................................................................................31 3.2.2.6.2 Beneficial insects........................................................................................32 3.2.2.6.2.1 Plant-dwellers.............................................................................................32
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