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Democracy and Green Political Thought DEMOCRACY AND GREEN POLITICAL THOUGHT The green movement has posed some tough questions for traditional justifications of democracy. Should the natural world have rights? Can we take account of the interests of future generations? Do we need to replace existing institutions to deal with the ecological crisis? But questions have also been asked of the greens. Could their idealism undermine democracy? Can greens be effective democrats? In this book some of the leading writers on green political thought analyse these questions, examining the discourse of green movements concerning democracy, the status of democracy within green political thought, and the political institutions that might be necessary to ensure democracy in a sustainable society. The debates are not simply about the compatibility of democracy with green ideas, but also about how best to define democracy itself. The authors suggest that greens still have considerable work to do in fleshing out the weaker elements in their conceptions of democracy. In particular, representative institutions would still have an important role to play in any green democracy. But taking green ideas seriously does require reconsideration of some of the central foundations of liberal democracy, including the scope of the moral community and the privileged status of the atomised individual citizen, divorced from nature. Contributors: Wouter Achterberg, John Barry, Neil Carter, Peter Christoff, Andrew Dobson, Brian Doherty, Robyn Eckersley, Marius de Geus, Michael Kenny, Mike Mills and Michael Saward. EUROPEAN POLITICAL SCIENCE SERIES Edited by Hans Keman Vrije University, Amsterdam On behalf of the European Consortium for Political Research The European Political Science Series is published in Association with the European Consortium for Political Research—the leading organisation concerned with the growth and development of political science in Europe. The series will present high-quality edited volumes on topics at the leading edge of current interest in political science and related fields, with contributions from European scholars and others who have presented work at ECPR workshops or research groups. SEX EQUALITY POLICY IN WESTERN EUROPE Edited by Frances Gardiner DEMOCRACY AND GREEN POLITICAL THOUGHT Sustainability, rights and citizenship Edited by Brian Doherty and Marius de Geus London and New York First published 1996 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an International Thomson Publishing company This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 1996 Brian Doherty and Marius de Geus, the collection; the contributors, individual chapters All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-44955-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-45685-8 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-14411-6 (hbk) ISBN 0-415-14412-4 (pbk) CONTENTS Contributors vii Series editor’s preface viii Acknowledgements x INTRODUCTION 1 Brian Doherty and Marius de Geus Part I The discourse of green movements 1 PARADOXES OF COMMUNITY 17 Michael Kenny 2 GREEN PARTIES, NONVIOLENCE AND POLITICAL 35 OBLIGATION Brian Doherty 3 WORKER CO-OPERATIVES AND GREEN POLITICAL 55 THEORY Neil Carter Part II Green politics and democratic theory 4 MUST DEMOCRATS BE ENVIRONMENTALISTS? 77 Michael Saward 5 GREEN DEMOCRACY: THE SEARCH FOR AN 95 ETHICAL SOLUTION Mike Mills 6 SUSTAINABILITY, POLITICAL JUDGEMENT AND 113 CITIZENSHIP: CONNECTING GREEN POLITICS AND DEMOCRACY John Barry 7 DEMOCRATISING GREEN THEORY: 131 PRECONDITIONS AND PRINCIPLES Andrew Dobson vi Part III The institutions of a green democracy 8 ECOLOGICAL CITIZENS AND ECOLOGICALLY 149 GUIDED DEMOCRACY Peter Christoff 9 SUSTAINABILITY, COMMUNITY AND DEMOCRACY 167 Wouter Achterberg 10 THE ECOLOGICAL RESTRUCTURING OF THE STATE 185 Marius de Geus 11 GREENING LIBERAL DEMOCRACY: THE RIGHTS 207 DISCOURSE REVISITED Robyn Eckersley Index 231 CONTRIBUTORS Wouter Achterberg is a Senior Lecturer in the Department of Practical Philosophy at the University of Amsterdam. John Barry is a Lecturer in Politics at Keele University. Neil Carter is a Lecturer in Politics at the University of York. Peter Christoff is a Graduate Research Student at Melbourne University. Andrew Dobson is a Professor of Politics at Keele University. Brian Doherty is a Lecturer in Politics at Keele University. Robyn Eckersley is a Senior Lecturer in Politics at Monash University. Marius de Geus is a Lecturer in Political Science at the University of Leiden. Michael Kenny is a Lecturer in Politics at Sheffield University. Mike Mills is a Senior Lecturer in Politics and Modern History at London Guildhall University. Michael Saward is a Lecturer in the Department of Social Policy at Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London. SERIES EDITOR’S PREFACE The world today is facing many severe problems: armed conflict afflicts many places, famine and fatal diseases are on the increase, economic conditions are worsening in the North and especially the South, and—last but not least— ecological problems are deep-seated and have become a public concern and a political issue for which there is no easy answer. Particularly in democracies, keeping track of problems and tackling them by political means also appear to have become more problematic than ever. It is even doubtful whether liberal democracies are still capable, within the confines of the nation-state, of coping with these problems by means of public regulation and related policy making. It is therefore highly appropriate to launch the new European Political Science Book series at this time, with a volume on the relationship between ecological problems and democracy. The series is the result of a collaboration between the European Consortium for Political Research and Routledge Publishers. Addressing this topic and related issues from the perspective of political theory is clearly a task for political scientists, who are able to combine a thorough analysis with a concern for the world which we all share. This volume therefore sets a good example of what we are trying to achieve with this series. That is, a political science which not only deals with issues and topics that are relevant at the moment, but that is at the same time based on thorough analysis and which incorporates recent theoretical insights supported by convincing arguments and evidence. The authors of this first volume of the new series attempt to go beyond short- term green issues and behind the sometimes volatile public concern about the environment, to the essential question of how to cope with ecological problems that confront us all but which in practice cannot be solved by groups or nations acting in isolation. For this, and other wide-ranging problems, we need collective action based on worldwide consensus and co-operation. This raises questions, inter alia, about the efficacy of liberal democratic rule. The strength and attractiveness of the approach adopted throughout this volume is that the authors do not attempt to present clear-cut answers or come up with idealistic solutions. Rather they discuss the (omnipresent) problems of democratic decision making in terms of normative dilemmas and appropriate political ix strategies. The options for choice and possibilities for democracy in relation to ‘green’ concerns are rigorously discussed, and draw extensively on the tools of political theory. In this sense most of the contributions to this volume go beyond ‘mere’ environmentalism or green ‘sloganeering’. In Part I the key value of world survival is discussed in relation to ‘communitarianism’ and other ideas about local governance and decentralised control (e.g., ‘bio-regionalism’). These are compared with other environmentalist theories urging democratic centralism and the need of a ‘strong state’ to enhance effective political action. This discussion naturally spills over into questions that are central to democratic theory—in particular, the range and scope of liberal democracies which are (still) territorially limited and based on aggregated individual choices and preferences. What is the role of citizenship in modern times? It appears from this analysis that one needs to rethink the relationship between a really sustainable environment and the degree of autonomy of citizens in order to combine green concerns with democratically legitimated public action. In Part III, therefore, the institutions of democracy are at the centre of the discussion. This raises questions about justifiable public interference with individuals, the range of legitimate state intervention and the universality of ecological problems. These are questions to which there are no easy answers and which even raise doubts—as the editors do—about the extent to which it is possible to fuse green political thought with the theory and practice
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